Y9 Geography 1 Unit 3: The Human Situation We are here to do geography!

1Y9 Geography

Unit 3: The Human SituationUnit 3: The Human Situation

We are here to do geography!

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From Now until ChristmasFrom Now until Christmas

• What is development?

• Looking at different ways to measure development

• About the impact of water on the development of a country

• Exploring the Millennium development goals

• Looking at the big trans-national companies, AID and trade as a means to helping countries become developed

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By the end of today By the end of today

• We are going to work towards:

• An idea of what development is

• Ways to measure how rich a country is

• Ways to classify how well off people feel

• And to suggest links between how rich a country is, the kind of work carried out there and other measures of the quality of their lives

4Y9 Geography

What is development?What is development?

The simplest definition is

‘the process of countries becoming richer’

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‘‘process by which countries become process by which countries become richer’.richer’.

• All countries are trying to increase their wealth.

• As people earn more, they can afford to buy more ‘things’ and so we say their ‘standard of living’ improves.

• Not all countries are developing at the same rate, and the gap between the rich and poor is growing.

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• So development involves more than just the wealth of a country.

• You need to take into account: that standard of living and the quality of life

• of the people who live there.

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• The standard of lifestandard of life is the material well-being of a person: the value of their possessions, the type of home they live in and whether they own such things as

• a TV,

• a washing machine,

• a car,

• a telephone or

• a computer

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• The quality of lifequality of life is the general well-being of a person. It includes the standard of life but also access to education and health care, availability of the utilities

• i.e. electricity,

• water,

• rubbish collection, but also political and religious freedom, social opportunities, environmental quality

9Y9 Geography

Development is the improvements in Development is the improvements in standard of living and quality of life standard of living and quality of life

that follow on from a country that follow on from a country becoming richerbecoming richer

In conclusion

To the whiteboard

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In 1980 the term North-South divide was In 1980 the term North-South divide was coinedcoined

• The idea behind this was that the North was developed, and the South was undeveloped.

• This was simply decided on the basis of how rich a country was

• But it is not as simple as that - as we saw money isn’t everything, as standard of living and quality of life counts as well.

• Not only that, a simple rich and poor no longer works as there are countries in between, like China and Brazil, that in the middle between the 2 groups.

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One measure of the wealth of a country One measure of the wealth of a country is …is …

• …the GDP which is usually given in dollars ($).• GDPGDP stands for

GGross (All the money earned) DDomestic (By just the one country) PProduct (added together)

• Large countries will have bigger incomes than smaller countries who were just as wealthy.

• So the population size needs to come into it too• If you divide the income by the population, then this

gives a figure of dollars per head• This is called GDP per capitaGDP per capita.

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These are These are 2009 figures2009 figures

These figures measure the These figures measure the GDP per capitaGDP per capita

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Geographers love classifying Geographers love classifying things!things!

• So in order to classify the level of development they have concentrated on the level of economic (money) development

• So there are 3 basic groups that you have come across before: LIC – roughly less than US$ 1000 a year GDP per capital MIC – US$ 1000-12,000 GDP per capita HIC – more than $12,000 GDP per capita

• Do you know what these stand for?

• Can you think of any examples of countries in each group?

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Remember this map?Remember this map?

• The red ones are called HICs – this stands for high income countries -

• The orange ones are called MICs – this stands for middle income countries

• The yellow ones are LICs – this stands for low income countries

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So where have we got to so far?So where have we got to so far?

• Development is the improvements in standard of living and quality of life that follow on from a country becoming richer Most things, even the quality of life concepts come with a

price tag – I can think of one aspect, tho’, that does not. Can you?

• Some countries are richer than others, and so tend to be more developed.

• Countries are divided into LICs, MICs and HICs

• The LICs are in general less developed than the HICs.

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Y9 Geography

SECTORS OF ECONOMIC SECTORS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITYACTIVITY

Something you may have come across(You know geographers love to classify things)

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Economic activity is concerned with the

production of goods and services (or more simply the

jobs people do)

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Economic activity has 4 sectors...Economic activity has 4 sectors...

Primary Secondary

Tertiary Quaternary

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The primary sector of industry is also called extraction. It generally involves changing natural resources into primary products. Most products from this sector are considered raw materials for other industries.

Major businesses in this sector include agriculture, fishing, forestry and all mining and quarrying industries

Primary industry is a larger sector in developing countries; for instance, animal husbandry is more common in Africa than in Japan.

PRIMARY INDUSTRY

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The secondary sector (manufacturing) produces finished, usable products. This sector of industry generally takes the output of the primary sector and manufactures finished goods or where they are suitable for use by other businesses, for export, or sale to domestic consumers.

* Aerospace manufacturing * Automobile manufacturing * Brewing industry * Chemical industry * Clothing industry * Electronics * Engineering * Energy industries * Metalworking * Steel production * Software engineering * Telecommunications Industry * Tobacco industry

This sector is often divided into light industry and heavy industry.

SECONDARY INDUSTRY

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The tertiary sector of industry is also known as the service sector or the service industry.It involves the provision of services to businesses as well as final consumers. Services may involve the transport, distribution and sale of goods from producer to a consumer, or may involve the provision of a service, such as in pest control or entertainment.

* News media* Leisure industry/hotels* Consulting* Healthcare/ hospitals* Waste disposal* Real estate* Business services

Goods may be transformed in the process of providing a service, as happens in the restaurant industry or in equipment repair. However, the focus is on people interacting with people and serving the customer rather than transforming physical goods

TERTIARY INDUSTRY

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Industrial research looks for new ways to cut costs, find new markets, produce new ideas, new production methods and methods of manufacture. But there a relative few of these, even in HICs, that we will concentrate more on the first 3.

QUATERNARY INDUSTRY

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Why are HICs more developed?Why are HICs more developed?• They tend to have well developed

industries, often high-tech – why is that? What are they saving on?

• Farming is for profit and uses machines and chemicals

• HICs have many service industries because people have spare money for luxuries

• Children have free education and almost everyone can read and write

• People have plenty to eat and in fact many are over weight

• Clean water comes directly into their homes• Healthcare is easily available and is of high

quality

HIC employment HIC employment structure (Germany)structure (Germany)

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On the other hand, LICsOn the other hand, LICs• Industry tends to be primary – do

you remember what that is? • Or it is industry that needs a lot of

people and is much less mechanised – why is that?

• Farming is often subsistence – what does that mean?

• There fewer service industries because people do not have much money to spend on leisure

• Not all children go to school – many people have to pay towards the education. Girls in particular tend not have the chance of education.

• Not everyone has enough to eat• 1.1 million ( 1/6 of the world) are without access to clean

water• Healthcare where available is often basic as there are too

few doctors and hospitals

LIC employment LIC employment structure (Mali)structure (Mali)

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Facts about World developmentFacts about World development• 1/5 of the world are HICs but they own 4/5 of the wealth

• The richest 3 people own more than the poorest 600 million

• 100 million people are homeless• 900 million have no education• 880 million do not have enough to eat• Only 1/3 of the world can read• 1% go to university and 1% have a computer• The cost of providing basic healthcare and food for

everyone who does not have it would be less that Europe and USA spend on pet food each year.

What is the What is the population of the population of the

whole world?whole world?

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But there are lots of other measuresBut there are lots of other measures

• These are called development indicatorsdevelopment indicators, for instance: Income – this is only helpful if you know how

much things cost Poverty – the % living on US$1 a day or less –

this is about 60p in the UK The kind of work the people do

• But we look at some more of these next time

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HomeworkHomework

• Qu1 Print out page 2. Plot the countries as points onto the graph below. For each point the GDP in $ is the horizontal axis and the % of people who work in agriculture is the vertical axis. Use the list position to label each X on the graph.

• Qu 2: Can you explain the pattern you see? Can you make a rule about the pattern?

• Task: How are you going to get it back? Scan the graph or maybe photograph it?

• You may want to type the answer to Qu 2 or write it on the sheet you are scanning perhaps?

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This is part of the tableThis is part of the table High Income

Countries GDP per capita by

list position

GDP per capita in $ (2007 value)

% people work in agriculture

Australia 19 39,066 4% Austria 14 44,879 6%

Germany 18 40,324 2% Japan 23 34,313 4%

Saudi Arabia 39 15,800 7% United Kingdom 13 45,442 1%

United States 12 45,592 1% (done – see graph)

Burkina Faso is no 149

with a GDP of $458

where 90% of the people

work in agriculture