XIX. Chemistry, High School

XIX. Chemistry, High School

343

High School Chemistry TestThe spring 2013 high school Chemistry test was based on learning standards in the Chemistry content strand of the Massachusetts Science and Technology/Engineering Curriculum Framework (2006). These learning standards appear on pages 69–73 of the Framework.

The Science and Technology/Engineering Curriculum Framework is available on the Department website at www.doe.mass.edu/frameworks/current.html.

Chemistry test results are reported under the following four MCAS reporting categories:

■ Atomic Structure and Periodicity

■ Bonding and Reactions

■ Properties of Matter and Thermochemistry

■ Solutions, Equilibrium, and Acid-Base Theory

Test Sessions

The high school Chemistry test included two separate test sessions, which were administered on consecutive days. Each session included multiple-choice and open-response questions.

Reference Materials and Tools

Each student taking the high school Chemistry test was provided with a Chemistry Formula and Constants Sheet/Periodic Table of the Elements. Copies of both sides of this formula sheet follow the final question in this chapter.

Each student also had sole access to a calculator with at least four functions and a square-root key.

The use of bilingual word-to-word dictionaries was allowed for current and former English language learner students only, during both Chemistry test sessions. No other reference tools or materials were allowed.

Cross-Reference Information

The table at the conclusion of this chapter indicates each item’s reporting category and the framework learning standard it assesses. The correct answers for multiple-choice questions are also displayed in the table.

344

ChemistrySeSSion 1

DIRECTIONSThis session contains twenty-one multiple-choice questions and two open-response questions. Mark your answers to these questions in the spaces provided in your Student Answer Booklet. You may work out solutions to multiple-choice questions in the test booklet.

MCAS_2013_Gr10_CHEM_RID

ID:281323 A Common EQ

●1 An equation for a chemical reaction isshownbelow.

2H (g) O H O( ) 571.62 2 2(g) kJl

Whichof the following statementsindicates that this reaction isexothermic?

A. Energy is released.

B. A compound is formed.

C. The reactants are two different gases.

D. There aremore reactantsthanproducts.

ID:298325 B Common EQ

●2 A student observed that the rate ofa chemical reaction increased as thetemperature of the system increased.Whichof the following statements bestexplainswhy thermal energy caused anincrease in the reaction rate?

A. The surface areaof theproductparticles decreased.

B. The collision rate of the reactantparticles increased.

C. The concentrationsof the reactantparticles increased.

D. The concentrationsof theproductparticles decreased.

345

Chemistry Session 1


ID:281214 D Common EQ

●3 Whichof the following statementsbestdescribes the current atomic theory?

A. Electronsmove in circular orbitsaround thenucleus.

B. Electrons are held in an atombytheir attraction to eachother.

C. Electrons are evenlydistributedthroughout amixture of positive andneutral particles.

D. Electrons exist in specific energylevels andhavebothwave andparticle characteristics.


●4 Whichof the followingmolecules has anonpolar covalent bond?

A. H–Br

B. H–Cl

C. H–F

D. H–H

ID:244829 244829_ASTDAV69.eps [opt_ A Common EQ

●5 Whichof the following equations showsa fusion reaction?

A. 3H1

2H1

1n0

4He2

B. 238U92

234Th90

4He2

C. 0e24Na11

24Mg12 –1

D. 235U92

1n0

92Kr36

141Ba56

31n0

346

Chemistry Session 1



●6 Whichof the following statementsdescribeswhat happens in a buffersolutionwhen a strong acid is added?

A. TheH ionsfromthestrongacidcombinewithbasicionsinthebuffer.

B. TheH ionsfromthestrongacidcombinewithacidicionsinthebuffer.

C. TheOH ionsfromthestrongacidcombinewithacidicionsinthebuffer.

D. TheOH ionsfromthestrongacidcombinewithbasicionsinthebuffer.


●7 Howmany atomsof oxygen (O) arerequired to form twomolecules ofsulfuric acid (H2SO4)?

A. 2

B. 4

C. 6

D. 8

347

Chemistry Session 1



●8 Magnesiummetal reactswith iron(III) sulfate to produce ironmetal andmagnesium sulfate, asshown in the equationbelow.Themolarmass of iron(III) sulfate is 399.9g/mol.

3 2Mg(s) Fe SO aq Fe (s) 3MgSO aq2 4 3 4( ) ( ) ( )

Howmanygramsof iron(III) sulfate are needed to completely react 6.0 g ofmagnesium?

A. 2.0 g

B. 33g

C. 99g

D. 300g

ID:264320 C Common EQ

●9 In an experiment, a studentmixes twocompounds,X andY,which react togiveoff energy and formcompoundZ,as shown in the equilibriumequationbelow.

X Y Z energy

After the reaction reaches equilibrium,whichof the following changeswouldshift the equilibrium to the left?

A. addingmore compoundX to the equilibrium

B. addingmore compoundY to the equilibrium

C. increasing the temperature of the equilibrium

D. decreasing the temperature of the equilibrium


●10 When a sampleof a gas is cooled, itcondenses into a liquid. Inwhichof thefollowingwaysdo themolecules of theoriginal gas sample comparewith themolecules of the liquid?

A. Themolecules are larger as a gasthan they are as a liquid.

B. Themoleculesweigh less as a gasthan theydo as a liquid.

C. Themoleculesmove faster as a gasthan theydo as a liquid.

D. Themolecules are closer together asa gas than they are as a liquid.

348

Chemistry Session 1


Question 11 is an open-response question.

• BE SURE TO ANSWER AND LABEL ALL PARTS OF THE QUESTION.• Show all your work (diagrams, tables, or computations) in your Student Answer Booklet.• If you do the work in your head, explain in writing how you did the work.

Write your answer to question 11 in the space provided in your Student Answer Booklet.

ID:273070 273070_notebookpage.eps Common EQ

●11 Apage froma labnotebook is shownbelow.Thepagedisplaysdata needed tofind theempirical formulaof a compound.

Mass of crucible

Mass of crucible and iron powder

Mass of iron powder

Mass of sulfur added to crucible

Mass of crucible and contentsafter reaction

Mass of iron-sulfur compound

5.23 g

7.46 g

x

1.28 g

8.74 g

y

a. Calculate thevalues forx andy. Showyour calculations and includeunits in your answer.

b. Assumeall the iron and sulfur reacted to forman iron-sulfur compound.Calculate thenumberofmoles of sulfurand the numberofmoles of iron that reacted to form thecompound.Showyour calculations and includeunits in your answer.

c. Determine the empirical formula for the iron-sulfur compound.Showyour calculationsorexplainyour reasoning.

349

Chemistry Session 1


Mark your answers to multiple-choice questions 12 through 22 in the spaces provided in your Student Answer Booklet. Do not write your answers in this test booklet, but you may work out solutions to multiple-choice questions in the test booklet.


●12 Whichof the following equations shows a chemical change?

A. H O heat H O g2 2( ) ( )l

B. H O H O s heat2 2( ) ( )l

C. H O Na O(s Na aq 2OH (aq heat2 2 2( ) ) ( )l )

D. H O NaCl(s Na (aq Cl (aq H O2 2( ) ) ) ) ( )l l

ID:280897 280897_HI_dot.eps [opt_a0 A Common EQ

●13 Whichof the following is aLewis dotstructure for hydrogen iodide (HI)?

A. H I

B. H I

C. H I

D. H I


●14 Whichof the following elementshas bothmetallic andnonmetallicproperties?

A. Ar

B. Ge

C. Mg

D. S

350

Chemistry Session 1



●15 Uranium-234decays to lead-214 througha series of alphadecays.Whichof thefollowing is the total number of alphaparticles emitted in this decay series?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 5

D. 10


●16 The chemical equationbelow representsthe reactionof 1mol of hydrogengas(H2)with1mol of chlorinegas (Cl2) ina sealed container atSTP.The reactionproduces2molof hydrogen chloridegas(HCl) in the sealed container.

H21Cl2→ 2HCl

What is thepressure in the container atstandard temperature after the reaction iscomplete?

A. 1 atm

B. 2 atm

C. 3 atm

D. 4 atm

351

Chemistry Session 1


ID:226997 3160092_AR1.eps [opt_a01, D Common EQ

●17 Somemanufacturersplacerubberplugsinthebottomsofpressurizedaerosolcanstopreventstructuralfailureifthecansareexposedtoexcessiveheat.Thenormalpressureinsideanaerosolcanis2.0atmat27°C.Whenthetemperatureofthegasinthecanisincreasedto250°C,thepressurereaches3.5atmandtheplugpopsout.

Whichofthefollowinggraphsbestshowstherelationshipofpressuretothetemperatureinsidethecan?

A.

Temperature (°C)

Pre

ssur

e (a

tm)

270

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

250

C.

Temperature (°C)

Pre

ssur

e (a

tm)

270

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

250

B.

Temperature (°C)

Pre

ssur

e (a

tm)

270

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

250

D.

Temperature (°C)

Pre

ssur

e (a

tm)

270

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

250

352

Chemistry Session 1



●18 A student puts an ice cube into a beakerand allows it tomelt.Whichof thefollowing statements best describeswhathappens to thewatermolecules duringthis investigation?

A. Themoleculesmove apart until theentire beaker isfilled.

B. Themoleculesmove apart until theyare no longer touching eachother.

C. Themolecules become randomlyarranged and can slidepast eachother.

D. Themolecules becomearranged in a pattern andmaintainfixedpositions.

ID:229556 3152531_AR1.eps B Common EQ

●19 Thediagrambelow shows a partialperiodic table.

FO

The electron configurationof oxygen is1s22s22p4.On theperiodic table,fluorineis one space to the right of oxygen.

Whichof the following electronconfigurations representsfluorine?

A. 1s22s22p3

B. 1s22s22p5

C. 1s22s22p63s23p3

D. 1s22s22p63s23p5


●20 The table belowprovides data about agas sample.

Volume 1.0L

Pressure 303.9kPa

Temperature 323K

Whichof the following canbedeterminedusing thedata?

A. the chemical compositionof thegas

B. the condensation temperature of thegas

C. thenumberof gasmolecules in the sample

D. thedistancebetweengasmoleculesin the sample

353

Chemistry Session 1



●21 What is thenameof the compoundwiththe chemical formula NH S4 2(NH ) ?

A. ammonium sulfide

B. hydrogen sulfate

C. sulfur hydride

D. sulfuric acid

ID:287275 ASTDAV252_periodictable.e B Common EQ

●22 Thediagrambelow shows the relativelocationsoffiveunidentified elements intheperiodic table:E,X,G, J, andL.

E X

L

J

G

ElementXhas an atomicnumberof z.Whichunidentified element has anatomicnumberof z 1 2 ?

A. elementE

B. elementG

C. element J

D. elementL

354

Chemistry Session 1





ID:272994 BELROB144.eps Common EQ

●23 Particlemodels of four different typesofmatter are shown in thediagrambelow.

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4

a. Identifywhichof the fourmodels best represents a pure compound.Explainyour answerand give a specific exampleof a compound.

b. Identifywhichof the fourmodels best represents a homogeneousmixture.Explainyouranswerand give a specific exampleof a homogeneousmixture.

c. Describeonemethod that couldbeused to separate a homogeneousmixture.

355MCAS_2013_Gr10_CHEM_RID

ChemistrySeSSion 2

DIRECTIONSThis session contains nineteen multiple-choice questions and three open-response questions. Mark your answers to these questions in the spaces provided in your Student Answer Booklet. You may work out solutions to multiple-choice questions in the test booklet.


●24 A sampleof vinegar has a pHof 5, anda sampleof rainwater has a pHof 6.Whichof the following statementsbestdescribes these two substances?

A. Both samples are bases, and vinegar ismorebasic.

B. Both samples are acids, and vinegar ismore acidic.

C. Both samples are bases, andrainwater ismorebasic.

D. Both samples are acids, andrainwater ismore acidic.


●25 Themasses of the reactants and thetheoretical yields of theproducts for a chemical reaction are shownbelow.

3Sb 3I2 2SbI3 Sb (1.2 g) (2.4 g) (3.2 g) (0.4 g)

When this reactionwasperformed in the laboratory, the actual yield forSbI3was2.4g.Whatwas thepercent yieldforSbI3?

A. 25%B. 67%C. 75%D. 100%

356

Chemistry Session 2


ID:287272 ASTDAV249.eps B Common EQ

●26 A student pours hydrochloric acid (HCl)into anopenbeaker that contains apieceofmagnesium (Mg).A chemicalreactionoccurs, as shown in theequationbelow.

2HCl (aq) Mg (s) MgCl (aq) H2 ( )g2

Thedata for the reaction are shown inthe table below.

Mass of Mg

Mass of HCl Solution

Total Mass of Substances inBeaker before the Reaction

Total Mass of Substances inBeaker after the Reaction

0.24 g

5.49 g

5.73 g

5.71 g

Whichof the following statementsbest explainswhy the totalmass ofthe substances in thebeaker before thereaction is different from the totalmassafter the reaction?

A. TheHCl andMg react slowly.

B. Thehydrogenproduced is a gas.

C. TheHCl andMg react to formaprecipitate.

D. Themagnesiumchlorideproduced is soluble.


●27 The equationbelow represents anequilibrium reaction.

HNO (aq) NH aq NO (aq) NH (aq)3 3 3 4( )

Which chemical in the forward reactionis aBrønsted-Lowry acid?

A. HNO3

B. NH3

C. NO3

D. NH4

357

Chemistry Session 2



●28 A20.0mL sampleof 0.15Mhydrochloric acid (HCl) is neededto neutralize a 10.0mL sampleofpotassiumhydroxide (KOH).Abalancedequation for the reaction is shownbelow.

HCl KOH KCl H2O

What is themolarity of theKOHsolution?

A. 0.15M

B. 0.30M

C. 0.60M

D. 0.75M


●29 Thewhite pigment inmanypaints istitaniumdioxide (TiO2). It ismadebyburning titanium(IV)chloride.Theotherproduct in this reaction is chlorinegas.

What is thebalanced equation for thisreaction?

A. TiC TiO C1 2 14 2 2O2

B. 2 1 4 14 2 2TiC O TiO C

C. TiC O TiO C1 2 2 14 2 2 2

D. 2 1 2 2 14 2 2 4TiC O TiO C


●30 An ionic solid is placed in a beaker ofwater.Whichof the following occurswhen there is a strong attractionbetweenthe solute and the solvent?

A. The solutemelts.

B. The solute dissolves.

C. The solute remains intact.

D. Thesolute reacts to formaprecipitate.

358

Chemistry Session 2



●31 Calcium andboron react to formcalciumboride, as representedby thechemical equationbelow.

Ca 6B CaB6

Which typeof reaction is shownby this equation?

A. combination

B. decomposition

C. double displacement

D. single displacement


●32 Methanegas (CH4) reactswithoxygengas (O2) according to theequationbelow.

CH 2O CO 2H O energy4 2 2 2

This reaction releases 890kJ of energyfor eachmoleofmethanegas that isconsumed.Whichof the followingstatements best describes this reaction?

A. The reaction is endothermic;CO2 andH O2 havemore chemicalpotential energy thanCH4 andO2.

B. The reaction is endothermic;CO2 andH O2 have less chemicalpotential energy thanCH4 andO2.

C. The reaction is exothermic;CO2 andH O2 havemore chemicalpotential energy thanCH4 andO2.

D. The reaction is exothermic;CO2 andH O2 have less chemicalpotential energy thanCH4 andO2.

359

Chemistry Session 2





ID:260794 ASTDAV148.eps Common EQ

●33 Formaldehyde (CH2O)occurs in smoke from forestfires and in automobile exhaust.

a. Calculate the total number of valence electrons in onemolecule of formaldehyde.Showyour calculations.

Carbon is the central atom in aCH2Omolecule.

b. DrawaLewis dot structure for formaldehyde.

c. Identify the shapeof the formaldehydemolecule predictedbyvalence-shell electron-pairrepulsion (VSEPR) theory.Explainyour answer.

360

Chemistry Session 2


Mark your answers to multiple-choice questions 34 through 43 in the spaces provided in your Student Answer Booklet. Do not write your answers in this test booklet, but you may work out solutions to multiple-choice questions in the test booklet.


●34 Onemoleofwhichof the followingsubstanceshas thegreatest entropy?

A. ethanol (l )

B. iron (s)

C. neon (g)

D. water (l )


●35 Whichof the following statementsexplainswhypeople spread salt onicy sidewalks in thewinter?

A. The salt causes the ice to undergosublimation.

B. The salt lowers the surface tensionofmelted ice.

C. The ice-saltmixture has a higherdensity than ice has.

D. The ice-saltmixturemelts at a lowertemperature than ice does.


●36 Whichof the following is the electronconfiguration for sulfur?

A. 1s22s22p4

B. 1s22s22p63s2

C. 1s22s22p63s23p4

D. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2

361

Chemistry Session 2


ID:281218 281218_decay.eps B Common EQ

●37 Uranium-238undergoes radioactivedecay according to the incompleteequationbelow.

U238 42He X92

What is thedecayproduct representedbyX?

A. 90232Th

B. 90234Th

C. 94242 Pu

D. 94244 Pu


●38 Whichof the following statementsapplies the lawofmultipleproportions tothe relationshipbetweencarbonmonoxide(CO)andcarbondioxide (CO2)?

A. Themassof amoleofCO is exactlyhalf that of amoleofCO2.

B. Therewill alwaysbehalf asmuchCOasCO2 in a sampleof gas.

C. Theproportionof oxygen atoms inCOmolecules is the same as it is inCO2molecules.

D. Themassof oxygen inCOcompared to that inCO2 canbeexpressed as awholenumber ratio.


●39 Whichof the following identifies thenumber and locationof protons in alithiumatom?

A. 3protons, located in thenucleus

B. 7 protons, located in thenucleus

C. 3protons,locatedinanatomicorbital

D. 7protons,locatedinanatomicorbital


●40 AlthoughH O2 andH S2 have similarmolecular geometries, they exist asdifferent states ofmatter at 20°Cand1 atm.Whichof the followingstatementsbest explainswhyH O2 isa liquid andH S2 is a gas under theseconditions?

A. H O2 is less dense thanH S2 .

B. H O2 is less chemically reactivethanH S2 .

C. H O2 has a smallermolecularmassthanH S2 .

D. H O2 has stronger intermolecularforces thanH S2 .

362

Chemistry Session 2



●41 Basedonvalence electronconfigurations,whichof the following is a formula for a compound formedfrom sodium (Na) andoxygen (O)?

A. NaO

B. NaO2

C. Na2O

D. Na2O3


●42 Whichof the following statementsdescribes a differencebetween achemical change and a physical changein a substance?

A. Aphysical changeoccurs only inelements; a chemical changeoccursonly in compounds.

B. A chemical changeoccurs only inelements; a physical changeoccursonly in compounds.

C. The result of a physical change is a different composition; in achemical change, the compositionremains the same.

D. The result of a chemical change is a different composition; in a physical change, the compositionremains the same.


●43 Particles ofwhichof the followingsubstances are farthest apart atSTP?

A. aluminum (s)

B. helium (g)

C. mercury (l )

D. sodium (s)

363

Chemistry Session 2


Questions 44 and 45 are open-response questions.

• BE SURE TO ANSWER AND LABEL ALL PARTS OF EACH QUESTION.• Show all your work (diagrams, tables, or computations) in your Student Answer Booklet.• If you do the work in your head, explain in writing how you did the work.


ID:274045 Common EQ

●44 Since elements are listed in theperiodic table in order of increasing atomicnumber andarranged so that elementswith similar properties fall into the samegroup, theperiodic tablecanbeused to predict similarities anddifferencesbetween elements.

a. Bromine andfluorine are both in group17 (7A)of theperiodic table.Describe twoproperties of bromine andfluorine that are the same.

b. Bromine andfluorine are in different periods in theperiodic table.Describe two propertiesof bromine andfluorine that are different.

c. Basedon their positions in theperiodic table, bromine andfluorine aremost likely to formionic compoundswith an element fromwhichgroup: group1 (1A), group14 (4A), orgroup18 (8A)?Explainyour choice.

364

Chemistry Session 2



ID:294716 Common EQ

●45 Astudent follows theprocedurebelow todeterminehow twovariableswill affect thedissolution rate of sugar inwater.

1. Place a 2.0 g sugar cube into150mLof 10°Cwater.

2. Place an identical 2.0 g sugar cube into150mLof 50°Cwater.

3. Place2.0gof granulated sugar into150mLof 50°Cwater.

4. Stir the three sugar-watermixtures equally.

5. Measure the time it takes for all of the sugar in eachmixture to dissolve.

a. Identify the two variables being tested in theprocedure.

b. Describe themost likely effecteach variable in part (a) has on the rate atwhich the sugardissolves inwater.Explainyour reasoning.

c. Write a procedure to test the effect solvent volumehas on the rate atwhich sugar dissolvesinwater.

d. Describe the expected results for theprocedureyouwrote in part (c).Explainyourreasoning.

365

Common Polyatomic Ions

Ion Ionic Formula

Ammonium NH41

Carbonate CO32-

Hydroxide OH-

Nitrate NO3-

Phosphate PO43-

Sulfate SO42-

Combined Gas Law: P V

T

P V

T1 1

1

2 2

2

5

Ideal Gas Law: PV nRT5

Dilution Formula: M1V15M2V2

Molar Volume of Ideal Gas at STP: 22.4L/mol

Ideal Gas Constant: R 5 0.0821L• atm/mol• K 58.31L• kPa/mol• K

STP: 1atm(101.3kPa),273K(0°C)

Absolute Temperature Conversion: K 5 °C1 273

Definition of pH: pH52log[H3O1]52log[H1]

Avogadro’s Number: 6.0231023particles/mol

Nuclear Symbols

Name Symbol

Alpha particle or 24 He

Beta particle bor−10e

Gamma ray

Neutron 01n

Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment SystemChemistry Formula and Constants Sheet


Mas

sach

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Com

pre

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Ass

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Sys

tem

6.94

Li 3Li

thiu

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1.01

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9.01

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Ber

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2A 23A 13

4A 145A 15

6A 167A 17

3B 34B 4

5B 56B 6

7B 7

8B

89

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2B 12

22.9

9 Na

11S

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24.3

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39.1

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132.

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m(2

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(226

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183.

85 W 74Tu

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(98)

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07 Ru

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186.

21 Re

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23 Os

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106.

42 Pd

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192.

22 Ir 77Ir

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195.

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41 Cd

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97 Au 79 G

old

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59 Hg

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9 Si

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4.82 In 49

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71 Sn

50 Tin

204.

38 Tl

81T

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207.

2 Pb

82 Lead

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ine

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366MCAS_2013_Gr10_CHEM_RID

367

High School Chemistry Spring 2013 Released Items:

Reporting Categories, Standards, and Correct Answers*

Item No. Page No. Reporting Category StandardCorrect Answer

(MC)*

1 344 Properties of Matter and Thermochemistry 6.4 A

2 344 Solutions, Equilibrium, and Acid-Base Theory 7.5 B

3 345 Atomic Structure and Periodicity 2.1 D

4 345 Bonding and Reactions 4.3 D

5 345 Atomic Structure and Periodicity 2.7 A

6 346 Solutions, Equilibrium, and Acid-Base Theory 8.3 A


8 347 Bonding and Reactions 5.5 B

9 347 Solutions, Equilibrium, and Acid-Base Theory 7.6 C

10 347 Properties of Matter and Thermochemistry 6.3 C

11 348 Bonding and Reactions 5.4


13 349 Bonding and Reactions 4.2 A

14 349 Atomic Structure and Periodicity 3.2 B

15 350 Atomic Structure and Periodicity 2.5 C

16 350 Properties of Matter and Thermochemistry 6.2 A

17 351 Properties of Matter and Thermochemistry 6.1 D






23 354 Properties of Matter and Thermochemistry 1.2


25 355 Bonding and Reactions 5.6 C


27 356 Solutions, Equilibrium, and Acid-Base Theory 8.1 A






33 359 Bonding and Reactions 4.4


35 360 Solutions, Equilibrium, and Acid-Base Theory 7.4 D

36 360 Atomic Structure and Periodicity 2.4 C


38 361 Atomic Structure and Periodicity 2.3 D

39 361 Atomic Structure and Periodicity 2.2 A



368

Item No. Page No. Reporting Category StandardCorrect Answer

(MC)*

41 362 Bonding and Reactions 4.1 C


43 362 Properties of Matter and Thermochemistry 1.3 B

44 363 Atomic Structure and Periodicity 3.4

45 364 Solutions, Equilibrium, and Acid-Base Theory 7.3

*Answersareprovidedhereformultiple-choiceitemsonly.Sampleresponsesandscoringguidelinesforopen-responseitems,whichareindicatedbyshadedcells,willbepostedtotheDepartment’swebsitelaterthisyear.


XIX. Chemistry, High School

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