;xsf/L ;+jfb 1 k]h k]h !) k]h !$ k]h ^ k]h # k]h cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnL / ;xsf/L P]g, @)&$ sfof{Gjogsf k|fyldsLs/0f ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qx? / ;xsf/L df]8]n -k|0ffnL_ dfgjLo / jftfj/0fd}qL ljsf;df ;xsf/L l;4fGt M Ps rrf{ $ k]h e08f/LnfO{ af]8{df :jfut ;xsf/L P]g, sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug{ 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5– dGqL t'Dafxfªkm]
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;xsf/L ;+jfb 1
k]h
k]h
!)k]h
!$k]h
^k]h
#k]h
cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnL / ;xsf/L P]g, @)&$ sfof{Gjogsf k|fyldsLs/0f
;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qx? / ;xsf/L df]8]n -k|0ffnL_
dfgjLo / jftfj/0fd}qL ljsf;df ;xsf/L l;4fGt M Ps rrf{
$k]h
e08f/LnfO{ af]8{df :jfut
;xsf/L P]g, sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug{
5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5– dGqL t'Dafxfªkm]
;xsf/L ;+jfb2
;xsf/L ;+jfb
;Nnfxsf/
;Dkfbs
k|sfzs
l8hfOg÷d'b|0f
Sahakari Sambad/fli6«o ;xsf/L lasf; af]8{åf/f k|sflzt
bIf kf}8]n …z'efifÚrqmaxfb'/ k/fh'nL
clgn/fh kf}8]n
/fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{k'Nrf]s nlntk'/
kmf]g g+=M )!–%)!)!#!, %)!)@#&Od]nM [email protected], [email protected]
j]j;fO6M www.ncdb.org.np
Oun lk; k|];sk'/wf/f, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn kmf]g g+=M (*%!)*!!*$
Published by National Cooperative Development Board
jif{ #! (Year 31) c+° !% (No. 15)k"0ff{° @#$ @)&& r}t (Mar. 2021/ Apr. 2021)
;DkfbsLo ;Gbe{ ^$ cf}+ /fli6«o ;xsf/L lbj;
ædof{lbt Joj;fo / k|ljlwdf ;xsf/LÆ eGg] d"n gf/fsf ;fy @)&&
;fn r}q @) ut] ^$ cf}++ /fli6«o ;xsf/L lbj; ljleGg sfo{qmdsf]
cfof]hgf u/L d"n'se/ dgfOPsf] 5 . pQm lbj;sf] cj;/df ljz]ifu/L
;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?, ;xsf/L If]qdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ;xsf/LsdL{ tyf
;xsf/L ;+:yfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k'/:s[t ug{] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 .
o;sf] cnfjf ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] cGt/lqmof, ljrf/ uf]i7L, /Qmbfg
nufot ;xsf/L;DaGwL uf]i7L, /Qmbfg sfo{qmd, j'l4rfn k|ltof]lutf
nufot ljleGg /rgfTds lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng u/L cf–cfkm\g}
lsl;dn] d"n'se/ dgfOPsf] 5 . @)!# ;fn r}q @) ut] lrtjg
lhNnfdf klxnf] ;xsf/L avfgk'/ ;xsf/L C0f ;ldlt btf{ ePsf] lbg
r}q @) ut]sf lbgnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ k|To]s jif{ /fli6«o ;xsf/L lbj;sf]]
?kdf dgfpg yflnPsf] xf] .
o;/L ljleGg lsl;dsf /rgfTds sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/L] ;xsf/L
lbj; dgfpg' ;sf/fTds ?kdf lng' kb{5 . o;/L ;xsf/L lbj; dgfO{
/xFbf ;b:ox?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ ;fF:s[lts ljsf; ug{] ljifo
k|d'Vtfsf ;fy p7g' kb{5 . b"Mvlhnf] u/]/ ;b:on] u/]sf artsf]
;'/lIft ?kdf kl/rfng u/L pTkfbg j[l4, /f]huf/L l;h{gf / :jf/f]huf/
aGg] k|]/0ff ;xsf/L lbj;af6 lng ;Sg' kb{5 . ;xsf/Lsf cfbz{, d"No
dfGotf / l;4fGt, P]g lgodfjnLsf] kfngf u/]/ ;xsf/L ;+rfng ug{sf
nflu of] lbj;n] xfdLnfO{ pT;fx k|bfg u/f]; .
jt{dfg ;dodf sf]le8 !( sf] df/nfO{ ;xb} ;xsf/L If]qnfO{{ dof{lbt
Joj;fosf] ?kdf ljsf; u/L gljgtd k|ljlwdf ;+rfng ug{ ;s]df
;xsf/Lx?sf] ;]jf u'0f:t/ j[l4 x'g]5 eg] k|ljlwn] ubf{ ;b:ox?df ;]jf
k'¥ofpg ;xh x'g] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L dof{lbt ?kdf ;xsf/L
Joj;fonfO{ k|ljlwsf dfWodaf6 cufl8 a9fpg ;s]df ;b:ox?sf]
cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ ;fF:s[lts ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug hfg] ck]Iff ug{
;lsG5 . ^$ cf} /fli6«o ;xsf/L lbj;n] oxL ;Gb]z lbg ;sf]; xfd|f]
z'esfdgf .
;xsf/L ;+jfb 3
;xsf/L P]g, sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug{ 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5– dGqL t'Dafxfªkm]
sf7df8f}+– ^$ cf}F /fli6«o ;xsf/L lbj;sf cj;/df ;xsf/L ljefusf] cfof]hgfdf @)&& r}t @) ut] sf7df8f}+df laz]if ;df/f]x ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
sfo{qmddf k|d'v cltly e"ld Joj:yf, ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f dGqL 8f= lzadfof t'Dafxfªkm]n] ;xsf/L dGqfno;F+u hf]l8Psf ;xsf/L P]g, sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug{sf nflu ;xsf/L cleofg;+u 5nkmn ug{ ;lsg] atfpg' eof] . /fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;+3n] ljleGg dGqfno / ljifo;F+u ;DjlGwt $& j6f If]qut P]g sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug{ k|:tfj u/]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpFb} dGqL t'Dafxfª\km]n] To:tf] wf/0ff /fVg' ePsf] xf] .
dGqL t'Dafxfª\km]n] ;xsf/LnfO{ pBf]u, Joj;fo / ;]jfsf] If]qdf sfd ug{ cj/f]w ug]{ cGo dGqfno;Fu hf]l8Psf If]qut sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug{ sl7gfO{ x'g] atfpg' eof] . pxfFn] ;xsf/L dGqfnon] cfkm";F+u ;DjlGwt afx]s cGo dGqfno;+u hf]l8Psf If]qut sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug{sl7gfO{ x'g] atfpg' eof] . ;xsf/Ldf ;'zf;g sfod g/fvL ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] tLg vDa] cy{gLltsf] ljsf; ug{ g;lsg] pxfFsf] egfO{ lyof] . sfo{qmddf e"ld Joj:yf ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f dGqfnosf ;lrj 6]sgf/fo0f kf08]n] ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL;DaGwL Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL -sf]kf]ld;_, shf{ ;"rgf s]Gb| / shf{ c;'nL Gofoflws/0f Psåf/ k|0ffnL dfkm{t ;+rfng ubf{ k|efjsf/L x'g] wf/0ff /fVg'eof] .
o;}u/L, ;xsf/L ljefusf /lhi6«f/ nLnfk|;fb zdf{n] xfn} ljefun] k|sflzt u/]sf] ;xsf/Lsf] tYof°df w]/} s'/f gldn]sf] :jLsf/ ub}{ ;xsf/L cleofg, k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo txsf] ;xof]u lnP/ tYof° cBfjlws ug]{ jrg lbg'eof] . /lhi6«f/
zdf{n] ;/sf/nfO{ /fhZj r'xfj6, ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f lgjf/0f nufotsf gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]u/L ljefun] ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL;DaGwL Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL -sf]kf]ld;_ df ;a} ;xsf/Lsf] tYof° k|lji6 ug]{ atfpg' eof] .
o;}u/L, /fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;+3sf cWoIf ldg/fh s8]nn] ;xsf/LnfO{ pBf]u, Joj;fo, pTkfbg / ;]jfsf] If]qdf sfd ug{ jfwf k'¥ofpg] P]g sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug{'kg]{ dfu bf]xf]¥ofpg' eof] . o;}u/L pxfFn] ;xsf/L P]g, @)&$ sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sfo{ljlw tyf lgb]{lzsf rfF8f] hf/L ug{ ljefunfO{ cfu|x ug{'eof] .
sfo{qmddf ljleGg ljifout s]Gb|Lo lgsfo Pjd lhNnf ;+3sf cWoIf tyf ;~rfnsx? ;fy} Joj:yfkssf] ;xeflutf lyof] . ljefun] pTs[i6 s/bftf ;xsf/Lx?nfO{ ;Ddflgt u/]sf] 5 . ljefun] cfly{s jif{ @)&^/)&& df /fHonfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L cfos/ a'emfpg] k|f/lDes ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ ;Ddfg u/]sf] xf] . lbj;sf cj;/df cfof]lht ljz]if sfo{qmddf b]ze/af6 pTs[i6 cfo s/ a'emfpg] tLg j6f k|f/lDes ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ ;Ddfg ul/Psf] xf] .
ljefun] sflGtkysf] cfO{PdO{ sf]ck/]l6e ;le{;, emfkfsf] ;xf/f g]kfn art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf / s'n]Zj/l:yt dlxnf ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=nfO{ ;Ddfg u/]sf] xf] . ut cfly{s jif{ cfO{PdO{n] ! s/f]8 $( nfv *$ xhf/ ( ;o $# ?k}ofF, ;xf/f g]kfnn] ! s/f]8 @* nfv &$ xhf/ ( ;o !) ?k}ofF / dlxnf ;xsf/Ln] ! s/f]8 @! nfv ?k}ofF cfos/ a'emfPsf lyP .
;xsf/L ;+jfb4
e08f/LnfO{ af]8{df :jfut
/fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{n] @)&& ;fn r}q !@ ut] Ps sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/L /fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{ sfo{sf/L ;ldltdf ljz]if1 ;b:osf] ?kdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf ;'/]Gb| e08f/LnfO{ :jfut u¥of] . af]8{sf ;x cWoIf bIf kf}8]nn] :jfut ub}{ af]8{n] ;xsf/L;DaGwL cg'ejL / lj1 ;+rfns k|fKt u/]sf] atfpg' eof] . pxfFn] ;kmn sfo{sfnsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub}{ af]8{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff ug'{eof] .
gj lgo'Qm ;b:o ;'/]Gb| e08f/Ln] af]8{sf] p2]Zo cg';f/ cufl8 j9fpgdf k"0f{ ;xof]u ug]{ atfpg' eof] . pxfFn] ;xsf/L cleofgdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfgsf nflu P]g lgodx?df ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] x'+Fbf af]8{ dfkm{t dGqfnodf ;'emfj k]z ug'{kg]{ atfpg' eof] .
sfo{qmddf gjlgo'Qm ;b:o e08f/LnfO{ ;xcWoIf bIf kf}8]n, ;b:o ;lrj rqmaxfb'/ k/fh'nL nufot sd{rf/Lx?af6
:jfut ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . af]8{sf pklgb]{zs d's]z s0f{n] ;+rfng ug'{ePsf] sfo{qmddf af]8{sf clws[t :t/sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
/fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{ sfo{sf/L ;ldltdf ljz]if1 ;b:osf] ?kdf lgo'Qm x'g' ePsf ;'/]Gb| e08f/LnfO{ af]f8{df :jfut u/]kl5 ;fd'lxs ?kdf tl:j/ lvrfpFb}
;xsf/L ;+jfb 5
dof{lbt Joj;fo / k|ljlw ;xsf/L eGg] d'n gf/fsf ;fy ^$
cf}+ /fli6«o ;xsf/L lbj;sf] cj;/df ljz]if ;df/f]x ;DkGg
ePsf] 5 . /fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;+3 g]kfn / e"ld Joj:yf
;xsf/L tyf ul/jL lgjf/0f dGqfnosf] ;+o'Qm cfof]]hgfdf
@)&& r}q !(ut] ^$ cf}+ /fli6«o ;xsf/L lbj; ljz]if
;df/f]xsf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
sfo{+qmdsf] pb\3f6g /fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;+3sf cWoIf
ldg/fh sF8]n, lgjt{dfg cWoIf s]zjk|;fb a8fn / k"j{
cWoIf bLks k|sfz af:sf]6fn] ;+o'Qm ?kdf ug'{eof] .
sfo{qmddf af]Nb} /fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;+3sf lgjt{dfg
cWoIf s]zak|;fb a8fnn] x/]s ;xsfo{ dfq} ;xsf/L x'b}g
eGg'eof] . pxf+n] ;xsf/L dof{lbt Joj;fo x'''g'kg]{ wf/0ff
/fVg'eof] .
dxf;+3sf k"j{ cWoIf bLksk|sfz af:sf]6fn] dxf;+3n]
;xsf/L cleofGtfsf] ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ ;Ddfg u/]sf]df cfef/
/fli6«o ;xsf/L lbj; ;DkGg
JoQm ug'{eof] . pxf+n] art tyf C0f ;xsf/Lx?df s]xL
;d:of b]lvPsf] x'+bf To;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{ jtfpg'
eof] .
;xsf/L ljefusf /lhi6«f/ lnnfk|;fb zdf{n] ;xsf/L
cleofgnfO{ cfzf / e/f];fsf] ?kdf n}hfg h?/L /x]sf]
atfpg' eof] . pxfFn] ;xsf/L k|ljlwnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'
kg]{ wf/0ff /fVg'eof] . ;xsf/L dxf;+3sf cWoIf ldg/fh
sF8]nsf] ;efkltTjdf sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . pQm
cj;/df dxf;+3sf cWoIf sF8]nn] ;xsf/LnfO{ Jojl:yt /
dof{lbt jgfpgsf nflu dof{lbt Joj;fo / k|ljlw ;xsf/L
eGg] gf/f to ul/Psf] atfpg' eof] . pxf+n] pTkfbgsf]
ahf/Ls/0f ;xsf/L dfkm{t ug]{ k|of; e}/xsf] jtfpg' eof] .
dxf;+3sf jl/i7 pkfWoIf Pj+ cfOl;Psf Unf]an af]8{ ;b:o
cf]ddb]jL dNnn] ;xsf/LsdL{ Pj+ ljleGg ;xsf/Lx?nfO{
k'/:s[t ug]{ 3f]if0ff ug'{ eof] .
;xsf/L ;+jfb6
g]kfnsf] cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnLsf]le8 —!( sf] k|efjn] xfd|f] ;dfh / d'nsdf o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{g NofpFb} 5 . of] kl/jt{g ;dfhsf cfwf/e"t dfGotf / g}lts d'Nox?df, dflg;sf] hLjg k4lt / lrGtg k4ltdf b]vf kb}{ 5g\ . of] kl/jt{g lj1fg / k|ljlwdf, ljsf; / vf]hdf, snf / ;F+:s[ltdf gofF cg';Gwfg, gofF cfljisf/x? / gj k|jt{g b]lvg] 5g . :jrflnt k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;, cfk"lt{ >[+vnf, l8lh6fOh];g, ;le{6fOh];g, ljQLo k|0ffnL, ljB'tLo n]vf k|0ffnL nufotsf cg]sf+} If]qdf gofF cfofdsf] ljsf; x'b}5 . kl/l:yltdf cfPsf] of] kl/jt{gn] /fHoJoj:yf k|0ffnL / ;fdflhs ;+/rgf, Jofj;flos cfofd / ;Lk tyf 1fg / wf/0ffdf kl/jt{g NofpFb} 5 . of] kl/36gfdf ;xsf/L cleofg c5'tf] x'g] 5}g . To;sf] klxnf] k|efj ljQLo ;xsf/L cleofgdf kb}{5 . sf]le8 —!( sf] sx/nfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ g]km\:s'gn] æ;fdfgf zlQm ljsf;sf] nflu ;befjk'0f{ ;xsfo{ÆnfO{ of] jif{sf] gf/f jgfPsf] 5 . k|:t't gf/fn] rf/ kIfnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 .
!= jt{dfg dxfdf/Lsf] ;fdgf Psn ljlw xf]Og ax'cfoflds ljlw dfkm{t ;xsfo{ dfkm{t ug'{ Mx/]s o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{g;+u} gofF cfofdx?sf] cg';Gwfg, ljsf; / /0fgLlts sfof{Gjog ug{ dflg;sf ;Lk ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 . ;Grfng k|0ffnLnfO{ ;xh / k|efjsf/L jgfpg ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] ;Lk, ;Djfbsf] ;Lk, ljZn]if0ffTds ;Lk / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox?sf] klxrfg ug]{ ;Lksf] ljsf; ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .
@= Hfnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ cg's"ngdf abNg ;xsfo{ ug'{ M ;xsf/Lsf casf] cfwf/e"t kl/jt{gsf] kIfx? ;dfh PEOPLE, ;d[l4 PROSPERITY, ;G;f/ PLANET Ps;"qdf 9fNnsf] nflu k|fs[lts ;D;fwgsf] pkof]u, k|b'if0f lgoGq0f, h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf] gLlt, jftfj/0fLo Gofo, e'ueL{o e08f/, phf{sf] k|efjsfl/tf, gljs/0fLo phf{, cg'bfg / k|f]T;fxg, xl/t k|ljlw nufotsf If]qdf of] sf]le8 !( eGbf k5fl8sf] sfo{lbzf xf] .
#= ul/aL, c;dfgtf, ;fF:s[lts IfoLs/0f /f]sL ;d'bfosf] lxtsf nflu ;xsfo{ ug'{ Mlbuf] ljsf; nIosf] k|flKtsf cfwf/e"t ljifox? ul/aL, c;dfgtf, ;fF:s[lts IfoLs/0f /f]Sg] ljifodf xfd|f] kxnsbdL / ;lqmotf b]vfpg cfjZos x'G5 .
$= gjk|j4{g k|ljlw x:tfGt/0fdf o'jf ;xeflutfsf
cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnL / ;xsf/L P]g, @)&$ sfof{Gjogsf k|fyldsLs/0f
kl/tf]if kf}8\ofn
cWoIf, g]kfn art tyf C0f s]Gb|Lo ;xsf/L ;+3 lnld6]8 -g]km\:s"g_
nflu ;xsfo{ ug'{ Mcj sf]le8 !( kl5 ljZj gofFo'udf k|j]z ub}{5 . casf] o'u cfljisf/, k|fljlwsLs/0f, l8lh6fOh];g / ;le{6fOh];gsf] dfWodaf6 ;d[4 ;dfh lgdf{0f ;fsf]; cleofgsf] sfo{lbzf jgfpg' kb{5 . kl/jlt{t o'unfO{ oyf]lrt ;Daf]wg ug{ cGt/f{li6«o ;xsf/L cleofgn] cf;Gg ;dosf] dfunfO{ ;DJff]wg ug{ ;xsf/L cleofg leq kg]{ ljkb\ / hf]lvd ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox?sf] ;femf ljZjJofkL cjwf/0ffsf] /0fgLlts k|If]k0f u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn nufot sf]le8 !( ;+qmldt ;a} b]zx?df o:tf] k|efj tLg txdf kg]{ k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 . sf]le8 !( kZrftsf cf;Gg lbgx? r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf b'a} NofPsf] 5 . hg;+Vofsf] k|j[ltsf] ljZn]if0fdf g]kfnsf] cf;Gg @% jif{{ cToGt ;Eefjgfsf / r'gf}tLsf jif{x? 5g\ . g]kfn o'jf b]z xf] . oxfF !% jif{b]lv $% jif{;Ddsf w]/} gful/sx? 5g\ . of] hg;+flVos jf]g;sf] clwstd pkof]un] of] b]zsf] d'xf/ km]g'{5 . sf]/f]gf sx/ kZrft t emg ljb]lzPsf o'jfx? g]kfn kms{b} u/]sf 5g\ . of] alnof] pTkfbs zlQmnfO{ pTkfbgsf ;fwgsf] pknAw u/fpg / 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] ljifodf hfu/0f, ;zlQms/0f / Joj;foLsLs/0f ug{ ;a} If]q ;+j]bgzLn aGof} eg] g]kfnn] ;d[l4sf] ofqf to ug{ s'g} s;/ afFsL /fVg] 5}g . lj=;+= @!)) df æ;d[4 g]kfn / ;'vL g]kfnLÆsf] ;f]rnfO{ k'0f{tf lbg @)&( / @)*(sf dWojlt{ nIox? clt sd ljsl;t d'n'saf6 :t/f]Gglt / lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] k|flKtsf] uGtAonfO{ ;Djf]wg ug]{ u/L ;xsf/L If]qsf] gLlt, gjl;h{gf, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu cfufdL sfo{lbzf kl/eflift ug'{ kb{5 .
uf}/jk'0f{ Oltxf;sf tLg bzsdf xfdLn] xfl;n u/]sf cg'ej / pknlAw tyf cfGtl/sLs/0f u/]sf k|ljlw / s'zn cEof;sf dfWodn] zlQm ;Gro u/]sf 5f+} . cfo cfh{g / lhljsfsf] nflu ljb]lzPsf xfd|f o'jf k+lQm :jb]zdf ckgTj cg'e'lt / /fli6«otfsf] efj ;lxt kms{b} 5g . d'n'sn] olta]nf of] hgzlQmsf] hudf 6]s]/ cy{/fhgLlts cfodnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg' kb{5 .
;xsf/L ;+jfb 7
ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f M ljQLo ;xsf/Ln] ;b:on] :jLsf/ ug{;Sg] d'No lgwf{/0f u/L ;b:onfO{ lbg] ;]jfsf nflu ;+:yfnfO{ ljQLo ;Ifdtf, ;b:onfO{ ljQLo pknAwtf / ;b:ox?sf] ljQLo kxF'rnfO{ ;'lglZrtf ul/g' kb{5 . ljQLo ;xsf/L ;+:yf ;b:ox?sf] hLjg:t/ kl/jt{gsf nflu :j]lR5s / v'nf ?kdf Pst[t ePsf p:t} bfloTj lng :jLsf/ u/]sf JolQmx?sf] ;+ul7t / :jzfl;t ;+:yf xf] . ljQLo ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? s'g} klg k|sf/sf] e]befj hflt, /fli6«otf, ln+u, wd{ / /fhgLltsf] cfwf/df e]befj gu/L ljQLo ;Ifdtf, ljQLo pknAwtf / ljQLo kx'Fr lgwf{/0f u/L axg ug{ ;Sg] ljQLo pTkfbg / ;]jfx?sf] k|of]u xf] . Pkm 8Jn' /fOkmfO;gn] eg]sf] h:tf] :j–;xof]u, :j–zf;g / :j–pQ/bfloTjsf] cfwf/df s'g} klg hftL, ln+u, wd{, /fli6«otf / /fhgLltsf] e]befj ljgf ljQLo ;xsf/Ldf dflg;x? ljQLo sf/f]jf/ ug{ dfq xf]Og cfkm\gf] hLjg:t/ abNg, Joj;flosLs/0f, ;fdflhsLs/0f / dfgljsLs/0fsf] k|lqmofsf] nflu ;+ul7t x'G5g . ;xsf/Ldf cj;/sf] pknAwtfdf / ljQLo kx'Frdf ;dfgtf x'G5 . ;xsf/Lsf] :yfkgf ;dfhdf jlx:s/0f / jfwfx?sf lj?4 p:t} ljrf/ ePsf dflg;nfO{ ;+ul7t / ;Daf]wg ug{ xf] . cfw'lgs o'udf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;xsf/L ;dfhjfb lgdf{0fdf cfly{s g]t[Tj / b]zsf] g]t[Tjsf] d'Vo wf/fsf] ;f]r xf] . g]kfnsf] cy{/fhgLltsf] ;+j}wflgs bfloTj k'/f ug{ cf}krfl/s ljQLo k|0ffnL dfkm{t ljzfn hg;+Vofdf sf/f]jf/, e'QmfgL, art, C0f / jLdfsf] kx'Fr e/kbf]{ / lbuf] ?kdf lj:tf/ ug'{ xf] . ;b:ox?n] ;}4flGts ult / s'zn cg'ejaf6 ;b:ox?nfO{ pkof]uL / ;:tf] ljQLo pTkfbg / ;]jf :yfoL ?kdf / cfk;L ;dembf/Ldf k'/f ub{5g . o:tf] ljQLo ;dfj]zLs/0f ul/aL lgjf/0f / ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ xf] .
lbuf] ljQLo ;]jf M ;b:ox?nfO{ ;Dk'0f{ ljQLo ;dfwfgsf] nflu ;+:yfut k'FhLsf] ljsf; ub}{ ljQLo ;xsf/Ln] lg/Gt/ pRr k|ljlwsf cfwfl/t u'0f:tl/o ;]jf lbg' kb{5 . lbuf] ljQLo ;]jfsf] nflu ;+:yfn] ;~rfng vr{, nfut vr{, jrt / C0fdf :jR5 Jofhb/, z]o/df plrt nfef+if, ljQLo ;'rf+ssf] ;Gt'lnt / ;'/lIft cj:yfdf Wofg lbO{ ;b:osf] ljZjf; / ;~rfnssf] lglb{i6 cfr/0fsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfsf] lbuf]kgf / :yfloTjsf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{ kb{5 . lbuf] ljQLo ;]jf nflu b'O{ cfwf/ x'G5g M ljQLo sf/f]jf/sf] lbuf]kgf / ;+:yfsf] lbuf]kgfsf] nflu ljQLo jhf/df ;xsf/Lsf] kxF'r / ljQLo ;Ifdtf, jrt / C0fdf k|lt:kwf{Tds Jofh b/ ;lxtsf] :yfg, cWofjlws gLlt / cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] cfwf/df k|efjsf/L ;Grfng / s'zn Joj:yfkg tyf sd{rf/Lsf] ;Gt'li6, ;b:otfsf] lj:tf/ tyf ;Gt'li6, clgjfo{ lgoldt art tyf pBdlzntfdf cfwfl/t C0fsf] cfsf/df j[l4sf] dfWo]daf6 lbuf] ljQLo ;]jfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 .
;b:ox?sf] cfly{s nfe j[l4 M ;b:osf] nfe j[l4 g} ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] d'n nIo xf] . art k|f]T;fxgsf] dfWo]daf6 C0f nufotsf ;]jfsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Jofhb/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5 . ;+:yfsf] ljQLo ;Ifdtf;+u} ;+:yfn] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;]jfsf b/nfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds jgfO{ ;b:ox?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+F:s[lts / kof{j/0fLo clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ kxn u5{g . cfly{s nfe j[l4sf] nflu lghL nufgLsf] k|j4{g, :j/f]huf/sf] l;h{gf, ;fgf pBf]udf ;xof]u, /fhuf/Lsf] kx'Frdf k|ult, ;DklQsf] d'Nodf a[l4, cfly{s clglZrttfsf] ;dodf l:y/tf sfod /fVg / phf{sf] d'NonfO{ l:y/ /fVg ;xof]u k|wfg ub{5 .
l8lh6fOh]zg / ;le{6fOh];g MljZjJofkL ?kdf b]lvPsf] sf]le8 !( sf] k|efj kZrft l8lh6fOh];g / ;le{6fOh];gdf gofF k|fljlws cfodx? b]vf kb}{ 5g . ljQLo jhf/df qmlds ?kdf ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf] k};f /lxt / r]s /lxt ljQLo sf/f]jf/ tyf sfuh /lxt k|zf;lgs k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsf/L ;Grfng / s'zn Joj:Yffkgsf nflu gofF vf]h / ;f]rnfO{ pRrtftkm{ nfb}5 . ;a} sf/f]jf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ b|'t, e/kbf]{, kf/bzL{, k|efjsf/L jgfO{/x]sf] 5 . df]jfO{n j}+lsË, PKnLs]zgx?sf] k|of]u ca zfvf/lxt ljQ k|0ffnL, dfgj/lxt sf/f]jf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'Fb} 5g . To;}u/L ;]jfnfO{ ;km\6j]/ dfkm{t ;Grfng u/L dflg;sf] ;do, zlQm / lqmofsnfknfkdf cfl6{lkml;on OG6]lnh]G;sf] k|of]u ug]{ tyf ;a} k|s[ltsf pTkfbg Pjd\ ;]jfnfO{ dfgj /f]j{6 / :jrflnt pks/0fsf] k|of]u dfkm{t pkof]u ug]{ ljlwnfO{ ;le{6fOh]zg elgG5 . o;/L l8lh6fOh]zg / ;le{6fO{h]zgn] dflg;sf] phf{ / zlQmnfO{ cg';Gwfg, ljsf;, k|j4{g / gj k|jt{gdf k|of]u ug]{ jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ub{}5 . h;n] xfd|f] hLjgdf k|ToIf / k/f]If k|efj kfb}{5 . To;}n] ca ljQLo ;xsf/L cleofgsf] dxTjk'0f{ If]qsf] ?kdf clgjfo{ ljsf;sf] xfd|f] eljio l8lh6fOh]zg / ;le{6fOh];g x'g]5g .
ljQLo lzIff M ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf ;b:onfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, nf]stflGqs / Jofj;flos ljsf;sf] nflu JolQmut ljQ, k};f / nufgL ;DjlGwt ljifo ;lxt ljleGg ljQLo If]qsf] lzIff / ;dem ljQLo ;fIf/tf xf] . ljQ lzIffsf] tflnd / k|lzIf0f dfgj hLjgsf] ckl/xfo{tf xf] . ;dosf] ;fk]Iftfdf ljsf; ePsf art, C0f, C0fsf] a[xQ/ k|of]u, ljQLo of]hgf / JolQmut / kfl/jfl/s ah]6sf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s ljsf; s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgdf a[l4, /fli6«o cfodf j[l4 / k|ltJolQm cfodf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . ;xsf/L ;+:yfn] x/]s ;b:onfO{ cfkm\gf] ljQLo ;|f]t / cfjZostfsf] nflu ljQ kl/rfngsf] k|efjsf/L lg0f{o lng] sf}zntf / 1fg e08f/ lzIff, tflnd / ;"rgf lbg' kb{5 . ;+:yfn] ;b:onfO{ ;+:yfsf cfwf/e"t
;xsf/L ;+jfb8
clwsf/, ;dfhsf cfwfe"t dfGotf / JolQmsf d'Vo bfloTjsf] lzIff klg k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 . ;b:onfO{ cfTdlge{/tf, cfly{s a[l4 / ljQLo l:y/tfsf] nflu ;xof]u k'U5 . ;b:osf] hLjgdf ljQLo dfu{lrq lbG5 . JolQmut ljQ;DjGwL ljifonfO{ s'zn tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;b:onfO{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . JolQmut ljQkf]if0f, aLdf, crn ;DklQ, sn]h, ;]jflgj[Q, s/of]hgfsf] e'QmfgL, k'FhL ahf/sf] 1fg / nufgL k|j4{g, h:tf JolQmut lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ub{5 . nfedf cfwfl/t art, d'b|fsf] ;dosf] d'No nufotsf ljifodf ljQLo lg0f{o lnG5 . cfhsf] o'u k|ljlwsf] o'u xf] To;}n] x/]s JolQmn] cfk'mdf k'0f{tf lbg ljB'tLo ljQ k|0ffnLsf] ;d]t lzIff lng' kb{5 . ;dfhdf pTs[i6 gful/s jGg / k|lt:kwf{df >]i7tf / jl/i7tf sfod ug{ klg ljB'tLo ljQLo lzIffsf] ljsNk 5}g .
;xsf/L P]g, @)&$ sfof{Gjogsf k|fyldsLs/0f g]kfnsf] ;xsf/L cleofg @)!# jf6 cf}krfl/s ?kdf sfo{ cf/De ePsf] xf] . @)!& k5fl8 ;femf ;xsf/Lsf] ?kdf /fHoaf6 lgb]{lzt ;xsf/Lx? ;Grflnt eP . @)$& ;fndf ;+ljwfgn] /fhgLlts :jtGqtf / cfly{s :jtGqtfsf] pknlAw k|fKt kZrft ;xsf/L P]g, @)$* cfof] / o;n] hgtfsf] ;xsf/Lx? ;b:osf] :jldTj, lgoGq0f / kmfO{bf k|fKt x'g] u/L btf{, ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg / ljsf; ug{ yflnof] . ;+:yfsf] lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfFbf @)&$ df gofF ;xsf/L P]g, @)&$ hf/L 5 . of] P]gn] ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ cljl5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf, ;Lldt bfloTj ePsf], :jzfl;t / ;ª\ul7t sfg"gL JolQm, Ps JolQm Ps dt, nf]stflGqs lgoGq0f / :j]lR5s ;b:otf Jofj;flos ;+3 ;+:yf k|f]S;L ef]6sf] lgif]w ;fwf/0f ;efsf] ;jf]{Rrtf h:tf cfwf/e"t ljifonfO{ ;Djf]wg u/]sf] 5 .
!= ;+:yfsf] ;b:otf M
ljZjJofkL sfg'gn] k|fs[lts JolQm jf sfg'gL JolQmsf] tLgj6f cfwf/e"t clwsf/x?df s'g} lje]b ub}{g . tL clwsf/x? M ;DklQ vl/b laqmL ug{ kfpg] clwsf/, cfkm\gf] klxrfgsf] clwsf/ / s/f/ ug]{ clwsf/ x'g . ;f]xL dfGotf cg'?k cGt/f{li6«o ;xsf/L dxf;+3n] JolQmnfO{ Tof] k|fs[lts / sfg'gL b'a} JolQmnfO{ ;b:otf lbg] . tL ;b:ox? ;+:yfsf] :jfldTj, lgoGq0f / kmfO{bfsf] xsbf/ x'g] ljifo kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . jt{dfg sfg'gn] o:tf ljZjJofkL ?kdf :jLs[t cfwf/e"t clwsf/nfO{ ;+sf]r ug]{ u/L ;GbLUw efiffsf] k|of]u dfkm{t ;+:yfsf] ;b:o k|fs[lts JolQm dfq xf]Og s[lqd JolQm klg xf] k|i6 ls6fg gu/L lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ efiffsf] k|of]un] P]gdf eflifs Joj;flostfsf] cefj b]lvG5 . To;}u/L s'g} Ps JolQm s'g} :yfgLo txsf] Ps} k|s[ltsf] PseGbf a9L ;+:yfdf ;b:o x'g gkfpg] Joj:yfn] ;b:osf] 5gf}6sf] clwsf/nfO{
jlGrt u/]sf] 5 .
@= ;b:ox?sf] ;~hfn / ;+3x?sf] cj:yf M
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ df tLg txsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]u ug]{ txut Joj:yf 5 . tLg txsf] txut ;+/rgf -;+3, k|b]z / kflnsf_ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 eg] ;xsf/L P]gn] rf/ txsf] ;+/rgfsf] lj/f]wfefifnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 . P]gn] cleofgdf jx'Joj;flos s]Gb| ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . of] cj:yfn] ;xsf/L cleofgnfO{ dof{lbt agfpg ;St}g . ljQLo ;xsf/L ;~rfng ug]{ nfdf] cg'ej ePsf b]zx?df w]/} txsf] cleofgsf] c;kmntfkl5 ljifout ?kdf sfd ug]{ Jofj;flos ;xsf/Lsf] b'O{ txsf] dfq Joj:yf u/L ;xsf/L cleofg ;kmn / k|efjsf/L jgfPsf] b]lvG5 . ljQLo Joj;fosf ax's]Gb| x'Fbf ;'zf;g / ljl3 / k|ljlwdf ljrng cfpFg ;S5 . ljifout If]qsf] jlu{s/0f g]kfndf ;j} k|s[ltsf ;xsf/L ;+3x?n] art tyf C0f sf/f]jf/ ug]{ k|j[lt j9\b} uPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf] ljifodf art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] cg'udg ug]{ sfo{ljlw dfkm{t ljz]if Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .
#= ;+:yfsf] d'Vo sf/f]jf/sf] ljifo M
;xsf/L P]gn] d'Vo sf/f]fjf/sf] ljifo plb|t ug]{u/L ;+:yf jf ;+3n] ;~rfng u/]sf] Joj;flos lqmofsnfksf] kl5Nnf] cfly{s jif{;Dddf kl/rflnt artsf] bfloTj / kl5Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] ;b:otkm{sf] vl/b jf laqmLsf] sf/f]jf/df tL; k|ltzteGbf a9L lx:;f sf/f]jf/ eg]/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 eg] bkmf %) n] art tyf C0f d'Vo sf/f]jf/ ug]{u/L btf{ ePsf] ;+:yf afx]s cGo ljifout tyf ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?n] art C0fsf] d'Vo sf/f]jf/ ug{ kfpg] 5}g . d'Vo sf/f]jf/ #) k|ltzteGbf j9L art C0f ub}{ cfPsf ;+:yfn] @)&& sflt{s ! ut];Dd ?kfGt/0f ug{{] P]gsf] Joj:yfn] P]g kfngfsf] nflu To:tf ;+:yfx?nfO{ b08, hl/jfgf jf oyf]lrt sfjf{xL ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
$= ;~rfnsx? sd{rf/Lsf] ?kdf sfd ug{ gkfO{g] M
P]gsf] bkmf $! n] jif{sf] b'O{ s/f]8 ?kofFeGbf a9Lsf] sf/f]jf/ ;+:yfdf ;~rfns sd{rf/L eP cf;Gg @)&* sf] sflt{s;Dd ;Grfns ;b:on] ;~rfns of sd{rf/L dWo] s'g} Pssf] e'ldsf /xg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
%= ;Gbe{ Jofhb/ lgwf{/0f M
art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? ;~rfngsf] nflu ljZj C0f kl/ifbn] $ j6f l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 . Tof] dWo] Ps ;'/Iff / k|efjsfl/tfsf] l;4fGtn] kN;nfO{ Ps ljQLo ;'rf+s ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/ jgfPsf] 5 . xfn ljBdfg ;xsf/L P]gsf] Joj:yfn] Psflt/ Joj;flos :jflwgtfnfO{ ;+s'rg u/]sf] 5 eg] sfg"gsf] k|fjwfg j}1flgs gx'g] x/]s k6ssf] ;Gbe{{ Jofhb/sf] cf}iftsf cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . ;f] Jofhb/ lgwf{/0f kZrft ;+:yfn] pTkfbg / ;]jfsf]
;xsf/L ;+jfb 9
ljljlws/0f ubf{ clwstd Jofhb/sf] tNnf] Jofh sfod ug{'kg]{ cj:yf /xg] cEof; x'G5 . of] cj:yf / Joj:yfn] x/]s k'g/fjnf]sgdf Jofhb/ Go"g ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL k|fjwfg x'g uPsf] 5 . of] cToGt cj}1flgs dfkg sfg"gt gx'g' kg]{ xf] .
%= ljlzi6Ls[t ;+3 M
;xsf/L P]g, @)&$ / ;xsf/L lgodfjnL,@)&% n] ljlzi6Ls[t ;xsf/L ;+3sf ;DaGwdf u/]sf] sfg'gL Joj:yfsf clwgdf /xL P]gsf] bkmf !%! df ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] btf{, ;~rfng, lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udg nufotsf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ dGqfnon] cfjZostf cg';f/ dfkb08, lgb]{lzsf jf sfo{ljlw agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg] sfg'gL Joj:yfsf cfwf/df P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] tf]s]sf] kl/lw / ;Ldfleq /xL ;fsf];sf] xsdf u}/ ljQLo nufgLnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug'{ kb{5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;xsf/L If]qdf o; k|s[ltsf] ljlzi6Ls[t ;xsf/L ;+3sf] cEof; gofF k|of]u ePsf]n] ljZj ljQ k|0ffnLsf] cWoog / ;Defljt cj:yfx?sf] cfFsng ug'{ kb{5 .
^= ;xsf/L art tyf shf{ ;'/If0f sf]if M
cleofgdf ljZjf; j9fpg / ;b:osf] k};fsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu P]gn] of] sf]ifsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 . sf]if ;~Rffngsf nflu P]gsf] bkmf ( sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ;xsf/L art tyf shf{ ;'/If0f sf]if ;+3sf] u7g x'g]5 . of] ;+3 u7g;DaGwL Joj:yf ljlzli6s[t ;+3sf] ?kdf x'g]5 .
sf]ifsf] pkof]u b]xfo adf]lhd dfq ug{ ;lsg]5,-s_ ;b:o ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] artsf] ;'/If0f ug]{ /
artstf{nfO{ zf]w egf{ lbg],-v_ lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^^ sf] pklgod -@_ / -#_ tf]s]
adf]lhd ;b:o ;xsf/L ;+:yfaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf] shf{sf] ;'/If0f ug]{ / lg0f{o adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fpg],
-u_ sf]ifsf] kof{Kttf / cfjZostfsf cfwf/df sf]ifsf] /sd ;'/lIft nufgL ug]{ /
-u_ sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkgdf nfUg] vr{ axg ug]{ .
&= l:yl/s/0f sf]ifsf] sfof{Gjog M
ljZj ;xsf/L cleofgdf ljQLo ;xsf/Lsf] lbuf] :yfloTjsf] nflu ;+:yfx?nfO{ :tl/s/0f ug]{ To:tf :tl/s[t ;+:yfx? b'3{6gf eP To;sf] ;'/Iff sarsf] ?kdf l:yl/s/0f sf]if /xg]u/L cEof; ul/Psf] 5 . l:yl/s/0f sf]if ljQLo ;xsf/L cleofgnfO{ :yfloTj / ;'/Iff k|wfg u/L ;+:yfnfO{ hf]lvdd'Qm, ljZj;gLo, lbuf] / e/kbf]{ jgfpg] ;xsf/L cleofgsf] hu]8f sf]if xf] . ljQLo ;xsf/Lsf rf/ l;4fGt dWo] ;'/Iff / k|efjsfl/tfsf] l;4fGtsf] hudf sf]ifsf] kl/sNkgf ul/G5 . ;+:yfsf] ;'/Iff / k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu ljZj ;xsf/L cfGbf]ngdf ljQLo If]qsf] b'O{ cfwf/x? ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?df
:tl/s/0f sfo{qmd / cleofgsf] l:yl/s/0f sf]ifnfO{ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . :tl/s/0f / l:yl/s/0f ljZj ;xsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] gljg ;f]rsf] ?kdf ljsf; eO/x]sf 5g . ljQLo ;xsf/Lx?sf] :yfkgf / o;sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfngsf] dfWodaf6 ljQLo ;'/Iff k|bfg u/L art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;jn / ;'b[9 :yfloTj sfod ub}{ cleofgdf cfa4 ;+:yfx?sf] 5lj pRr /fVg' l:yl/s/0f sf]ifsf] k|d'v e"ldsf xf] eg] ;+:yfnfO{ ;d:ofu|:t x'geGbf cufl8 g} ;+:yfnfO{ arfp, ;+/If0f, ljsf; / Joj:yfkg ug{ of] sf]if v8f ul/G5 . o;sf] sfo{ljlw cg';f/ ?=!) s/f]8 o;sf] vftfdf cleofgsf] tkm{af6 cleofgdf ;+:yfn] 5'6\ofPsf] k};fn] gk'u] /fHon] ;fk6 :j?k pQm sf]ifdf tf]lsPsf] /sd xfln v8f ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . ;/sf/sf] k|efjsf/L rfv gk'u]sfn] of] sf]if :yfkgf ePsf] t/ sfo{;Dkfbgdf hfg g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .
&= ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] shf{ c;'nL Gofoflws/0f M
;xsf/L P]g, @)&$ / ;xsf/L lgodfjnL,@)&% n] ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] shf{ c;'nL Gofoflws/0fsf ;DaGwdf u/]sf] sfg'gL Joj:yfsf clwgdf /xL lgodfjnLsf] lgod %* n] ph'/L k|lqmof, sf/jfxL, lg0f{o sfof{Gjog nufotsf ljifodf cfjZos sfo{ljlw agfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;xsf/L If]qdf shf{ c;'nL Gofoflws/0fsf] cEof; / k|of]u gofF ePsf] / o; k|s[ltsf] c;'nL Gofoflws/0fsf] cEof; a}+s tyf ljQLo If]qdf ljutb]lv x'Fb} cfPsf] ;Gbe{df a}+lsË If]qdf ePsf c;n cEof; tyf cg'ejx? / a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;'nL P]g, @)%* tyf lgodfjnL @)%(nfO{ cfwf/ dflg k|fyldstfdf ug'{kg]{ ljifo xf] .
*= shf{ ;'rgf s]Gb| M
;+:yfsf] ljQLo ;'zf;g / ;b:ox?nfO{ cg'zf;gdf /fVg / shf{ k|jfxnfO{ z'l4s/0f u/L shf{sf] ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ shf{ ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] ;xsf/L sfg'gn] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . ljQLo ;xsf/Lsf] ;~hfn Joj:yfkg, bf]xf]/f] ;b:otf, s/ k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog, s]Gb|Lo t/ntf sf]ifsf] :yfkgf, Jofh lgwf{/0f dfkb08, l:yl/s/0f sf]ifsf] sfof{Gjog, ;xsf/L k|j4{g sf]if, cGt/ ;xsf/L sf/f]jf/ e'QmfgL k/5\of}6, PsLs[t ljQ k|0ffnL, art tyf C0f ;xsf/Ldf cfwfl/t e'ld a}+s, cg'udg, lgodg / k|lzIf0f /fHosf ;a} txdf Ps?ktf, ;xsf/L ;+3Lotfsf] kl/kfngf, ;xsf/Lsf] sfo{If]q, ;xsf/L a}+s, ;+:yfsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu sfnf] ;"rL;DjGwL Joj:yf, /]ld6\ofG;, aLdf, ;fdflhs k"FhL lgdf{0fh:tf ljifosf] sfof{Gjogdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . k|:t't P]gn] ljQLo ;xsf/Lsf] jt{dfg jbNg / eljio lgdf{0f ug{ g;Sg] x'Fbf 5'\6[} ljQLo ;xsf/L P]g cfjZos 5 .
pk{o'Qm n]vdf JoQm ul/Psf] ljrf/ n]vsssf lghL ljrf/ x'g – ;Dkfbs
;xsf/L ;+jfb10
;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qx?
/ ;xsf/L df]8]n -k|0ffnL_cfgGb ;f?
k[i7e"dLM/fHo cfd gful/s hgtfsf] e/f];fsf] clGtd s]Gb| xf] . /fHosf] cfTdf g} hgtfsf] ck]Iffdf ;+/IfsTjsf] e"ldsflgjf{x ug{' xf] . /fHosf] k|fb'ef{j gful/ssf] ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostfsf] af]w ;Fu} ePsf] kfOG5 . /fHo k|fb'ef{jsf] z'?jftsf r/0flt/ ;a} If]qdf /fHosf] ;lqmo e"ldsf /xg] ub{Yof] . /fHo zf;gk|zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t p2]Zo ;a} hgtfdf ;d'GgtL v'zL sfod ug{' xf] . o;sf nflu /fHon] ;fd'lxstf Pj+ ;fdflhstfsf] gLlt c+lusf/ u/]sf] x'G5 . h'g ;xsf/L k|0ffnLsf] kof{o xf] . t/, la:tf/} /fHosf] bfloTjsf d'Vo If]qx?df /fHosf] k|ToIf Pj+ ;lqmo e"ldsf /xg] / ;f] afx]ssf cGo If]qdf qmd;M lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf Pj+ ;xeflutfdf a[l4 x'b} uPsf] kfOG5 . /fHosf] bfloTj ePsf If]q jf sfo{x?df lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf Pj+ ;xeflutfdf a[l4 eP ;Fu} ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;fj{hlgs oftfoft, pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljt/0f h:tf d'Vo If]qdf ;d]t /fHo ;dGjosf/L, ;xhLs/0f dfq ug]{ e"ldsfdf ;f3'l/Psf] 5 . ljZjdf ePsf] cEO{f;Pj+ cg'ejnfO{ x]bf{ h'g b]zdf lghL If]qdf ;d]t ;jn ;'zf;g cj:yf 5, Toxf+sf] ;a} If]qdf lghLs/0f cfd hgtfsf] nflu nfes/ x'g ;Snf . t/,;'zf;g sdhf]/ ePsf] d'n'sdf ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf lghL If]q cTofwLs gfkmfd'vL ePsf] ;fy} l;lG8s]6, sf6]{lnË tyf ;+3afbsf] gfddf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{{ zf]if0f ;d]t ug{ k'u]sf] b]lvof] . zflGt ;'/Iff cdg rog sfod ug]{, l;df ;'/Iff ug]{ tyf /fli6«o cl:dtfsf] /Iff ug]{ afx]ssf If]qdf lghLs/0fsf] gLlt c+lusf/ ug{ yflnPsf] jt{dfg kl/k|]Ifdf lghL If]qsf] lalzi6 d"No, dfGotf tyf l;4fGt af]s]sf] ;xsf/L k|0ffnLnfO{{ gh/ cGbfh ug{ ldNb}g . /fHosf] ;a} If]qdf bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L /xG5 . tL dWo], ljz]ift ;fj{hlgs dxTj / pkof]usf If]qdf ;xsf/L k|0ffnLnfO{{ lghLs/0f gLltsf] ;kmn lx:;f agfpbf ljz]if k|efjsf/L x'g] b]lvG5 .
lghLs/0fsf cfwf/e"t kIfx?Mgful/ssf] ue{b]lv lrxfg;Ddsf x/]s ;jfndf /fHosf] clGtd bfloTj tyf lhDd]jf/L /xG5 . gful/s ;/f]sf/sf ;a} ljifodf /fHosf] ;lqmo e"ldsf k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf sf/0f lghL If]q;F+usf] ;xsfo{ jf lghLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff Aofks x'b} uPsf] 5 . lghLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff dxTjk"0f{ dfq x}g ckl/xfo{ ;d]t 5 . lghL If]qsf] ;Gbe{df AolQmut tyf ;fd'lxs b'a} tl/sf 5g\ . AolQmut kmd{, Ps hgf dfq dflns /xg] k|fOj]6 sDkgL AolQmut tl/sf x'g eg] w]/} hgf dflns
x'g] k|fOj]6 tyf klAns sDkgL tyf ;xsf/L ;fd'lxs tl/sf x'g . lghLIf]qsf stf{ -Actor_ x?leq /xg] k|0ffnLut ljz]iftf cg';f/ /fHon] s'g If]q s'gstf{ dfkm{t sfof{Gjog u/fp5 To;sf] cfwf/df g} lghLs/0fsf] k|efjsf/Ltf :t/ lgwf{l/t x'G5 . s'g If]qdf s'g tl/sfaf6, s'g k|sf/sf] stf{ dfkm{t lghLs/0f sfof{Gjog ug]{ eGg] ljifo d"n gLlt, g]t[Tj ;f]r tyf lg0f{o Ifdtfdf lge{/ x'G5 . lghLs/0fsf] nflu s'g gLlt pko'Qm x'g ;Sb5, of] k|of]usf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . lghLs/0f cfjZos 5 . t/, hyfefla ul/g] lghLs/0f k|To'Tkfbs klg x'g ;Sb5 . lghLs/0f eg]sf] /fHo cfkm\gf] bfloTjaf6 klG5g] cj:yf xf]Og . lghLs/0faf6 ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf cem k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf yklhDd]jf/ kIfnfO{{ leqfpg] jf ;xefuL u/fpg] gLlt lghLs/0f xf] . lghLs/0fsf sf/0f gful/sdf yk ;'v Pj+ ;Gt'i6L;d]t sfod ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . ;fy}, lghLs/0faf6 l;lh{t x'g] k|ltkmn 7"nf] hg;+Vof jf cfd gful/sdf ;dfg'kflts ?kdf ljt/0f ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . of] cj:yf cfpg ;Sof] ls ;s]g Tof] ljifo dxTjk"0f{ 5 . /fHosf] sltko If]qdf lghLs/0f gLlt k|efjsf/L klg b]lvPsf] 5 . gful/ssf] hLp wgsf] ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs zflGt, cdg rog sfod ug]{, l;df ;'/Iffsf] Aoj:yfkgdf /fHosf] ;lqmo e"ldsf cfjZos x'G5 . tyflk, ;'/Iff ;DaGwL lghL sDkgLx? gePsf xf]Ogg\ . t/, pko{'Qm d'Vo bfloTj axgdf /fHon] cfkm\g} ;lqmo e"ldsf sfod /fVg h?/L x'G5 . lghLs/0fsf] cEO{f; cfd hgtfsf] nflu ;a} b[li6sf]0faf6 nfebfos x'g' kb{5 . lghLs/0fsf sf/0f ;du| cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{' kb{5 . cy{tGq yk rnfO{dfg Pj+ ultlzn x'g' kb{5 . clws /f]huf/L l;h{gf ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . ;fy}, lghLs/0fdf ;xefuL x'g] kIf -Actor_ ;d]t /fHosf] bfloTj axg ug]{ ;jfndf OdfGbf/ Pj+ lhDd]jf/ x'g' kb{5 . cyf{t, lghLs/0fdf ;+nUg lghL If]qsf] stf{ -kIf_ /fHosf] k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf cfd hgtfaLr cfTdLo, nf]slk|o x'g ;Sg' kb{5 . t;y{M /fHoaf6 lghLs/0fsf nflu v'nf ul/Psf ljifo If]qdf Go'gtd lgDg cj:yf sfod x'g h?/L x'G5 . l;l08s]6, sf6]{lnË, ;+3afbsf] gsf/fTds k|efjaf6
d'Qm eO{{ahf/ k|lt:k|wL{ x'g' kb{5 . u'0f:t/Lo, ;:tf] / ;'ne Pj+ ;xh ?kdf j:t' tyf
;]jf k|fKt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /xg' kb{5 .
;xsf/L ;+jfb 11
k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn ljt/0fsf sf/0f hgtfjLr c;dfgtfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g' x'b}g .
lghLs/0fsf] axfgfdf /fHo >f]t / zlQmsf] b'?kof]u ePsf] x'g' x'b}g .
lghLs/0fdf ;xefuL stf{ -Actor_ x?n] /fHosf] bfloTj lgjf{x ul//x]sf] tl/sfn] hgtfnfO{ dx;'; u/fpg ;Sg' kb{5 .
lghLs/0fdf cfd gful/s ;Gt'i6 x'g ;Sg] cj:yf sfod /xg' k5{ . lghLs/0fsf sf/0f ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf jf ;+/rgfut cj;/df gful/ssf] ;/n, ;xh k+x'r sfod ePsf] x'g' k5{ . ;a}eGbf 7'nf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmnsf] ;dfg'kflts ?kdf ljt/0f ePsf] x'g' k5{ . lghLs/0fsf sf/0f ;du| cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{ ;Sg' kb{5 . lghLs/0f gLlt c+lusf/ ug]{ d'n'sx?n] d'Vot lzIff, ;fj{hlgs oftfoft, ;+rf/, :jf:Yo, pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] laqmL ljt/0f, ef}ltsk"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f nufotsf ljifo If]qx?nfO{ lghLs/0fdf nu]sf] kfOG5 . lghL If]qdf ;d]t alnof] ;'zf;g sfod ePsf lasl;t d'n'sx?df lghLs/0fdf uPsf ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf ;d]t hgtfx?n] pRr :t/sf] nfe k|fKt u/]sf] Pj+ pTs[i7 glthf xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . t/, ;'zf;g cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf xfd|f] h:tf] cNk lasl;t tyf lasf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df lghLs/0faf6 ck]lIft k|ltkmn xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . lghLs/0fsf gfddf /fHo >f]t Pj+ zlQmsf] cg'lrt bf]xg, b'?kof]u ug]{, l;l08s]6 sf6]{lnËaf6 :jtGq ahf/ sf/f]af/df cj/f]w NofO{ hgtfnfO{{ ;f:tL lbg] h:tf lqmof{snfksf sf/0f lghLs/0fsf] tl/sfdf l;h{glzn glag cEO{f;x? cjnDjg ug{ h?/L 5 . ;d:of lghLs/0f gLltsf] xf]Og. lghLs/0fsf nflu cjnDjg ul/Psf] tl/sf tyf stf{x?sf] k|a[lQsf] xf] . stf{x?sf] k|a[ltdf ;d:ofx? b]lvPsf 5g\ .
lghLs/0fdf ;xeflu x'g] stf{ jf kIfx?M;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qx?sf] ;d'lrt Aoj:yfkg ug]{ clGtd bfloTj /fHosf] x'G5 . /fHo lgolGqt zf;g Aoj:yf ePsf d'n'sdf ;a} If]qdf /fHosf] e"ldsf ;lqmo /x]sf] x'G5 .t/, v'nf cy{ gLlt ePsf d'n'sdf lghLs/0f dfkm{t w]/} If]qdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;a} If]qdf /fHosf] e"ldsf ck]lIft k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf sf/0f lghLs/0f gLlt cjnDjg ul/Psf] xf] . o; gLltsf sf/0f ;'vb glthfx? klg k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . v'nf cy{tGq jf cy{ gLltsf] d"n kIf eg]s} lghL If]qaf6 sfd ubf{ a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 eg] tL If]qdf lghL If]qnfO{{ ;xefuL u/fpg' kb{5 eGg] xf] . t;y{ lghLs/0f ug]{ sfo{df d"nt lgDg stf{ jf kIfx? ;lDdlnt ePsf] kfOG5 . lgtfGt Ps hgf JolQm :jfdL -dflns_ /xg] kmd{ jf
sDkgL dfkm{t,
PseGbf a9L t/ ;+VofTds l;dfeGbf sd AoQmLx? :jfdL /xg] k|fOe]6 sDkgL -k|f=nL=_ dfkm{t,
PseGbf ;+VofTds l;df a9L ;+Vofsf AolQmx? :jfdL /xg] k|fOe]6 jf klAns sDkgL -k|f=nL=_ dfkm{t,
w]/} ;+Vofdf z]o/ ;b:o jf dflns -:jfdL_ /xg] ;xsf/L dfkm{t,
s'g} sDkgL :yflkt eO{{ To;sf] :jfdLsf] ?kdf kmd{ jf k|f=ln= jf klAns sDkgL jf ;xsf/L /xg] u/L pQm sDkgL jf ;xsf/L dfkm{t, lghLs/0f ug]{ .
xfd|f] ;+lawfgsf] d"n dd{ g} ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0f Pj+ ;dfhafb k|lt k|lta4 /xg] /x]sf] 5 . lgtfGt l;ldt AolQmnfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] u/L ul/g] lghLs/0fn] Aoj;flos lasf; t xf]nf t/, ;+lawfgsf] clei6 k'/f x'g ;Sb}g . lghLs/0fsf sf/0f cy{tGq rnfO{dfg x'G5 of] ;To xf] . t/, ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf ul/g] lghLs/0fsf] clwstd ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{ h?/L 5 . t;y{ ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] If]qdf ;xsf/L k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L x'g] b]lvG5 .
lghLs/0fsf d'Vo tl/sfx?Mk|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cfk;L ;xdltdf lglZrt cawLsf] nflu ;Demf}tf u/L s/f/ zt{x?df lghLs/0fsf tl/sfx?af/]df cfk;df ;xdt eO{ lghL If]q dfkm{t sfof{Gjog ul/G5 . lghLs/0fsf d'Vo tl/sf lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . lgdf{0f tyf x:tfGt/0fM lghL If]qn] lgdf{0f ug]{ /
;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/g] . lgdf{0f, ;+rfng / x:tfGt/0fM lghL If]qn] lgdf{0f
u/L pQm If]qsf] ;+rfng ug]{ / cGtdf ;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ .
lgdf{0f, :jfldTjs/0f, ;+rfng / x:tfGt/0fM lghL If]qn] lgdf{0f u/L cfkm\gf] :jfldTjdf /flv lglZrt calw;Dd ;+rfng ug]{ To;kl5 cGtdf ;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{.
lgdf{0f, :jfldTjs/0f / ;+rfngM lghL If]qn] lgdf{0f u/L cfkm\gf] :jfldTjdf /flv lglZrt jf tf]lsPsf] jf lg/Gt/ calw;Dd ;+rfng ug]{ .
lgdf{0f, x:tfGt/0f / ;+rfngM lghL If]qn] lgdf{0f u/L ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /flv lglZrt calw;Dd ;+rfng ug]{
;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qx? / lghLs/0f cEO{f;Mcfd hgtfsf] b}lgs hLjgdf k|ToIf ;DaGw Pj+ ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifox? ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]q x'g . cfd gful/s hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf;Fu} hLpwgsf] ;'/Iff, b]zsf] l;dfsf] /Iff /fHosf] klxnf] bfloTj leq kb{5 . o;kl5 /fHosf] d'Vo e"ldsf ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qx?nfO{ Aojl:yt ug{'df s]lGb|t x'g' kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qx?nfO{
;xsf/L ;+jfb12
k|d'v k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{' kg]{ cfwf/e"t bfloTj /fHo jf ;/sf/sf] xf] .
;fj{hlgs dxTjsf w]/} If]qx? lghLs/0fdf uPsf 5g\ . oxf+ tL dWo] d'Vo If]qx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;fj{hlgs oftfoft tyf pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jf cfd gful/ssf] b}lgs hLjgdf clws dxTj /fVg] If]q x'g . oL If]qdf ePsf] lghLs/0fdf ;+nUg stf{x?sf] laZn]if0faf6 lghL If]qdf cfsif{0f a9]sf] b]lvG5 . oL If]qdf lghL If]qn] u/]sf] nufgL / k'¥ofPsf] nfe Ps xb;Dd k|;+zgLo 5 . pko{'Qm ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf lghLs/0f ul/P klg ;/sf/n] k"0f{t xft 5f]l8;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . ;/sf/ / lghL If]q b'j} kIfaf6 ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfo{ e} /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] lzIff, :jf:Yo If]qdf nufgL ul//x]sf] 5 / o;af6 klG5g ;Sg] cj:yf klg 5}g . ;/sf/n] ;+rfng ul//x]sf lzIff, :jf:Yo tkm{sf ;]jfdf hgtfsf] rfk w]/} 5 . tyflk lghL If]qn] ;+rfng ul//x]sf lzIff, :jf:Yo If]qsf] ;]jf lng] /x/ / afWotf b'j} cj:yfdf /x]sf hgtfsf] ;+Vof klg sd 5}g . ;fj{hlgs oftfoft tyf pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] If]qdf t lghL If]q k"0f{t xfaL ePsf] cj:yf 5 . ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf ldl>t?kdf e"dLsf lgjf{x ePsf] cj:yf 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df lzIff, :jf:Yoh:tf If]q k"0f{ ?kdf lghL If]qnfO{ lhDdf nufpg klg g;lsPsf] / ;/sf/ cfkm}n] k"0f{ ?kdf lhDdfdf lng klg g;s]sf] cj:yf laBdfg 5 . cem lzIff, :jf:Yo If]qdf ;xsf/L dfkm{t lghLs/0f ug]{ cEO{f;df ljleGg sfg"gL tyf Aojxfl/s ;d:ofx? ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oftfoft h:tf] ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] If]qdf lghLs/0fsf] cEO{f; eO{ klg ;+3afb / sDkgLsf] gfddf l;l08s]6 tyf sf6]{lnËsf] ;d]t ;d:of /x]sf] kfOG5 . ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] If]qdf lghL If]q ck]lIft :t/df cfslif{t x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jf laqmL ljt/0fsf] If]qdf lgtfGt AolQmut :jfldTj Pj+ gfkmf x'g] cfwf/df lghL If]q ;+rflnt /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgdf cfwfl/t pBd Aoj;fosf] If]qdf nfed'vL -gfkmfd'vL_ eO{ clgolGqt ?kdf lghL If]qn] sfd ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ;fj{hlgs If]qx?df ldl>t k|sf/n] lghLs/0f cEO{f; ePsf] 5 . ;f/df eGg' kbf{ lghLs/0fsf] cEO{f;af6 cfd hgtf ck]lIft :t/df nfeflGjt x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvb}g . t/, cfzfjfbL x'g] cj:yf sfod g} 5 .
;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf lghLs/0fsf] k|of]u / k|efjMlghLs/0f;DaGwL gLlt, sfg"gdf ePsf Aoj:yf cg';f/ lghL If]qn] ;xeflutf hgfO/x]sf] cj:yf laBdfg 5 . oBlk lghLs/0f ;DaGwdf eO{/x]sf] k|of]un] ck]lIft :t/df k|ltkmn lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . AolQmut tyf sDkgL dfkm{t lghLs/0fsf] of]hgfx?df ;xeflutf hgfOPsf] cj:yf 5 . t/, ;fj{hlgs
dxTjsf] If]qdf ePsf] lghLs/0f cleO{fgdf ;xsf/Lx?nfO{ ck]lIft :t/df cfslif{t ug{ ;ls/x]sf] b]lvb}g . lghLs/0fsf] ;kmntf o;af6 s] slt hgtfdf nfe k'Uof], hgtfn] ;xh ?kdf ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;s] jf ;s]gg\ . d"No tyf u'0f:t/df zf]if0f kf] x'g k'Uof] ls . ahf/ :jtGq lgZkIf Pj+ k|lt:k|wL{ eO{f] jf ePg . pQm If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn w]/} ;+Vofsf] gful/sdf k'Ug ;Sof] jf ;s]g . lghLs/0f ul/Psf] If]qdf clwstd ;+Vof jf w]/} hgtfsf] :jfldTj /x]sf] 5 jf 5}g . pko{'Qm ljifox?n] lghLs/0fsf] k|of]u / k|efj af/] cfs+ng ug{ ;lsG5 . lghLs/0f ul/Psf If]qx?df ePsf] cEO{f; / k|of]u ljZn]if0f ubf{ sltko If]qdf /fHo zlQm / >f]tsf] b'?kof]u ePsf ;dfrf/x? ;'Gg b]Vg kfOG5 . lghLs/0fsf] If]qdf ;fgf ;fgf nufgLstf{ ;d]t ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ k|fKt x'g' kb{5 . lghLs/0f ePsf If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn w]/} hgtfsf] 3/ 3/df k'Ug] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 jf 5}g ljz]if ?kdf cfs+ng ul/g' kb{5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df lghLs/0fsf] If]qdf nufgL ug]{ cj;/ / pQm If]qaf6 k|flKt x'g] k|ltkmn k|flKt jf ljt/0fdf clwstd gful/snfO{ ;xeflu u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . t;y{, ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf ;xsf/L k|0ffnL pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . o;tkm{ sfo{ ug{ cj l9nf ul/g' x'b}g .
;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qx? / lghLs/0fdf l;h{glzn k|of]uM
hgtfsf] hLpwgsf] ;'/Iff, b]zsf] l;dfsf] /Iff Pj+ /fhZj tyf df}lb|s laQLo gLltsf] Aoj:yfkg h:tf cfwf/e"t If]qaf6 /fHo klG5g ;Sg] cj:yf x'b}g . t/, oL cnfjf cGo ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf /fHon] lghLs/0fsf] gLlt clVtof/ u/L yk k|efjsf/L agfpg ;Sb5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;fj{hlgs oftfoft, pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljt/0f Pj+ k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt Aoj:yfkg h:tf ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf lghLs/0fsf] pko'Qm /0fgLlt cjnDjg u/L cfd hgtfdf ;d[l4 Nofpg ;lsG5 . laZj cg'ejn] oxL s'/f k|dfl0ft ul/;s]sf] 5 .
lzIff If]qdf ePsf] lghLs/0f / o;sf] k|efj ldl>t k|sf/sf] 5 . lzIff If]qdf ePsf] lghLs/0fsf sf/0f lghL If]qsf] k"+FhL, 1fg, ;Lk, l;h{glzntfn] lzIff If]qdf glag k|of]ux? ;Dej ePsf] 5 . lzIff If]q lghLs/0fdf hfbf ;/sf/nfO{ ;d]t lzIff If]qdf cfd"n kl/jt{g Nofpg bafj l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . lghL If]qaf6 ;+rfng ul/Psf lzIffnodf cfd hgtfsf] cfsif{0f /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lzIff If]qdf k|lt:kwf{ ePsf] 5 / hgtfdf 5gf}6sf] ;'ljwf klg k|fKt ePsf] 5 . t/ lzIff If]q Aofkfl/s gfkmf sdfpg] If]qsf] ?kdf ;d]t ljsf; eO{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . z}lIfs ;+sfox?sf] ;DaGwg k|fKt ug{sf nflu x'g] ck|fs[lts rnv]nx?n] lzIffnfO{ gfkmfd'vL If]q agfpg vf]lhPsf] hgu'gf;f] Pj+ ;dfrf/x?n] k'li6 x'G5 . lzIffdf ;+nUg lghL If]qx?sf] ;+3 ;Fu7gx?sf sf/0f l;l08s]6 ?kL c;/x? klg b]lvPsf 5g\ . lzIffdf ;+nUg lghL
;xsf/L ;+jfb 13
If]qx?sf nufgLstf{x?n] cfkm\gf] Psflwsf/ sfod ug{ gLltut -sfg"g_ :t/df k|efj kf/]sf] cj:yf ;d]t 5 . Psn jf s]xL dflg;x? dflns eO{{ laBfno -af]l8{Ë_ ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg] t/ w]/} z]o/ ;b:o ag]/ ;xsf/L k|0ffnLdf laBfno -af]l8{Ë_ ;+rfng ug{ g;Sg] sfg"gL k|fjwfgn] Psflwsf/ xfaL ePsf] 5 . o:tf] lqmof{snfkaf6 lghL If]q aLr :j:y :jR5 k|lt:kwf{ sfod x'g ;Sb}g . ;/sf/L ljBfno afx]s lghL If]qaf6 ;+rflnt lzIffnox?af6 ;]jf k|fKt ug{ rfxg] hgtfsf] nflu lghL If]qdf ;xsf/L k|0ffnL k|lt lae]b eO{sf] 5 . xfn lghL If]qdf gof+ laBfnox? :yfkgf x'g g} g;Sg] gLltut Aoj:yf ePaf6 ljutb]lv g} ;+rfngdf /x]sf lghL If]qsf dflnsx?nfO{ cem Psflwsf/ sfod ug{ 6]jf k'u]sf] 5 . csf]{tkm{ lzIff If]qaf6 lghL If]qn] k|fKt u/]sf] k|ltkmn l;ldt nufgLstf{ 3/fgfx?sf] kf]N6fdf k'Ubf ljt/0fn] c;dfgtf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . v'nf cy{gLlt Pj+ pbf/ cy{tGq ePsf] d'n'sdf o;/L Psflwsf/ sfod x'g] u/L :yfkgf g} aGb ug{' cGofok"0f{ xf] . a?, cfjZos :k:6 dfkb08x?sf cfwf/df lghL If]qsf ljBfnox? ;+rfng x'g] cj:yf sfod u/fpg /fHo ;Ifd x'g' kb{5 . lzIff If]qdf ;xsf/L k|0ffnLsf] ;xeflutfn] k|lt:k|wf{nfO{ k|j{4g u/L u'0f:t/ Pj+ d"Nodf ;'wf/ x'g] / cfd hgtf nfeflGjt x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g ;Sb5 . ;fy}, lzIff If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn w]/} hgtf dfem ljt/0f x'g] cj:yfn] Gofo ;d]t sfod x'G5 . t;y{, lzIff If]qdf ePsf] lghLs/0f gLlt cGtu{t ;xsf/L k|0ffnLnfO{ klg ;dfj]z x'g kfpg] cj:yf sfod /xg' kb{5 . cyf{t ;xsf/L laBfnox? c? ;/x lgaf{w :yfkgf / ;+rfng x'g kfpg' kb{5 . o;n] lzIff If]qdf lghL If]qsf] tkm{af6 ;/sf/L k|0ffnL dfkm{t Aofks ;+Vofdf hgtfsf] nufgL, :jfldTj Pj+ ;+rfng ;Dej eO{ Psflwsf/sf b':k|efj 36\g]5g\ / lzIff If]q :jR5, :j:y k|lt:k|wL{, u'0f:t/Lo Pj+ k|efjsf/L x'g]5 .
o;}+ u/L, :jf:Yo If]qdf klg lghLs/0fsf] ldl>t k|efj b]lvPsf] 5 . :jf:Yo If]qdf ;/sf/sf] cfkm\gf] ;+/rgf dfkm{t ;]jf ;+rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . Aofks hg bafa / rf;f]sf sf/0f ;/sf/L :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?sf] ;+VofTds ?kdf ef}lts pkl:ylt eP klg ck]IfLt :t/df u'0f:t/Lo Pj+ ultlzn aGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;fy}, :jf:Yo pkrf/ tyf lzIffno ;+rfngdf lghLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . lghLs/0fsf sf/0f :jf:Yo If]qdf cfd gful/sn] ;]jf lng 5gf}6sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . lghLs/0fsf sf/0f :jf:Yo If]qdf glag k|ljlw, ljz]if1tf Pj+ pTs[i7 ;]jf k|jfx klg ;Dej ePsf] 5 . :jf:Yo If]qdf ePsf] lghLs/0fdf l;ldt ;+Vofsf 3/fgfx?sf] dfq ar{:j sfod 5 eGg] cf/f]k / ;dfrf/x? ;'Gg, b]Vg kfOG5 . :jf:Yo If]qsf laleGg ;+:yf tyf lzIffnox? ;+rfng ug{ ;DaGwg tyf :jLs[lt lng ePsf ck|fs[lts rnv]nx?;DaGwL cfpg] ;dfrf/x?n] cj:yf
gfh's 5 eGg] k'li6 x'G5 . t;y{ :jf:Yo If]qdf lghLs/0f ug]{ sfo{df w]/} hgtfsf] nufgL Pj+ :jfldTj x'g] ;xsf/L k|0ffnLnfO{ cjnDjg ug{ ;lsPdf To;n] :jtGq k|lt:k|wf{ Pj+ k|ltkmn ljt/0fdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug{ ;Sb5 . :jf:Yo If]qdf ;xsf/LnfO{ ck]lIft :t/df ;xeflu u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . :jf:Yo If]qsf] pkrf/ Pj+ lzIffno ;+rfngdf ;xsf/L k|0ffnLnfO{ ckgfpg ;lsPdf nfut jf ;]jfd"No, u'0f:t/ tyf k|ltkmn -gfkmf_ ljt/0fdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kb{5 . lghLs/0fsf cGo kIfx? ;Fu ;xsf/L k|0ffnLsf] k|lt:kwf{ x'g] sf/0f ahf/ d"No tyf u'0f:t/ lgoGq0fdf ;3fp k'Ug] ePsfn] ;xsf/L k|0ffnLnfO{ :jf:Yo If]qdf Aofks :t/df ;xeflu u/fpg ;lsPdf o;af6 cfd ?kdf dxTjk"0f{ k|efj kg]{ lglZrt 5.
o;} u/L, ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] If]qdf lghLs/0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg 5 . ;fy} ldl>t k|sf/sf] k|efj k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;fj{hlgs oftfoft cfd hgtfaf6 pkof]u ul/g] If]q xf] . ;fj{hlgs oftfoftdf laz]iftM ;ldlt, ;+3 tyf sDkgLx?n] lghLs/0fdf ;xefuL eO{ ;]jf ;+rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs oftfoft If]qdf ;+nUg kIfx?af6 ;]jf k|jfx eO{ /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] oftfoft If]qdf lghL If]qn] ;/sf/nfO{ lgs} e/y]u -;xof]u_ u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . olt xF'+bf xF'b} klg oftfoft If]qdf AofKt l;l08s]6, sf6]{lnËsf sf/0f sdhf]/ k|lt:k|wf{ tyf 5gf}6 clwsf/ -Choice Right_ sf] cj:yf sfod 5 . ;fy}, oftfoft ;'/Iff Aoj:yfdf /x]sf sdhf]/Lx?sf sf/0f ;]jfdf hgtfsf] ;Gt'li6 cj:yf Go'g 5 .;fy}, lghLs/0fdf /x]sf stf{ jf kIfx? AolQmut :jfldTjdf oftfoft Aoj;fodf hf]lvd p7fp5g clg ;f]xL cg';f/ k|ltkmn -gfkmf_ k|fKt ug{tkm{ s]lGb|t x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ cfd hgtfn] ck]Iff u/] cg';f/sf] ;]jf Aojxf/ -Service_ / nfut d"No kfO/x]sf 5}gg\ . oftfoft If]qdf lghL If]qn] pRr hf]lvd klg p7fpg] / ;s];Dd clwstd gfkmf klg lng] /0fgLltdf b]lvG5g\ . lakbsf] sltko cj:yfdf ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u klg u/]sf] / ;/sf/ tyf hgtfaf6 d+xuf] ;]jf d"No c;'n]sf] ;d]t pbfx/0f kfOG5g\ . ;fy}, o; If]qdf lghLs/0fdf ;+nUg kIfx?n] k|fKt ug]{ k|ltkmn l;ldt nufgLstf{x?df cfDbfgLsf] ?kdf hfg] sf/0f k|ltkmnsf] ljt/0f Goflos 5}g . ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] If]qdf lghLs/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg w]/} ;+Vofsf] z]o/ ;b:o ePsf] / ;/sf/sf] ljz]if ;+/If0f /xg] ;xsf/L k|0ffnLnfO{ ;d]t cfsif{0f ug]{ k|sf/sf] gLlt ;/sf/af6 clVtof/ ug{ ;lsodf o;af6 oftfoft If]qdf cfoflds kl/jt{g eO{{ ;sf/fTds k|efj kg]{ b]lvG5 . oftfoft If]qdf xfn ;+nUg kIfx?;Fu k|lt:k|wf{ ug{ yk ;xsf/L k|0ffnLnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg ;lsPdf hf]lvd ;a}df ljt/0f x'g], ;+:yfut ?kdf ;+rfng eO{ ;]jf, Aojxf/ tyf d"Nodf k|lt:kwf{ x'g] sf/0f cfd hgtfn] k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ cj:yf l;h{gf x'g]5 .
;xsf/L ;+jfb14
o;}u/L, k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgx? /fHosf] ;DklQ x'g . k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgsf] ?kdf hn, h+un, hldg, vfgL, vlgh, lu§L, 9'Ëf, afn'jf, tfn tn}of cflb nfO{ ;+/If0f, ;Dab{\wg, Aoj:yfkg tyf pkof]u ug]{ ljifox? kb{5g\ . lghL If]qn] lnh jf s/f/, 7]Ssf tl/sfaf6 k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgdf cfwfl/t ljleGg lsl;dsf Aoj;fo ;+rfng ul//x]sf] cj:yf 5 . /fHosf] cfwf/e"t ;DklQsf] ?kdf /x]sf k|fs[lts >f]t, ;fwg;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] cfd gful/s hgtfnfO{ cy{ k"0f{ ?kdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ x'g' kb{5 . o; If]qdf x'g] lghLs/0fdf ;xsf/L k|0ffnLnfO{ k|jå{g ul/g' kb{5 . k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgdf ;xsf/L k|0ffnL dfkm{t Aoj;fox? ;+rfng x'g ;s]df o;af6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmnsf] ljt/0f Goflos x'G5 . o;} u/L hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t pkef]Uo j:t' tyf ;]jfx? ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]q x'g .cfd hgtfsf] pkef]Uo jf pkof]usf] j:t' tyf ;]jf laqmL ljt/0fdf ;"ky d"No k;n jf cGo gfddf ;xsf/L k|0ffnL ljz]if k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb5 . o;} k|sf/sf ljz]iftf ePsf cGo ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qx?df ;d]t ;xsf/L k|0ffnL cjnDjg ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf Psn ?kdf p2]Zo ePsf k|f/lDes ;xsf/L ;+:yf tyf lalzli6s[t ;xsf/L ;+3 dfkm{t sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . k|f/lDes ;xsf/L ;+:yf jf lalzli6s[t ;xsf/L ;+3sf] sfo{If]q cfjZostf cg';f/ :yfgLo tx jf k|b]z jf ;+3:t/ ;Dd sfod u/L Aofks ;+Vofdf hgtfsf] z]o/ :jfldTj sfod x'g] l:ylt ;[hgf ul/g' kb{5 . pko{'Qm ljz]iftf ePsf ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf lghLs/0f gLlt cg';f/ ;xsf/L k|0ffnLnfO{ cjnDjg ubf{ b]xfo cg';f/ ljlzi6 k|sf/sf cfwf/, ljz]iftf tyf dfkb08x? ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5M o; k|sf/sf] ;xsf/Ln] art ;+sng tyf C0f
nufgLsf] sfo{ gu/L z]o/ k"+hL ;+sng u/L To;af6 l;w} Aoj;flos sfo{ ug]{ . lsg ls ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf sfd ug]{ o; k|sf/sf ;xsf/Ln] Aoj;flos sfo{x?df s]lGb|t x'g' kg]{ x'G5 . art ;+sng tyf C0f nufgL ug]{ sfo{ ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] ;+:yfn] ug{' kb{5 . o:tf sfo{sf] km/s laz]iftf x'G5g\ .
w]/} ;+Vofdf z]o/ ;b:ox? agfpg] . dfgf} ls krf; xhf/ jf nfveGbf w]/} . p2]Zo ldNg] AolQmx?nfO{ z]o/ ;b:otf ;w} v'nf /flvg' k5{ . lsg ls w]/} z]o/ ;b:o ;+Vof ePdf hf]lvd ef/ ;a}df ljt/0f eO{{ hf]lvd nfut sd x'G5 / Go"gtd gfkmfdf ;d]t ;]jf k|jfx ;Dej x'g ;Sb5 . ;fy} ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn -gfkmf_ w]/} hg;+Vofdf ljt/0f eO{{ ;dfhjfb pGd'v ljt/0f k|0ffnL sfod x'g ;Sb5 .
s'n z]o/ k"+FhLdf Ps hgf z]o/ ;b:osf] lx:;f yf]/} /fVg] . dfgf} ls, a9Ldf b'O{ tLg k|ltzt;Dd sfod ug]{
. lsg ls s'n z]o/ k"F+hLdf Ps hgf ;b:osf] lx:;f sd x'g] ljlQs} k|fKt gfkmf jf k|ltkmn w]/} ;b:odf ljt/0f x'g] l:ylt l;h{gf x'G5 . o;/L gfkmf l;ldt dflnsx?df ljt/0f ge} w]/} z]o/ ;b:ox?df ljt/0f x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g' eg]sf] ;dfhjfb :yfkgfsf] nflu ;xof]uL kIf xf] . s'n z]o/ kF"+hLdf Ps hgf z]o/ ;b:osf] lx:;f sd x'g] laQLs} hf]lvd ef/ sd x'G5 ;fy} hf]lvd ef/ sd x'bf ;+:yfdf s'g} z]o/ ;b:osf] cgfjZos x:tIf]k x'g] k|a[lQdf sdL cfO alnof] ;+:yf agfpg ;a} h'6\g] jftfj/0f aGb5 .
w]/} z]o/ ;b:ox?sf] ;xh Aoj:yfkgsf nflu j]j a]:8 jf pko'Qm k|lalw ePsf] ;ˆ6j]o/ k|of]udf NofO ;a} ;b:ox?sf] clen]v r':t b'?:t cj:yfdf /xg' kb{5 . o;af6 k|ltlglwd"ns ?kdf ;xsf/Lsf] ;fwf/0f ;ef ;+rfng x'g] / ;+rfns ;ldlt tyf pk;ldltx? u7g eO{ ;+:yf ;'zf;gdf ;+rfng x'g d4t k'U5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/L sfof{non] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ u/L ;/sf/L ;Fu7g ;+/rgf aGg' kb{5 .
hu]8f sf]ifsf] ;d'lrt Aoj:yfkg /0fgLlt ckgfO{ Aoj;fo ljsf; tyf gfkmf k'/s cGt/ kl/k'/0f ug{ k|of]u ug]{ . o; k|sf/sf gfz gx'g] sf]if :yfkgfsf] nflu ;/s/n] ;xof]u ug{' kb{5 .
;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf sfd ug]{ ePsfn] o; k|sf/sf ;xsf/Ldf ;/sf/n] z]o/ nufgL ug]{ tyf gfkmf k'/s cGt/ kl/k"lt{ jf ;+rfng vr{ Aoj:yfkgfy{ sf]if :yfkgfsf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{ gLlt lng' kb{5 . lsg ls o; k|sf/sf ;xsf/Ln] ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf cGo lghL If]q;Fu k|lt:k|wf{ u/L ;:tf] ahf/ jf ;]jf d"No sfod u/fpg, cfd hgtfnfO{ ;xh Pj+ ;/n kxF'r k|bfg u/L ;]jf pknAw u/fpg tyf k|ltkmnsf] ;dGoflos ljt/0f x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .
cflbsfl/s ;/sf/L lgsfodf o; k|sf/sf ;xsf/Lsf] dxTjk"0f{ ljj/0fsf] clen]v /flv oyf ;dodf n]vf k/LIf0f x'g], ;fwf/0f ;ef ;+rfng x'g], tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwdf :jtGq Pj+ lgZkIf ?kdf lgjf{rg eO{ ;Ifd ;+rfns ;ldlt u7g x'g] tyf Aoj;flos sf/f]af/x?sf] ;d'lrt clen]v /xg], cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L x'g] tyf ;'zf;g sfod x'g] h:tf ljifox?df ;/sf/L ;+oGqaf6 cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg u/L ;xhLs/0f, Ifdtf lasf; Pj+ ;xof]u ug]{ gLlt ;/sf/ jf /fHosf] x'g' k5{.
;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf sfd ug]{ o; k|sf/sf ;xsf/Ldf cfj4 z]o/ ;b:ox?sf] z]o/ k"+FhL Pj+
;xsf/L ;+jfb 15
;femf sf]ifx?sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu ladf u/fpg] sfo{df ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/L ;+oGqn] ;xof]u ug]{ gLlt lng' kb{5 .
;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf sfd ug]{ o; k|sf/sf ;xsf/Lsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/n] pko'Qm sfo{qmdx? ;d]t ;+rfng ug{' kb{5 . lsg ls o; k|sf/sf ;xsf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; eO{ ;kmn x'g' eg]sf] /fHosf] cfwf/e"t bfloTjsf ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qx? Aojl:yt x'g' xf] . ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]q Aojl:yt ePdf cfd hgtfsf] hLjg ofkg ;xh x'g Pj+ ;d[l4sf] nIo k|fKt ug{ d2t k'Ug]5 .
pko{'Qm laz]iftfx?sf] sf/0f ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] If]qdf ;xsf/L k|0ffnLsf] e"ldsf :k:6 x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf ePsf] lghLs/0fdf ;+nUg /x]sf c? stf{x?nfO{ aGb u/]/ ;xsf/L k|0ffnLnfO{ dfq :yflkt ug{' kb{5 eGg] laNs'n xf]Og . ;xsf/L k|0ffnLnfO{ klg yk stf{sf] ?kdf leqfpg' kb{5 . lghLs/0fsf] If]qdf ;xsf/L cfsifL{t x'g] gLlt lnOg' k5{ eGg] xf] . ;xsf/L k|0ffnLaf6 ;fj{hlgs If]q yk Aojl:yt eO{ cfd hgtf nfeflGjt x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] ePsf]n] o;df ljz]if dxTj lbg h?/L 5 .
;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] If]qdf ;xsf/L k|0ffnLnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg' kg]{ d'Vo sf/0fx?M ;/sf/sf] efjgf tyf dd{ cg';f/ sfd ug]{ ;/sf/
Pj+ w]/} hgtf cfj4 eO{ ;+o'Qm :jfldTjdf ;+rfng x'g] alnof] ;+:yfsf] ljsf; u/L ;fj{glhs dxTjsf If]qnfO{ Aojl:yt agfpg .
lghL If]qsf] c? stf{x?;Fu k|lt:kwL{ -d"No, ;]jf u'0f:t/df_ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ .
;fgf ;fgf nufgL stf{x?nfO{ ;xeflu u/fO w]/} hgtfdf k|ltkmn ljt/0fsf] cj:yf Nofpg .
hf]lvd ef/nfO{ w]/} hgtfdf ljt/0f u/L gfkmfeGbf ;]jfd'vL ?kdf ;+rfng x'g] :jfoQ Pj+ cfTdlge{/ ;+:yfx?sf] :yfkgf tyf ljsf; ug{ .
7"nf] hg;+Vofsf hgtfsf] :jfldTj /x]sf] ;+:yf ljsf; u/L ;+:yfut ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f ug{ .
;/sf/sf] ;d]t cy{ k"0f{ ;xeflutfdf a[l4 ug{ . ;xsf/L d"No, dfGotf, l;4fGtsf] k|jå{g u/L
;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qnfO{ hgd}qL Pj+ g}ltsjfg ?kdf ;+rfng u/L Aojl:yt agfpg .
lg:sif{M
;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] ljifo ;/sf/sf sfg"g, gLlt tyf of]hgfx?df w]/} dxTjsf ;fy p7fPsf] kfOG5 . lghLs/0f gLlt sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 t/ ck]lIft :t/df ;kmntf xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . lghLs/0fsf]
;Gbe{df AolQmut kmd{ jf sDkgLx? ;xefuL eO{/x]sf]df cj ljz]iftM ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf ;xsf/L k|0ffnLnfO{ cfslif{t u/fpg ;lsPdf o;n] hgtfsf] b}lgs hLjgnfO{ ;xh agfpg] dfq x}g ;+lawfgsf] dd{ ;dfhafb pGd'v cy{tGq lgdf{0f ug{df ;d]t of]ubfg ug]{ lglZrt 5 .
;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf l;ldt AolQmx?sf] ar{Zj x'g' ;'zf;g nufot ;dGoflos ;Da[l4 k|flKtsf b[li6sf]0fn] /fd|f] xf]Og . ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn clws ;+Vofdf ljt/0f x'g ;Sg] gLlt /fHon] clVtof/ u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . slDtdf ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn ljt/0fsf sf/0f lae]b l;h{gf x'g' x'b}g . cfk;L lae]b sd geO{ ;dfhafb lgdf{0fsf] ;kgf k'/f x'g ;Sb}g . ;xsf/L k|0ffnLdf w]/}hgtfsf] ;xh kxF'r sfod x'g'sf];fy} pgLx?sf] cfkm\gf] nufgLsf sf/0f :jfldTj af]w ;d]t x'G5 . ;xsf/Ln] l;l08s]6 sf6]{lnu+ gug]{ sf/0f ahf/ k|lt:kwL{ aG5 . ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qdf Aoj;fo ug]{ l;ldt kIf-3/fgLof_ x?n] ;d]t ;xsf/L If]q ;Fu k|lt:k|wf{ ug{' kbf{ pgLx? clws gfkmfd'vL x'g kfpb}gg\ . t;y{ xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;dfhafb k|flKtsf] nflu ;xsf/L dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]uL kIf x'g ;Sg]df kofKt cfwf/ 5g\ . lghLs/0fsf] k|of]u ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qx?nfO{ Aojl:yt u/L ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ cj;/ klg xf] . of] cj;/ pkof]u ug{ ;xsf/L d}qL gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'sf] lasNk 5}g .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|LM! g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@@= /fli6«o ;xsf/L gLlt, @)^(#= ;xsf/L P]g, @)&$$= ;xsf/L lgodfjnL,@)&%%= ;fem]bf/L P]g, @)@) -;+zf]wgx? ;d]t_^ lghLs/0f P]g, @)%)&= ;fj{hlgs / lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf
Aoj:yf ug{ ag]sf] law]os @)&& -s0ff{nL k|b]z_*= ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf If]qx?df ;xsf/L k|0ffnL -cfˆg}
ck|sflzt k':ts_(= ;xsf/L Aoj:yfkg tflnd Dofg'cn, /fli6«o ;xsf/L
dxf;+3 .10 Privatization and its BenefitsM Theory and
Evidence=-Article_EytanSheshinski,HebrewUniversityofJerusalem,LuisF=Lopez–Calva,WorldBank=
11 ANINTRODUCTIONTOTHETHEO{RYOFPRIVATIZATION,CoskunCanAktan,DokuzEylulUniversity=
;xsf/L ;+jfb16
;dfhjfbL ljrf/sf lktf dflgg] /f]a6{ cf]j]gsf] æ;fd'lxs pTkfbg / cfjZostf cg';f/ pkef]uÆ eGg] ljrf/af6 ;xsf/L l;4fGtsf] cfljZsf/sf nflu k[i7e"ld tof/ eof] . cf}Bf]lus qmflGtkl5sf] cfly{s c;dfgtf, >d zf]if0f / dflg;aLrdf x'g] lje]bk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;dfh ;fRr} cdfgjLo lyof] . >ldsx?sf] hLjg t hgfj/sf] h:t} /x]sf] Oltxf;sf/x?n] atfPsf 5g\ . cf]j]gsf] of] ljrf/sf] k|sfzdf nfdf] cg'ej, 5nkmn, lrGtg–dgg u/]/ j]nfotsf >ldsx?n] ;xsf/L l;4fGtsf] ;'qkft u/] . ;dfhdf /x]sf] / lta| ?kdf x's{b} uPsf] cdfgjLo ;fdflhs cfly{s k|0ffnLsf] a}slNks ljrf/sf] nflu of] phf{jfg ljrf/ lyof] . ;dfhnfO{ ;'dw'/, ;'Gb/ / dfgjLo agfpFgsf nflu ;fd'lxs pTkfbg / cfjZostfsf cfwf/df dflg;n] a:t' jf ;]jfsf] pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] ;fdflhs Aoj:yfsf] kl/sNkgf cf]j]gsf] lyof] . pgn] j]nfot / cd]l/sfdf ;'dw'/ a:tL-xfdf]{lgs sDo'g_ :yfkgf u/]/ cfk\mgf] l;4fGtsf] k|of]u u/] . t/, pgnfO{ wfld{s s6\6/x? / dflnsx?n] ;kmn x'g lbPgg\ . a? pgn] j]nfotdf cfk\mgf] sk8f sf/vfgfdf sfd ug]{ dhb'/x?sf] ;d"xdf xfdf]{lgs ;f];fO6Lsf] k|of]u ;kmntfk"j{s u/] . dlxnf, a[4, /f]uLn] >d ug{ gkg]{ / afnaRrfx?sf] nflu :s'nsf] :yfkgf u/] . c?sf sf/vfgfdf 5 dlxgfdf ldl;g lau|Gy] t/ pgsf sf/vfgfdf jiff}{;Dd dd{t g} ug{ gkg]{ u/L ldl;g rNby] . c?sf sf/vfgfdf dhb'/x?n] cfGbf]ng uy]{ t/ pgsf sf/vfgfdf ;a} dhb'/ v'zL;fy sfd ub{y] . a]nfot, k|mfG; / ;a} o'/f]ke/sf sf/vfgfsf dflnsx? pgsf] ;kmn sf/vfgf x]g{ cfpFy] . dfgj ;dfhnfO{ ;'dw'/, ;'Gb/ / dfgjLo agfP/ ljsf; ug{] pkfosf ?kdf pgn] ;dfhjfbL ljrf/ cl3 ;f/]sf x'g . t/ pgn] >lds ;'wf/, ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf nflu j]nfotsf] ;+;bdf p7fPsf ljifox?nfO{ dflns ju{sf k|ltlglw /xg] ;+;bn] ;'Gg] s'/} lyPg . To;a]nf a]nfotsf] ;+;bsf] lgjf{rgdf dlxnf / >lds ju{n] efu lng kfpFb}gy] . ;dfhjfbL ljrf/sf] ljsl;t /
dfgjLo / jftfj/0fd}qL ljsf;df
;xsf/L l;4fGt M Ps rrf{
n]vgfy 9sfn
qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ sfn{ dfS;{n] cufl8 ;f/] . >lds ju{sf] xftdf /fhgLlts ;Qf ePdf dfq ;dfhjfbsf] :yfkgf x'g ;Dej x'G5 To;sf/0f k'FhLklt ju{sf] xftdf ePsf] ;Qf zlQmsf] k|of]u u/]/ g} eP klg >lds ju{sf] xftdf NofpFg' kg]{ qmflGtsf/L ljrf/sf] ljsf; eof] . k'FhLklt ju{sf] ;Qf x'Fbf sf/vfgfsf dflnsx?n] hgfj/sf] hlt klg d'No gePsf] cj:yfdf >ldsx?nfO{ afFRg afWo agfP/ zf]if0f uy]{, cGofosf] lj?4 af]Nf] dfl/lbGYf] . ls hgfj/sf] h:tf] hLjg ljtfpg' kg]{ ls cGo 7fpFdf knfog x'g' kg]{ ls dfl/g' kg]{ – o:tf] a]nfdf dfl/gaf6 klg hf]lug], knfog klg gx'g] / ;a}n] gful/s clwsf/ kfpFg' kg]{ ;+3if{ ub}{ dfgjLo d'Nosf] hLjg ljtfpFg] pkfosf ?kdf ;r]t, w}o{jfg, k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf of]4f >ldsx?n] cfljZsf/ u/]sf] ;xsf/Lsf l;4fGtx? ;dfhjfbL ljrf/sf] k|sfzdf Jojxfl/s cg'ejaf6 ;'qa4 ul/Psf dfgjLo ljsf;sf dfu{bz{s eP/ ljsf; eP .
Dffgj ;Eotf s[lif o'uaf6 cf}Bf]lus o'udf ljsf; eof], cfhsf] cGtl/If cleofgdf csNkgLo 5nfª, On]S6«f]lgs k|ljlwsf] Aofkstf, ;~rf/ / oftfoftn] k'/} Unf]anfO{ Pp6f ufpF h:tf] agfPsf] cj:yfdf cfOk'Ubf dfgj ;dfh d'ntM b'O{j6f s'/faf6 kLl8t 5, cftª\lst 5, h;/L /f]a6{ cf]j]g, sfn{ dfS;{sf] ;dodf dfgj ;dfh lje]b, zf]if0f / cGofok"0f{ lyof] . cfhsf cftª\lst x'g'kg]{ b'O{j6f ljifox? x'g – cdfgjLo ljsf; / aftfj/0f ljgf; . jftfj/0fLo ljgf; d'ntM k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9\b}hfg' / o;sf ljljw cfofdsf gsf/fTds c;/x?n] dfgj hLjg tyf k[YjLnfO{ lgs6 eljiodf hLjg/lxt u|xsf ?kdf kl/0ft ug]{ vt/f sd cftª\lts ljifo xf]Og . of] cftª\s s]xL dflg;s} :jfy{sf nflu ePsf cljj]sL lqmofsnfksf sf/0fn] x'g' csf]{ b'MvbfoL s'/f xf] . vf;u/L d'gfkmfd'vL pTkfbg k|0ffnL / ahf/, ;DklQ sdfpg] xf]8, ;fdl/s dxTjsfª\Iff, cdfgjLo ljsf;nfO{ an k'¥ofpg] cy{zf:q / To;nfO{
;xsf/L ;+jfb 17
6]jf lbg] /fhgLlts k|0ffnLaf6 kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng lau|bf] ultn] lta|tf kfof] . cfhsf] ;dodf /f]u, ef]s, ul/aL, clzIff, a]/f]hhuf/L, ef]se/L, lje]b, zf]if0f, cGofo, s'kf]if0f, c;'/Iff, dxfdf/L cflb ;d:ofdf /x]sf dflg;nfO{ ;xof]uL cy{zf:qsf] ljsf; x'g'kg]{ s'/f 5b}5 ljs/fn kof{j/0fLo c;Gt'ngsf] cftª\s 8/nfUbf] ?kdf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . ;xsf/L cy{zf:q oL ;a} ;d:ofk|lt lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ pTkfbg, ljt/0f / pkof]usf] l;4fGt cufn]sf] lqmofsnfk xf] eGg] ljZjJofkL ?kdf :yflkt tYo xf] . tfklg ;xsf/LnfO{ o;sf] l;4fGt, dd{ / efjgf cg';f/ geO{ s]xL dflg;sf :jfy{sf] ?kdf b'?kof]u ePsf] 5 . ljleGg b]zx?df ;xsf/LnfO{ klg cdfgjLo cy{zf:q g} agfOPsf] cj:yf /x]sf sf/0f o;sf] dfgjLo ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] Wo]onfO{ dflg;x?n] gh/cGbfh ;d]t ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ jf:tljstf eg] cs}{ xf] – ;xsf/L cy{zf:q k"0f{tM dfgjLo ljsf; / k|s[ltd}qL lqmofsnfksf] dfu{lgb]{zs Jojxfl/s l;4fGt xf] .
;xsf/Lsf] efjgf dflg;sf] pTklQb]lv g} ljsf; ePsf] xf] . ljsf;qmddf ljljw k|sf/n] ;xsf/Lsf] pkof]u eO{ cfPsf] xf] t/ a}rfl/s÷;}4flGts cfwf/ tof/ kf/]/ ;xsf/LnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ klxnf] sfd eg] ;g\ !*$$ df j]nfotdf eof] . ;}4flGtlss/0f x'g g;s]sf sltko /fd|f k|ljlw tyf sfo{s'zntfx?n] s'g} sfnv08 ljz]if jf :yfg ljz]ifdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf k'/f u/] klg lg/Gt/tf kfpFg ;Sb}gg\ . ;xsf/Lsf] Oltxf;df klg of] 36gf a'e\mg ;lsG5 .
cfhsf] dfgj ;Eotf lj1fg k|ljlw / dfgjLo ultljlwsf x/]sf ljwfdf pRrtd ljsf; ePsf] cj:yf xf] . dfgjLo pkef]usf j:t' / ;]jfx? pTkfbg, ljt/0f / pkef]usf nflu ljZjJofkL ahf/ k|0ffnL ljsf; ePsf] 5 . cfw'lgs ahf/, ljlgdo / d'b|fsf] k|of]u pRr k|ljlwsf] pkof]un] ;/n ePsf] 5 . d'b|fsf] ;6xL, a}+lsª\ k|0ffnL / ljZje/sf pkef]Qmfx?n] k|of]u ul//x]sf] k|ljlw 5f]6f] ;dodf cTofw'lgs ag]sf] 5 . ca ;fob ljleGg b]zn] cf–cfk\mg} d'b|f tyf gf]6sf] k|of]usf] cGTo eO{ Unf]an s/]G;Lsf] ;do klg cfpnf . On]S6«f]lgs k};fsf] pkof]u x'g yfn]sf] 5 eg] a:t' / ;]jf pkef]u u/] jfkt r'Qmf ug]{ /sdsf nflu On]S6«f]lgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]u g]kfndf klg :yfgLo ahf/df x'g yfn]sf] 5 . Ps a}saf6 csf]{ a}+sdf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df g} /sd tTsfn 6«fG:km/ ug{ ;lsg] cTofw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ;fdfGo pkef]Qmfn] ;d]t ug{ ;Sg] k|rng ePsf] 5 . o:t} pRr :t/Lo k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / pkof]u x/]s If]qdf eO/x]sf] 5 . 1fg lj1fg, snf, ;flxTo cflb If]qdf pRrtf xfl;n ePsf] 5 . dflg;n] k|s[ltnfO{ af]wuDo kl/lwdf Nofpg] s'/fdf ljho k|fKt ub}{ uPsf] 5 . olt pRr r]tgfo'Qm ;Eotfsf] r/0fdf cfOk'u]sf]
dfgjLo ;Eotfdf cem} cGwljZjf;, lje]b, zf]if0f, ck/fw, cx+sf/, Psflwsf/ cflb cdfgjLotfsf sf/s /xL cfPsf 5g\ . cfly{s ljsf;sf gfddf dfgj ;d'bfodfly g} cGofo x'g] / k|s[lt bf]xgsf] r/d b'?kof]uaf6 hLjg g} ;ª\s6df k'Ug] vt/f a9]sf] 5 .
k[YjLdf dfgjLo nufot ;a} h}ljs kl/36gfx? h}j–;+s6sf] ;Dj]bgzLn r'gf}tLsf] ;dfgf ul//x]sf 5g\ . tfkqmd j[4L, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, kof{j/0fLo lu/fj6 nufotsf hf]lvdo'Qm
;fdflhs ;+s6 Oltxf;s} sl7g df]8df÷vtgf{s ljGb'df cfOk'u]sf] 5 . oltv]/ df]6fdf]6L b'O{ k|sf/sf ;+s6x? 5g\ . klxnf] kof{j/0fLo ljgf;sf] ;+s6 ;fdfGotM xfjf, kfgL, hldg k|b'lift x'g] qmddf lta|tf . jg ljgf;, h}j–ljljwtfdf ;+s6, cf]hf]g tx ljgf;, ;fd'lGb|s If]qdf ePsf] eofgs IfoLs/0f cflb xf] eg] bf]>f] ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] ;+s6 xf] – ;dfhdf a9]sf] cdfgjLotf . k|Voft ef}ltszf:qL :6]km]g xlsª\n] eg]sf 5g\ – æxfdL k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a[l4sf] lbzfdf kms{g g;lsg] r/d cj:yfsf] glhsdf 5f}, ljBdfg
cfhsf] ;dodf /f]u, ef]s, ul/aL, clzIff, a]/f]hhuf/L, ef]se/L, lje]b, zf]if0f, cGofo, s'kf]if0f, c;'/Iff, dxfdf/L cflb ;d:ofdf /x]sf dflg;nfO{ ;xof]uL cy{zf:qsf] ljsf; x'g'kg]{ s'/f 5b}5 ljs/fn kof{j/0fLo c;Gt'ngsf] cftª\s 8/nfUbf] ?kdf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . ;xsf/L cy{zf:q oL ;a} ;d:ofk|lt lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ pTkfbg, ljt/0f / pkof]usf] l;4fGt cufn]sf] lqmofsnfk xf] eGg] ljZjJofkL ?kdf :yflkt tYo xf] . tfklg ;xsf/LnfO{ o;sf] l;4fGt, dd{ / efjgf cg';f/ geO{ s]xL dflg;sf :jfy{sf] ?kdf b'?kof]u ePsf] 5 .
;xsf/L ;+jfb18
wgL /fi6«x? vf; u/L cd]l/sL gLltn] o;nfO{ hf]lvdsf] l8nlt/ ws]Ng ;Sg]5 h:tf] ls z'qm u|xsf] tfkqmd @%) l8u|L ;}lN;o; 5 / ToxfF ;Nk\mo'l/s Pl;8sf] jiff{ x'G5 . df};d kl/jt{gsf] of] vtgf{s cj:yfsf] xfdL ;fdgf ul//x]sf 5f}, o;nfO{ 6fg{ ;Sg]5f} olb xfdLn] clxn]b]lv g} plrt kxn lng ;Sof} eg] =======.Æ o:tf] ;+s6sf] d"n sf/0f xf], …:jtGq / v'Nnf nf]stGqÚ sf] ld7f] l;4fGt t/ o;sf] pN6f] Jojxf/ . cfd ?kdf of] egfO{sf] ;fdflhs kIfx?, o;sf] ;dfhzf:q, b[li6sf]0f, dflg;sf] ljZjf; / pTk|]/0ff, /fhgLlts k|efjsfl/tf, o;sf] cGt/f{li6«o–/fli6«o–:yfgLo rl/q, cGt/f{li6«o–/fli6«o–:yfgLo :t/df k|:t't ul/g] cy{zf:qLo rl/q cflb ljZjdf cdfgjLotf a9fpg] sf/s /x]sf 5g\ . lo g} rl/q kof{j/0fLo ljgf; lgDTofpg] tTj ag]/ cfPsf] :ki6;Fu a'lemg] ljifo /x]sf] 5 . ;fF:s[lts d'No / o;;Fu ;DalGwt kIfx? lzIff, lj1fg, k|ljlw, efiff, snf, uLt–;ª\uLt, g[To, gf6s, lkmNd, sflnu9L, d"lt{, lrq, x:tsnf, e]ife'iff, af]Ng] tl/sf, af]lng] ;F:sf/, Jojxf/sf] tl/sf cflbn] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx?sf] k|efjnfO{ phfu/ ug]{ ub{5 . jftfj/0fsf] /Iff ug]{, dfgjtf / hLjgsf] /Iff ug]{ cfwf/e"t rl/q af]s]sf] ;F:s[lt÷;Eotfsf] ljsf; ul/g' Psbd} h?/L 5 . of] ;Gbe{df ;xsf/L dd{, efjgf / l;4fGtsf] c;n cEof;af6 ljsf; x'g] ;xsf/L ;F:s[lt cfhsf] ljZj dfgj ;d'bfosf] dfu /x]sf] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 .
;xsf/L cy{zf:qsf] ljsf; / o;sf] ;b'kof]uaf6 dflg;n] rfx]sf] h:tf] ljsf; x'g] cy{zf:q tyf o;nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g' cj;DefjL dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;xsf/L ;fgf / ul/ax?sf] kl/36gf dfq xf]Og . of] ljZj cy{tGqsf] l/b[Zodf pNn]vgLo pkl:yltdf :yflkt 5 . ljZje/sf tLg ldlnog ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfdf dfga hg;+Vofsf] !@ k|lt;t cfa4 /x]sf] 5 . jN8{ sf]ck/]l6e df]lg6/-@)@)_ sf cg';f/ 7"nf #)) j6f ;xsf/Lsf] jflif{s sf/f]jf/ @,!$^ ljlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] 5 . lbuf] / ;Gt'lnt cfly{s a[l4, u'0f:t/Lo /f]huf/L, ljZjAofkL ?kdf @*) ldlnog dflg;nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;xsf/Lsf] of]ubfg /xsf] 5 . ljZjsf /f]huf/ dflg;x?dWo] !) k|ltzt ;xsf/Lsf] /x]sf] 5 .
;b:osf] :jfldTj /xg], ;b:ox?åf/f g} ;~rfng x'g], ;b:onfO{ g} ;]jf lbg] Aoj;fosf ?kdf /xg] ;xsf/Lx?n] ;fdflhs / dfgjLo Soflk6nsf] ;zlQms/0f u/]/ ;d'bflos ljsf;df of]ubfg ub{5 . o;sf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] ;d'bfonfO{ 7uL / zf]if0faf6 d'Qm ug'{ / jftfj/0fsf] ljgf;nfO{ a9fjf gu/L cfly{s lqmofsnfk ug'{ . dfgjLo / k|s[ltd}qL ljsf;nfO{ dxTj lbP/ pTkfbg, ljt/0f / pkof]usf]
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ hf]8 lbg' ;xsf/L Joj;fosf] rl/q xf] . of] d'gfkmfd'vL Psflwsf/ ahf/ k|0ffnL cy{zf:qsf] la/f]wL 5 . Psflwsf/ pTkfbg / d'gfkmfd'vL ahf/ k|0ffnLsf] ljZj cy{tGqaf6 dfgjLo ljsf; / jftfj/0fd}qL ljsf;sf] gsf/fTds kl/0ffd /Xof] . cfh jftfj/0f ljgf;sf sf/0f hLjg g} ;ª\s6df k'u]sf] sf/0f Psflwsf/ pTkfbg / ljt/0f k|0ffnL /x]sf] s'/f hf]8tf]8sf ;fy cfjfh pl7/x]sf] 5 .
ljZjsf] ;xsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ cfO{= ;L= P= n] æo'/f]lkog l/;r{ cg sf] ck/]l6e P08 ;f]l;on O06/k|fOh]h\-O{=o'=cf/=cfO=;L=P;=;L=_Æ ;Fusf] j}1flgs / k|fljlws ;xof]udf ;xsf/L cy{zf:qsf] jflif{s l/kf]6{df ;xsf/LnfO{ alnof] / :Jf:y dfgjLo ljsf;sf] cfGbf]ng agfpg cfjZos /x]sf] ljifo k|sflzt 5 .
o'/f]k, cd]l/sf, clk|msf / Pl;of Kofl;lkms If]qdf dfxfdf/Lsf ?kdf km}lnPsf] sf]le8–!(sf] k|sf]kaf6 dfgj hfltnfO{ arfpg] cleofgdf ;xsf/Lx?sf] e"ldsf cToGt /fd|f] /x]sf] l/kf]6{ cfO{ ;L P n] cfk\mgf] l/kf]6{df pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . cem dlxnfx? / o'jf dlxnf ;xsf/LsdL{x?sf] of]ubfgnfO{ pNn]vgLo dfg]sf] 5 . o:t} jftfj/0f ljgf;nfO{ /f]Sg] ljsf; k|0ffnLsf] cleofgsf nflu ;xsf/L If]qn] k'¥ofPsf] / o;n] ug{ ;Sg] of]ubfg dfkg ug]{ tYofª\sx? Plsg ug{ cfjZos 5 .
;xsf/Lsf] pkof]u ug]{ bf}/fgdf o;sf] d"n dd{ / cf;oeGbf cs}{ lbzfdf pkof]u÷b'?kof]u x'b} cfPsf] klg b]lvG5 . ;xsf/LnfO{ ToxL cdfgjLo tyf lje]bsf/L ljsf;nfO{ an k'¥ofpFg] u/L b'?kof]u gePsf] klg xf]Og st} st} . dfgjLo ljsf;sf l;4fGt / k|ljlwsf] Plsg ug{ g;Sg] cd"t{ s'/fsf] vf]lhdf ef}tfl//xg' kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 sltko b]zx?df . g]kfnn] lbuf], jftfj/0fd}qL, ;xeflutfd"ns, ;dfj];L cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu æ;xsf/L cy{tGqÆ /x]sf] 3f]if0ff u/L ;xsf/L l;4fGtsf] pkof]u ug{ ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . ljBdfg ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ kl/dflh{t, ;'b[9 / c;n ;xsf/L cEof; x'g] b]zsf ?kdf ljsf; ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf] yfngL cf}krfl/s lzIffdf ;xsf/L ljifonfO{-ljBfnotxb]lv cg';Gwfg tx;Dd_ nfu" u/]/ cufl8 hfg' kg]{5 . xª\sª, l;ªufk'/ / ef/tLo cg'ej xfd|f] nflu ;fGble{s x'g]5g\ .
bf]>f] ljZjo'4kl5sf] ;dodf ljsf; ePsf] lj1fg / k|ljlwn] dflg;nfO{ k|s[ltsf] df:6/ aGg] r/0fdf k'¥ofof] . cfw'lgs cy{zf:qsf gofF gofF l;4fGtx? :yflkt eP . pTkfbg, ahf/ / ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] ljZjAofkLs/0f eof] . clws d'gfkmf, ahf/df cflwkYo, ;|f]t / ;fwgdfly l;ldt
;xsf/L ;+jfb 19
dflg;x?sf] lgoGq0f cflb sf/0fn] dfgj ;dfhdf 7"nf] c;dfgtf AofKt 5 . clws d'gfkmfsf nflu Aofkfl/s If]qaf6 >lds / ls;fgnfO{ zf]if0f ug]{ clg k|fs[lt ;|f]tx?sf] r/d bf]xg ug]{ s'/fdf /fHo;Qfsf] b'?kof]u x'b} cfof] . /fHo;Qf ;~rfnsx? lje]bsf/L, :jfyL{, dfgjtf / k|s[lt lj/f]wL ePsf sf/0f cfly{s c;dfgtf, ;fdflhs lje]b, ljleGg vfn] zf]if0f, a]/f]huf/L, ul/aL, /f]u, ef]s, clzIff, ln+ªue]b, kof{j/0fLo lu/fj6, z/0ffyL{ ;d:of, cftª\sjfb, ;fdl/s xf]8, n8fO{, dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g h:tf eofgs b'u'{0fx? emfª\lub} cfP . k[YjLnfO{ lhljt u|xsf ?kdf nfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfpFg / dfgj hfltnfO{ pTs[i6 ;Eotfdf k'¥ofpgsf] nflu k|s[lt–dfgj s]lGb|t cy{zf:q x'g' kg]{ / o;sf l;4fGt cg';f/ dfgjtfjfbL ljZj Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf x'g' kg]{ cfjfhx? ;ª\ul7t x'g] qmdn] lta|tf lnb} uPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf ;xsf/L l;4fGtsf] plrt pkof]uaf6 jftfj/0f ljgf;nfO{ /f]Sg] / dfgJo ljsf; x'g] cy{zf:qsf] ljsf;n] ult lng] s'/fnfO{ alnof] cfwf/ lbG5 . jftfj/0f ljgf; / a9\bf] k|b'if0fsf sf/0fn] dflg;sf] cl:tTjdfly g} k|Zg pl7/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;xsf/Ln] ck\mgf] l;4fGtdf g} jftfj/0fLo rf;f]nfO{ ckgfPsf] s'/faf6 k|s[lt / dfgjnfO{ arfpg] cleofgdf rgfvf] ePsf dflg;x? / ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf nflu klg ;xsf/L cfGbf]ng dxTjsf] /x]sf] tYo dggLo 5 .
k|s[lt–dfgj s]lGb|t ;dfhzf:qn] k[YjLdf dfgj ;dfhsf b'O{j6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf dflg; / k|s[ltnfO{ dfGb5 . oL g} b'O{ kIfx?n] dfgj ;dfhsf] jf:tljs ;DklQ k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . k|s[lt / dfgj afx]s cGo s'/fsf] s'g} dxTj 5}g . ljBdfg ;dodf zlQmzfnL /x]sf] skf]{/]6 k'FhLsf ?kdf 8n/, o'/f], kf}08, ?k}of cflb s]jn ljlgdosf sfg'gL jf]nkq dfq x'g . k|s[lt;Fusf] dfgj cGt/lqmof / dfgj ;dfh cfkm+} leqsf] cGt/lqmof – oL b'O{ k|d'v kIfx? x'g h;sf sf/0fn] dfgj ljsf;qmddf ;dfhdf lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fdf klg o;n] 7"nf] k|efj kfb{5 . e"uf]nsf ;a} :yfgdf ;w}+ lbuf] jftfj/0fLo cj:yf /xg] lqmofnsfk x'g' hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ /f]Sg] pkfo x'g ;S5 . ljkGg ju{ tyf cfjZos kg]{ ;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ug]{ c;n zf;g k|0ffnL / lhDd]jf/÷TofuL g]t[Tj x'g'kb{5 . dflg;x?sf] cfly{s ljifdtf w]/} x'g' jf:tljs dfgj ljsf;sf nflu afws 5 . cfDbfgLsf] clwstd leGgtf Ps M kfFr cg'kftdf x'g'kb{5 . k'FhLkltx?sf] ;dy{gdf /x]sf e|i6« /fhgLlts kf6L{x? / Jofkfl/s If]q cfhsf] ljZj Joj:yfdf xfjL /x]sf] cj:yf g} dfgj cl:tTj dfly d8fl/Psf] ;ª\s6sf] sf/s tTj ag]sf] 5 . h}ljs–;fdflhs ;'/Iffk|lt pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ pTkfbg k|0ffnL ckgfpg] gLlt
rflxG5 g ls ahf/ / d'gfkmf s]lGb|t p2]Zo /fVg] skf]{/]6 ;f]r . o:tf] wf/0ffsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;xsf/L cy{tGqsf] ljsf; x'g' clgjfo{ b]lvG5 . cfly{s k|0ffnLn] ;fdflhs /fgLlts :j?k lgwf{/0f x'g] /fhgLlt zf:qsf] l;4fGt xf] . :jfwLg / cfTdlge{/ cfly{s If]q geP;Dd jf:tljs nf]stGqsf] cEof; ;Dej b]lvGg . t;y{ klg ;xsf/L l;4fGtnfO{ cfly{s ljsf; / nf]stGqsf] ljsf;;Fu cnu u/]/ x]g{ ldNb}g . ;xsf/L l;4fGtnfO{ ljsf;sf] bz{g g} dfGg kg]{ ljrf/ /fVg] ;dfhzf:qLx?sf ts{ cfpg yfn]sf] cj:yf klg xf], jt{dfg ;do – vf; u/L gAa]sf] bzskl5sf] ;do .
s'g} lglZrt ;d"xnfO{ ljz]if zlQm;fnL agfpg] k|0ffnL lgif]w x'g'kg]{ / ;a{q kf/bzL{ k|0ffnL :yflkt x'g'kg]{ k|s[lt–dfgj s]lGb|t cleofgsf] l;4fGt xf] . ljZj zflGtnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /flvg' kb{5 . ;a} b]zx?aLr alnof] efOrf/f ;DaGw ;dfg ;Ddfgsf cfwf/df x'g' kb{5 . ;a} 3fts xltof/sf] ljgf; ul/g' kb{5 . oL ljifox? of] cleofgsf sfo{qmd x'g . s[lif If]qnfO{ ;dfhsf] hLjg–cfwf/ dfg]/ ;a} /fHox?n] krf; k|ltzt ah]6 o; If]qsf nflu vr{ ul/g' kg]{5 . cfwf/e"t txb]lv ljZj:t/;Dd k|fs[lts v]tL k|0ffnL ckgfpg' kg]{5 . j9\bf] hg;+VofnfO{ lgoGq0f ub}{ kof{j/0f–dfgj lgb]{lzt gLlt ckgfpg' kg]{5 . ;a} ;d:ofsf] d"n sf/0f jftfj/0f ljgf; / hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ a9fjf lbg] ljsf; gLlt /x]sf] jftfj/0f arfp cleofgsf cleoGtfx?sf] 7DofO{ b]lvG5 . o; k|sf/sf gLltn] jftfj/0fLo ;ª\s6lt/ nu]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f arfp cleofgsf cleoGtfx?sf cg';f/ ahf/ / d'gfkmfsf] cy{zf:qn] dfgj ;dfhdf cfPsf ;ª\s6af6 arfpFg] pkfo lbg ;s]g . d'gfkmfsf nflu ul/g] pTkfbg / ljt/0fsf] cy{zf:q Psflt/ dfgjLo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g eg] csf]{lt/ cfFkm} ulx/f] ;ª\s6df km:b} uPsf] 5 . o;sf] ljsNkdf k|efjsf/L ljrf/sf] cEo'bo cfjZos lyof], hf] k|s[lt–dfgj s]lGb|t cleofgsf ;+:yfks cu'jfx?sf] of]ubfgaf6 ljZjJofkL x'g] qmddf ult lng yfn]sf] 5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgnfO{ s]xL d'gfkmf sdfpg] :jfyL{ ;d"xsf nflu bf]xg ug'{ t/ To;n] lgDTofpg] kof{j/0fLo ljTof;n] dflg; nufot ;Dk"0f{ hLjg g} nf]k x'g;Sg] u/L k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9\bf] 5 . k|b'lift xfjf / cAojl:yt zx/Ls/0fn] lgDTofPsf sltko 8/nfUbf cfofdx? b]vf kg{ yfln;s]sf 5g\ . ag hª\un dfl;b} hfg', z'4 kfgLsf] cefj x'b} hfg', ljZjsf] 7"nf] hg;+Vof ul/aLsf] df/df afFRg afWo x'g' kg]{ ljifox?n] NofPsf] sf]nfxn a9\bf] 5 .
dflg; cfk\mgf ;f/f d"No dfGotfnfO{ dxTjxLg agfpFb} ;DklQ sdfpg] WofpGgdf nfUg] ;F:s[lt df}nfPsf] 5 . eGgnfO{ t elgG5 ;F:s[lt dflg;sf] klxrfg xf] . t/,
;xsf/L ;+jfb20
c;n, ;Todf cfwfl/t ;F:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ k|oTg lsg gePsf] < cfhsf dflg;sf] r]tgfsf] cj:yf / lj/f;tsf ?kdf rlncfPsf] k/Dk/f÷;+:s[ltdf w]/} s'/fx? lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ 5g\ . ;F:s[lt ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . ;F:s[lt l;Sg ;lsG5 . ;xsf/Ln] cfk\mgf] l;4fGtdf ælzIff, tflnd / ;"rgfÆ cª\lusf/ u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] p2]Zo lg/Gt/sf] lzIff, tflnd / ;"rgf clg To;sf] cEof;n] ;xsf/L ;F:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu xf] . ;Todf cfwfl/t tYo-j}1flgs ;RrfO_ / k/Dk/fut ;Ff:s[lts ljZjf;sf lardf 7"nf] cGt/lj/f]w 5 . o:tf cGt/ lj/f]wL ljZjf;x? 1fgsf] ljsf;sf afws dflgG5, ;F:s[lt ljsf;df afws dflgG5 . k|s[lt / snf cGt/ la/f]wL x'g' x'b}g . oyfy{df ljZjf; ug]{ ;fdflhs r]tgf ljsf; x'g' cfjZos 5 . ;"o{ jf rGb| u|x0fsf] 36gf xf]; jf O{Gb| wg'if b]vf k/]sf] xf]; jf r6\ofª kg]{ 36gf xf]; jf e"sDk jf cGo k|fs[lts 36gf kl/36gfnfO{ kl/efiff ug]{÷a'e\mg]÷ljZjf; ug]{ s'/fnfO{ rln cfPsf] k/Dk/fsf gfddf ;fF:s[lts cGwljZjf;df ;dfhnfO{ /fVg] k|oTg x'g' klg gofF ljrf/sf] lj/f]wL kIf xf] . oyfy{tfsf] lj/f]wL s'/fsf] lg/Gt/tf xf]Og kl/dfh{g cfjZos 5, o;af6 ljsNksf] vf]hL x'g] jftfj/0f k|v/ x'b} hfG5 . c;n cEof;sf] ;xsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf; eg]sf] gofF ljrf/sf] ljsf; xf] . ;xsf/Lsf] ljsf; tYo / a}1flgs r]tgfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . cGw ljZjf;sf cfwf/df ljBdfg ;fdflhs, n}ª\lus, cfly{s, wfld{s lje]b ;xsf/sf] ljsf;sf afws x'g . ;dfh ;'wf/sf sfddf ;xsf/Lsf] ljsf;n] ;xof]u u5{ .
ljZjnfO{ g} ys{dfg x'g] u/L dxfdf/Lsf ?kdf km}lnPsf] sf]le8–!(sf] k|sf]kaf6 dfgj 1fgsf] ljsf;df qmflGt Nofpg] nIf0f b]vf k/]sf] 5 . of] efO/;nfO{ s'g} wfld{s k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t ;F:s[ltsf k|aQmfx?n] cnf}lss / b}jL lnnfsf] kl/0ffd eg]/ JofVof ug{] lxDdt u/]sf 5}gg\ . of] efO/;sf kl/efiff / tYox? cg';Gwfg Pj+ a}1flgssf
k|of]uzfnfx?af6 lgsflnPsf lgisif{x? x'g . a? o:tf dxfdf/L km}nfpg] efO;/x? pTkGg x'g], km}ng] / o;af6 afFRg]÷arfpFg] sfo{df cfpFg] hl6ntf unt gLlt / dfgjtf lj/f]wL lqmofsnfkx?af6 ePsf x'g eGg ;lsG5 . jftfj/0f k|b'if0f, k[YjLsf] tfkqmd a9\g', cf]hgtx gf; x'g' / tdfd vfn] cdfgjLo ultljlw clgolGqt ?kdf a9\b} hfFbf cfpFg] sof+} dfxfdf/Laf6 k[YjLjf;LnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] s'/fdf klxnf] Wofg lbg' ;a}sf] st{Ao x'g k'u]sf] 5 . dfgj hfltdf cfPsf] ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0f ug]{ cleoGtfx? klg x'g ;xsf/LsdL{x? . cfO{= ;L= P= sf] l/kf]6{df sf]le8 !( sf] dxfdf/Laf6 dflg;nfO{ arfpg] s'/fdf ;xsf/LsdL{x?af6 ePsf of]ubfgsf] rrf{ dfly ul/;lsPsf] 5 . c;n cEof;sf] ;xsf/L ljrf/nfO{ dfgjtflk|o, jftfj/0fd}qL ljsf;sf nflu dfu{lgb]{zs agfpg' kg]{ s'/fdf ;/sf/x?n] Wofg lbg cfjZos 5\ .
s[lqdtfn] el/Psf] h:tf], pQfpnf] h:tf], c;Gt'lnt, lje]bk"0f{, :Jff:Yo / kof{j/0fLo ljgf; lgDTofpFg] vfnsf] cfly{s ljsf; eof] elg k|s[ltd}qL, ;Gt'lnt, dfgjLo / cuf{lgs vfBsf] kl/k"lt{ x'g] ljsf; df]8]nsf] cfjZostfsf] s'/f pl7/x]sf] jt{dfg ;dodf /f]a6{ cf]j]gsf] ;dfhjfbL ljrf/ / ;xsf/L l;4fGtsf cfwf/df x'g] ;fdflhs cfly{s ultljlwsf] 7"nf] dxTj /xg] tYok|lt ;a}n] ;f]Rg kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .
zGbe{ ;fdu|Lx? M != sf]–ck/]l6e df]lg6/ l/kf]6{, @)@)@= cn Ol08of sGkm/]G; ckm g]r/–Xo'dg ;]l06«s
d'ed]06 l/kf]6{, @)!& #= ljlslkl8of OG;fOSnf]lkl8of .
pk{o'Qm n]vdf JoQm ul/Psf] ljrf/ n]vsssf lghL ljrf/ x'g – ;Dkfbs
cfkm\gf] cfDbfgLeGbf a9L vr{ u/]df s'a]/ klg s·fn x'g ;S5 . sf}l6No
o; klqsfsf nflu ;xsf/L;DaGwL cg';Gwfgd"ns n]v, /rgf, ;xsf/L ;+:yf kl/ro, ;xsf/L
;kmntfsf] syf, ;xsf/L ultljlw Pj+ ljljw ;fdfu|Lx? pknAw u/fO{ klqsf k|sfzg ug]{
sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ lbg'x'g ;Dk"0f{ n]vs Pj+ ;xsf/LsdL{x?df cg'/f]w ul/G5 .–;Dkfbs
;xsf/L ;+jfb 21
/fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{M Ps hfgsf/L
!= k[i7e"ld M
u}/ s[lif If]qsf ;xsf/Lsf] k|j4{g / ljsf;
ug]{ p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf] tTsfnLg ;femf
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no lj36g u/L @)$* ;fn
efb| !% ut] /fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{
u7g ul/Psf] xf] . o; af]8{nfO{ tTsflng
cj:yfdf b]zsf] ;xsf/L cfGbf]ngsf]
gLltut cfwf/, ;+u7gsf] :j?k / 9f+rf,
o;sf] kl/rfng tyf ;xsf/L cfGbf]ngsf]
sfo{qmd tof/ u/L ufp+F:t/b]lv /fli6«o
:t/;Ddsf] ;+u7g v8f ug]{ / To;sf
nflu cfjZos P]g, lgod / ljlgod tyf
cGo k'jf{wf/ tof/ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L k|bfg
ul/Psf] lyof] .
tf]lsPsf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/L cg'?k
af]8{n] ;xsf/Lsf] cGt/f{li6«o d"No, dfGotf
/ l;4fGt cg'?ksf] ;xsf/L P]g, lgodsf]
d:of}bf tof/ kf/L ;/sf/ ;dIf k|:t't
u¥of] . ;f]xL cg'?k tTsflng ;xsf/L
P]g, @)$* / lgodfjnL, @)$( hf/L eO{
ljleGg k|s[ltsf ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?
:yfkgf e};s]sf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm
af]8{n] tTsflng ;dodf s[lif ljsf; a}+s
/ ;xsf/LaLrsf] x/lx;fa 5fgljg, gofF
P]g lgod af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg b]ze/
k|lzIf0f, ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yf ;+rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{
ljleGg kf7\o;fdu|L nufot ;+3÷;+:yf ;+rfngsf] cfly{s
k|zf;lgs gd"gf ljlgodx? th"{df, ;xsf/L a}+s :yfkgfsf]
k|:tfj nufot sfo{x? lgwf{l/t ;dodf g} ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof]
. 5f]6f] ;dodf g} af]8{n] ;DkGg u/]sf pNn]lvt dxTjk"0f{
sfo{x?sf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ dxz"; u/L cGo d'n'sx?df klg
o; af]8{ h:tf pRr:t/Lo lgsfox? -lgud, k|flws/0f,
kl/ifb\, af]8{_ ;xsf/Lsf] k|j4{g / ljsf;sf nflu lqmofzLn
ePsf] kfOPsf] x'+Fbf tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] /fli6«o ;xsf/L
ljsf; af]8{nfO{ :yfoL lgsfosf] ?kdf ;+rfng ug{ /fli6«o
;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{ P]g, @)$( åf/f pRr:t/Lo lgsfosf]
?kdf :yfloTj k|bfg u¥of] .
@= kl/ro
;xsf/L l;4fGt cg'?k lgDg:t/sf hgtfsf] cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu ;]jf ;'ljwf;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f
tyf tT;DaGwL of]hgf th"{df u/L ljleGg ;xsf/L ;+3
;+:yfx?sf] k|j4{g / ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf nflu
/fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . o;
af]8{n] ;xsf/L If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljljw sfo{qmdx?
;xsf/L ;+jfb22
;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
#= p2]Zo ;xsf/L;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f / ;f] sf] sfof{Gjogdf
;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
;/sf/ / ;xsf/L cfGbf]ngsfaLr ;dGjo ug]{ .
;xsf/Lsf] k|j4{g tyf ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{x? ug]{ .
;xsf/L ljsf; sf]if dfkm{t\ ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?df
;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ ljQLo ;xof]u pknJw
u/fpg] .
;xsf/L;DaGwL cWoog÷cg';Gwfg ug]{ .
$= sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ -s_ /fli6«o :t/df ;xsfl/tfsf] dfWodaf6 ;xsf/L
;+3÷;+:yfx?sf] k|j4{g Pj+ ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos
gLltx? th"{df u/L ;f] sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfn
;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
-v_ ;xsf/L ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f / tT;DaGwL
ljsf; of]hgf th"{dfsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
cfjZos ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] / tL gLltx? sfof{Gjog
ug]{, u/fpg] .
-u_ ;xsf/L ljsf;;DaGwL cfjZos cWoog tyf
cg';Gwfg ug]{, u/fpg] .
-3_ ;xsf/L ;+3÷;+:yfx?nfO{ ;'ne tl/sfaf6 C0f
jf cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] Ps ;xsf/L ljsf;
sf]if v8f u/L ;f] sf]ifaf6 ;xsf/L ;+3÷;+:yfnfO{
ljsf;d"ns sfo{ ;+rfng ug{sf nflu cfjZos k"FhL
pknJw u/fpg] .
-ª_ ;xsf/L ;+3÷;+:yfsf] jf ;xsf/L a}+ssf] z]o/ vl/b
ug]{ .
-r_ ;xsf/L ;+3÷;+:yfx?n] :jb]zL a}+s jf cGo lgsfoaf6
C0f ln+bf jf C0fkq hf/L ubf{ af]8{sf] ;xof]u dfu]df
cfjZostfg';f/ hdfgt lbg] .
-5_ ;xsf/L ;+3÷;+:yfx?sf] ljsf;;F+u ;DalGwt sfo{qmd
;+rfng;DaGwL cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg tyf ;xsf/L
;+3÷;+:yfx?sf] k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0f ug{ k|fljlws
;xof]u pknJw ug]{, u/fpg] .
-h_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfo, ;xsf/L ;+3,
;+:yf tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaLr ;fd~h:o :yfkgf
u/L To:tf ;+:yfx?nfO{ Joj;fod"ns sfo{df a9L
k|f]T;flxt u/fpg ;dGjofTds ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
-em_ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLstf{ ;+3÷;+:yf, sDkgL tyf
skf]{/]zg / g]kfn ;/sf/;F+u ;xsf/L If]qdf cf}Bf]lus
ljsf;sf] nflu ;+o'Qm nufgL ug{ ;Demf}tf u/fpg] .
-`_ ;xsf/L ljsf;;DaGwL cGo cfjZos sfo{ ug]{,
u/fpg] .
%= ;Dkfbg u/]sf k|d'v sfo{x? -s_ ;xsf/L P]g, lgodfjnLsf] d:of}bf / gLlt lgdf{0f
k|:tfljt ;xsf/L P]g, @)&! sf] d:of}bf tof/ ul/
:jLs[ltsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k]z u/]sf]df
g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo;Fusf] 5nkmn,
cGt{lqm{of / ;'emfj dfkm{t kl/dfh{g u/L ;xsf/L P]g,
@)&$ hf/L ePsf] .
k|:tfljt ;xsf/L lgodfjnLsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/L
:jLs[tLsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k]z ePsf]df
;xsf/L lgodfjnL, @)&% hf/L .
/fli6«o ;xsf/L gLlt, @)^( th"{df u/L g]kfn ;/sf/df
:jLs[ltsf nflu k]z u/]sf]df g]kfn ;/sf/af6 hf/L .
ljleGg ;dodf cfof]hgf ul/Psf uf]i7Lsf k|ltj]bgx?
dGqfnodf k]z ul/Psf] .
g]kfnsf] ;xsf/L If]qsf] kRrL; jif]{ /0fgLlts
of]hgf -lj=;+= @)&&–@!)@_ g]kfn ;/sf/L ;dIf k]z
ul/Psf] .
-v_ cWoog cg';Gwfg
k'/fgf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] cj:yf cWoog .
ljleGg ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] uf]bfd lgdf{0f, t]n
ldn, zLt e08f/, b'Uw k|zf]wg, wfg ldn cflb
cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotf cWoog -;xsf/L ljsf;
sf]ifsf] k|of]hgsf nflu_
dlxnf, blnt / lk5l8Psf ju{ / ;d'bfonfO{ kmfObf
k'Ug] / ;xsf/L dfkm{t\ :j/f]huf/ l;h{gf ug{ /fli6«o
tyf cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox?;+Fu ;dGjofTds ?kdf
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ cfof]hgf k|:tfj tof/ kf/]sf] .
-u_ ljQLo ;xof]u
;xsf/L ljsf; sf]if dfkm{t\ ljleGg ;xsf/L ;+3
;+:yfx?n] ;+rfng ug]{ zLt e08f/, b'Uw k|zf]wg,
wfg ldn, uf]bfd lgdf{0f, t]n ldnh:tf cfof]hgfdf
Go"g Jofh b/df ;/n C0f ;xof]u .
;xsf/L ;+jfb 23
;xsf/L s]jn Pp6f k|0ffnL dfq xf]Og, Pp6f ljrf/ xf] .
o;n] pkof]usf c;+Vo ljlwx? ljsf; ug{ ;Sb5 .
–/ljGb|gfy 6}uf]/
s]xL ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yf tyf ;xsf/L a}+sdf z]o/
nufgL .
;xsf/L ;+3x?sf] ef}lts k'jf{wf/, Joj;flos /
Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf lj:tf/, ljkGg / l;dfGts[t
ju{åf/f ;+rflnt ;xsf/Lsf ;b:ox?sf] Ifdtf
ljsf;, dlxnfåf/f ;+rflnt ;xsf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf
tyf pBdzLntf ljsf;, ;xsf/L;DaGwL zf]wstf{nfO{
5fqj[lQ k|bfg / ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmd dfkm{t ;xsf/L
;+3 ;+:yfx?nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u k|bfg ul/b} cfPsf]
5 .
-3_ k|rf/ k|;f/
g]kfn 6]lnlehgaf6 ;xsf/L bk{0f sfo{qmd k|;f/0f .
;xsf/L ;+jfb dfl;s klqsf k|sfzg .
;xsf/L /]l8of] sfo{qmd /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 k|;f/0f .
;xsf/L;DaGwL ljljw kf7\o ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|sfzg .
-ª_ tflnd uf]i7L÷sfo{zfnf÷lzlj/
;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L / ;xsf/Lsf s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf
k|ltlglwx? ;lDdlnt ljleGg ljifox?df If]qLo, k|b]z
/ /fli6«o:t/sf ;xsf/L uf]i7L ;+rfng / ;'emfj
;+sng .
;xsf/Lsf ;+rfns, ;b:o / sd{rf/Lsf nflu tflnd,
sfo{zfnf, lzIff lzlj/ ;~rfng .
-r_ ;dGjofTds sfo{qmd
gjnk/f;L PsLs[t ;xsf/L ljsf; cfof]hgf ;+rfng
-@)%$–%&_ .
gd"gf ;xsf/L ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng .
ljZj vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gsf] ;xof]udf s[lif ;xsf/L
;+:yfx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu k|fljlws ;xsfo{
cfof]hgf -TCP_ ;DkGg ePsf] . ljleGg ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?df ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmdsf]
lg/Gt/tf .
-5_ /fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;+3nfO{ ejg lgdf{0f ug{ hUuf
k|bfg / sfo{qmdsf] nflu /sd k|bfg ul/b} cfPsf] .
-h_ k/fdz{ ;]jf
;xsf/L;DaGwL hfgsf/L lng cfpg]x?sf nflu
lgoldt ?kdf k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg .
cGt/f{li6«o lgsfo;F+u af]8{sf] cfj4tf International Cooperative Alliance
(ICA),Brussels,Belgium Centre for International Cooperation
and Training in Agricultural Banking(CICTAB),Pune,India.
Network for the Development ofAgricultural Cooperatives (NEDAC),Bangkok,Thailand.
Asia-Pacific Rural and AgriculturalCredit Association (APRACA),Bangkok,Thailand.
;xsf/L ;+jfb24
;kmn ;xsf/Lsf ;"rsx?
:j:y ;"rs c:j:y ;"rs
;xsf/Lsf] ;]jf k|of]u ug]{ ;b:ox? !)) k|ltzt;Dd &% k|ltzt;Dd
k|of]u gug]{ ;b:ox? z'Go !) k|ltzteGbf s]xL a9L
;~rfns ;ldltsf] lgjf{rg k|lt:kwf{ u}/k|lt:kwf{
;~rfns ;ldltsf] j}7sdf pkl:ylt !)) k|ltzt () k|ltzteGbf sd
;b:ox?sf] k"FhL pRrtd Go"gtd
k/fdz{ j}7sx? pRrtd ;xeflutf Go"gtd ;xeflutf
;fwf/0f ;efdf pkl:ylt !)) k|ltzt ^) k|ltzteGbf sd
;xeflutf ;lqmo lgliqmo jf cf+lzs
;~rfns ;ldltsf] kbfjlw # jif{;Dd # jif{eGbf a9L
;fwf/0f ;efdf 5nkmn k|f]T;flxt lg?T;flxt
;~rf/ k|lqof lgoldt gePsf] jf clgoldt
;|f]t M Why do Cooperatives fail as Cooperatives ? David Griffith
;xsf/L ;+jfb 25
;kmn ;xsf/Lsf ;"rsx?
:j:y ;"rs c:j:y ;"rs
;xsf/Lsf] ;]jf k|of]u ug]{ ;b:ox? !)) k|ltzt;Dd &% k|ltzt;Dd
k|of]u gug]{ ;b:ox? z'Go !) k|ltzteGbf s]xL a9L
;~rfns ;ldltsf] lgjf{rg k|lt:kwf{ u}/k|lt:kwf{
;~rfns ;ldltsf] j}7sdf pkl:ylt !)) k|ltzt () k|ltzteGbf sd
;b:ox?sf] k"FhL pRrtd Go"gtd
k/fdz{ j}7sx? pRrtd ;xeflutf Go"gtd ;xeflutf
;fwf/0f ;efdf pkl:ylt !)) k|ltzt ^) k|ltzteGbf sd
;xeflutf ;lqmo lgliqmo jf cf+lzs
;~rfns ;ldltsf] kbfjlw # jif{;Dd # jif{eGbf a9L
;fwf/0f ;efdf 5nkmn k|f]T;flxt lg?T;flxt
;~rf/ k|lqof lgoldt gePsf] jf clgoldt
;|f]t M Why do Cooperatives fail as Cooperatives ? David Griffith
;xsf/L ;+jfb 49
@)!) of]hgf ljsf;sf nflu s[lif dGqfnosf] dftxtdf ;xsf/L ljefusf] :yfkgf .
@)!# g]kfn ;/sf/4f/f sfo{sfl/0fL cfb]z dfkm{t ;xsf/L ;+:yf u7gsf] k|f/De eO{ ;j{k|yd
lrtjg lhNnfdf avfg C0f ;xsf/L ;ldltsf] u7g .
@)!^ ;xsf/L ;+:yf P]g, @)!^ hf/L .
@)!* ;xsf/L ;+:yf lgod, @)!* hf/L .
@)!( ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf .
;xsf/L a}+s P]g, @)!( hf/L .
@)@$ ;xsf/L a}+s s[lif ljsf; a}+sdf kl/0ft .
@)@& ;xsf/L ;+:yf P]g, @)!^ df bf];|f] ;+;f]wg .
@)@* ;xsf/L ;+:yf lgodx?, @)!* df k|yd ;+;f]wg .
@)## ;xsf/L ;+:yf lgodx?,@)!* df bf];|f] ;+;f]wg .
clgjfo{ art ;femf ;+:yfsf] z]o/df kl/0ft .
@)#$ ;femf ;+:yf k|zf;g tyf cfly{s lgod, @)#$ sf] Joj:yf .
@)$! ;femf ;+:yf P]g, @)$! hf/L .
@)$# ;femf ;+:yf lgodx?, @)$# hf/L .
@)$% clgjfo{ art /sd artstf{nfO{ lkmtf{ ug]{ 3f]if0ff .
@)$& ;xsf/L dxf;+3 k/fdz{ ;ldlt u7g .
@)$* ;femf s]Gb|Lo sfof{no lj36g .
/fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{ tby{ ?kdf u7g
@)$( ;xsf/L P]g, @)$* hf/L
/fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{ P]g,@)$(hf/L .
;xsf/L lgodfjnL @)$( hf/L .
g]kfnsf] ;xsf/L cleofgsf
k|d'v P]ltxfl;s 36gfx?
;xsf/L ;+jfb26 ;xsf/L ;+jfb50
@)%) /fli6«o ;xsf/L ;+3 u7g .
@)%$ /fli6«o ;xsf/L ;+3nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;xsf/L dxf;+3sf] ;b:otf k|fKt .
@)%& s[lif dGqfnodf ;xsf/L ;d]t yk u/L s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno ePsf] .
–;xsf/L P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @^ df k|yd ;+zf]wg eO{ ;xsf/L a}+s :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg]
k|fjwfg /flvPsf] .
@)%* Plzof tyf k|zfGt If]qsf ;xsf/L ;xsf/L dGqLx?sf] 5}6f}+ ;Dd]ng sf7dfG8f}df
;DkGg .
@)^) /fli6«o ;xsf/L a}+s :yfkgf .
s[lif ;xsf/Lsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;~hfn (NEDAC)sf] ;ftf}+ ;fwf/0f ;ef sf7df08f}+df
;DkGg .
@)^# g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df ;/sf/L, ;xsf/L / lghL If]qnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf]
cfwf/ :tDesf] ?kdf cjnDag .
;xsf/L ;'j0f{ dxf]T;j jif{ @)^# ;DkGg .
@)^( ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf .
/fli6«o ;xsf/L gLlt @)^( hf/L
@)&) /fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;Dd]ng ;DkGg .
@)&@ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;fj{hlgs,lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;xeflutf / :jtGq ljsf; dfkm{t
/fli6«o cy{tGq ;'b[9 ug]{ Joj:yf .
@)&# s[lif ;xsf/Lsf] ljsf; ;~hfn (NEDAC) sf] ;fwf/0f ;ef Pj+ uf]i7L sf7df8f}+df
;DkGg .
@)&$ g]kfnsf] ;xsf/L If]qsf] bL3{sflng of]hgf @)&$÷)&%–@)(#÷)($ sf] d:of}bf af]8{af6
tof/L u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ ;xsf/L tyf ul/jL lgjf/0f dGqfnodf k]z u/]sf] .
@)&$ ;xsf/L P]g @)&$ hf/L .
@)&$ bf]>f] ;xsf/L dxf;Dd]ng
@)&% ;xsf/L lgodfjnL @)&% hf/L
;xsf/L ;+jfb 27
. =! o{f0gl ]fstldl; snfr~; LwGaD;ufd f0C. =@ LksFfof5 ]fsdogljl ]fsfy:+; ÷3+;
#= . gfd'gc tufn n"s ]fsfgh]fofc. =$ LksFfof5 ]fs{fh'knfn ]fsfuUh ]gVf/ ]ftwl
=% ^= &=
*=
(=
v]nNp t]d; /aDg fQsl ]fsfuUh ]gVf/ ]ftwl
!)=
. qkf0fd|k {ftb fy:+; ÷3+;
af]8{af6 pknAw x'g] C0f dfu kmf/fd eg{' kg{] .
/fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{;xsf/L ljsf; sf]if Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf
kmf]g g+= M )!–%)!)!#!, %)!)@#&
[email protected], j]j;fO{6 M www.ncdb.org.np
yk hfgsf/Lsf] nflu
/fli6«o ;xsf/L ljsf; af]8{ cGtu{t /x]sf] ;xsf/L ljsf; sf]if dfkm{t ;'ne C0f ln“bf k]z ug'{kg]{ sfuhftx?
-sf]if dfkm{t\ ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tyf Jofj;flos sfo{sf nflu C0f k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 ._
Od]nM
dflyNnf] ;+3sf] l;kmfl/; kq .
gS;fkf; -C0f /sd :jLs[t kZrft ejg, uf]bfd jf cGo gS;fkf; ug'{kg]{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] nflu_
cl3Nnf] tLg cfly{s jif{sf] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg .
C0f dfu kmf/fd o; af]8{sf] ;xsf/L ljsf; sf]ifJoj:yfkg dxfzfvfaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 cyjf af]8{sf] j]j;fO6df pknA5 5 .
ePsf] k|fljlwsx?åf/f ul/Psf] d"Nof°g .
!!= :yfgLo txsf] l;kmfl/; kq
;xsf/L ;+jfb50
@)%) /fli6«o ;xsf/L ;+3 u7g .
@)%$ /fli6«o ;xsf/L ;+3nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;xsf/L dxf;+3sf] ;b:otf k|fKt .
@)%& s[lif dGqfnodf ;xsf/L ;d]t yk u/L s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno ePsf] .
–;xsf/L P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @^ df k|yd ;+zf]wg eO{ ;xsf/L a}+s :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg]
k|fjwfg /flvPsf] .
@)%* Plzof tyf k|zfGt If]qsf ;xsf/L ;xsf/L dGqLx?sf] 5}6f}+ ;Dd]ng sf7dfG8f}df
;DkGg .
@)^) /fli6«o ;xsf/L a}+s :yfkgf .
s[lif ;xsf/Lsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;~hfn (NEDAC)sf] ;ftf}+ ;fwf/0f ;ef sf7df08f}+df
;DkGg .
@)^# g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df ;/sf/L, ;xsf/L / lghL If]qnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf]
cfwf/ :tDesf] ?kdf cjnDag .
;xsf/L ;'j0f{ dxf]T;j jif{ @)^# ;DkGg .
@)^( ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf .
/fli6«o ;xsf/L gLlt @)^( hf/L
@)&) /fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;Dd]ng ;DkGg .
@)&@ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;fj{hlgs,lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;xeflutf / :jtGq ljsf; dfkm{t
/fli6«o cy{tGq ;'b[9 ug]{ Joj:yf .
@)&# s[lif ;xsf/Lsf] ljsf; ;~hfn (NEDAC) sf] ;fwf/0f ;ef Pj+ uf]i7L sf7df8f}+df
;DkGg .
@)&$ g]kfnsf] ;xsf/L If]qsf] bL3{sflng of]hgf @)&$÷)&%–@)(#÷)($ sf] d:of}bf af]8{af6
tof/L u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ ;xsf/L tyf ul/jL lgjf/0f dGqfnodf k]z u/]sf] .
@)&$ ;xsf/L P]g @)&$ hf/L .
@)&$ bf]>f] ;xsf/L dxf;Dd]ng
;xsf/L ;+jfb28
56 ;xsf/L ;+jfb
¿xoN"d / ffife/lk ]fsL/fsx; /f;'gc ffife/lk s/lfswlfc ]fs3\ª;fxd L/fsx; o«6il{f/tGc sqGlftfh|k / jTdlfj: mQ'o+; L/fsx;æ
fc 6fadoWfd ]fsdBp ]gx/ fdf0qGogl ˆ ]fsffI+fsfc \djP ftsoZjfc stl[s:“f; fyt shlfdf; ,s{ylfc gfd; fg; Qofj: ]fs?xmQloJ 4aftsP ]nf5R]j: ulfn fstKlf|kelc Ë Æ]fx g7 .
?xoN"d /fwfc _s- (Basic Values) nt . \g5Gvl]b fstl[s|k s/ltGfc {]gu fgr/ wGaD; ]fsrLa?xo:b; / fy:+; L/fsx; Mtn"d ?xoN"d /fwfc
;+If]kdf ltgsf] ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 M-!_ :jfjnDag (Self-help)
. g}b'x ]fsP/lu fgkfy: ]fsfy:+; L/fsx; ]nr]f; LfI]kfv'd/k . \g5{bu ;fjZjl fdgjDnjfj: ]n?xo:b; L/fsx;-@_ :j–pQ/bfloTj (Self-responsibility)
. ]fx oN"d ]fsjTolfb/Qp–j: ;fjZjl ]gGe 5{bk'gnl L/fj]dDhl fdgfxJfc }gˆfcqGts]fn _#- (Democracy)
{{{Ofn?xkfnsfomql shlfdf; s{ylfc fsg7Ë; }g wljl sqGlftfh|k ]gx/ ftulfex; omql; ]fs?xo:b;. 5G'x wljl dQ{]fj; {]gu ty:ljoJ';
-$_ ;dfgtf (Equality). g}b'x ;fsjl g7Ë; ]ge g}b'x ftgfd; rLa?xo:b; gfd; . 5{bk'g/lu /fxjoJ txl/jfeb]e rLa?xo:b;
-%_ ;dtf (Equity) gxljlf0fi]fz oN"d ]fsofoG . \g5{bu ;fjZjl ]gGe g}b'x 'gnl fbOfmk ]n{]fsc L/fk {fsd {{{OfnsP ]n?xo:b; L/fsx;
. ]fx oN"d {]gu g{4j|k ?xwGaD; s{ylfcft4aoS]P _^- (Solidarity)
]fs]/u ;fo|k /Pe 6'hsP ]n?x;glfd ]gVf/ ffI\ªfsfc gfd; . ]fx ;fjZjl ]fsylfdftsP ]fs]ge oN"d ]fsft4aoS]Pv08df cfˆgf] cfsfª\Iff ;fsf/ kfg{ ;Sb5g\ .
?xoN"d stl}g _v- (Ethical values) /f;'gfgDgl ]fsgtl Ffxo g5Gvl]b fsP;lFfu uF;wGaD; ]fsrLahfd; / g7Ë; L/fsx; Mtfi]zjl ?xoN"d stl}g
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M-!_ OdfGbf/L (Honesty)
fgnfk g'gfs ]fsz]b ]n}jfej: ]n?xfy:+; L/fsx; . ]fx oN"d ]fsft/lfbGfdO oN"d ]gN5g {{{Ofnofb'd; o:b;/}uub{5g\ / ltgsf lqmofsnfkx? kf/bzL{ (Transparent) . \g5G'x
gkfnN'v _@- (Openness) ftqGtj: Mt't:j oN"d ]fsgkfnN'v (Liberty) sf] d"No xf] . ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;]jf pkof]ustf{ u}/;b:osf nflu
. 5bS; gfh L8]f5 fy:+; fn]a }s';g'h glk ]no:b; ]gxfr {gu ufoT fto:b; ]ge 5Gx/ fnN'v +}w; fto:b; ]fsfy:+;-#_ ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj (Social Responsibility)
tl|khfd; ]fsg7Ë; }s';g'h fdk? ]fsOfsP ]fshfd; . \g5{bu f0x|u jTolfb/Qp shlfdf; ]n?xfy:+; L/fsx; . g}b+'x oXf|uhfd; g7Ë; {]gug f/"k L/fj]dDhl ]f; / 5Gx/ L/fj]dDhl
xfr/]x ]fs?c _$- (Caring for others) ?c fshfd; f/få?xofkp jeD; ]n?xo:b; L/fsx; . ]fx oN"d ]fsxfr/]x ]fs?c /frjl ]fsofb'd; o:b;/}u
;b:ox?sf] ;d]t enf] ug{ vf]Hb5g\ .
;xsf/Lsf] kl/efiff / d"Nox?
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