Xenotransplantation

Pigs and Humans What is xenotransplantation?What is xenotransplantation? History of . . .History of . . . StatisticsStatistics Biological Concept of . . .Biological Concept of . . . Ethical Issues of . . .Ethical Issues of . . . Where are we going with . . .Where are we going with . . . Works CitedWorks Cited Photos CitedPhotos Cited

Dr Nikhil BansalJ.N.M.C.,Wardha

Xenotransplantation refers to the practice of transplanting, implanting, or infusing living cells, tissues, or organs from one species to another.

1682 – Bone from a dog was used in Russia in an attempt to repair his injured skull. This attempt was reported successful, but the Russian had the bone removed soon after surgery under threat of the church of excommunication.

Late 1800’s – Frog Skins were often used as a way of healing burns or skin ulcers by grafting said skin directly onto the patient’s skin. One British Army surgeon was known to have claimed using this procedure a plethora of times with good results.

1905 – French Surgeon grafts kidney tissues from a rabbit into a child, the child died two weeks later

1920 – Doctor Serge Voronoff transplanted tissues from the testicles of monkeys into older men, claiming that the procedure brought sexual rejuvenation. Among his patients was the famous poet William Butler Yeats.

1963-4 – Thomas Starzl grafts baboon kidneys into six patients. The patients only lasted between 19 and 98 days.

1963-4 – 12 patients received Chimpanzee kidneys , however, most failed within two months of the surgery, though one did live for nine months, the longest time for a xenotransplantation patient to live up to this date.

1964 – A 68-year-old man dies two hours after receiving a Chimpanzee heart.

1969-1974 – Chimpanzee livers were transplanted into three children. They only survived between one to fourteen days.

1977 – A 25-year-old woman receives a baboon heart but dies only six hours after surgery. About the same time a 60-year-old man receives a chimpanzee heart to assist his own heart, but dies four days after.

1984 – Baby Faye receives a baboon heart and dies 20 days later.

1992 – Using a four-drug “cocktail” to assist the transplantation of a baboon liver a patient lives for 71 days. However, the patient died of a brain hemorrhage and the type of rejection typical was not seen.

1992 – A pig liver was placed besides the patients own liver in hopes that the extra liver would assist the patient’s liver long enough for a human donor to be found. The patient died after 32 hours.

1993 – Baboon marrow and kidney transplant, patient dies after 26 days.

1995 – Immune cells from a Baboon used for an AIDS patient. Condition improved though cells died quickly.

1997 – Pig fetal nerve cells used in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Pig cells survived in one patient for over 7 months

Only 5% of the organs needed are available

1990 United States – 21,914 people in need of transplants, 12,580 received them

1990-1999 United States – 59% increase in rate of organ donors

2001 United States – 80,374 people in need of transplants

2001 United States – 6,124 people died waiting for transplants

1996-2000 Canada – Waiting list grows by 62%

1996-2000 Canada – Number of transplants increases by 22%

1999 Canada – 170 (approximately 40% of those on the waiting list) people die waiting for transplants

2001 Canada – Almost 4,000 people waiting for transplants, a 15.6% increase in 3 years

The Need for Organ Donors grows at 15% per year

2004 Australia – In a survey two-thirds say they would use an animal organ to save their life

2004 Australia – Survey shows 7 out of 10 males would agree to xenotransplantation

2004 Australia – Survey shows 6 out of 10 woman would agree to xenotransplantation

Transplanted animal cells to be used for hemophillia, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease

Organ Transplants A Way of delivering

genes of therapeutic importance

Modern UsesModern Uses

Pigs have larger organs

Pigs are already slaughtered every day for meat

Primates have smaller organs

Primates share most of our genetic make up

Primates are not available in mass

Primates vs. PigsPrimates vs. Pigs

25 known diseases can be contacted from pig to human

Rejection rate is higher

Public Health risks Perfection of

Cloning

Existing Problems and WorriesExisting Problems and Worries

Selective breeding Genetic alterations Containment New and more

powerful drugs More Research

Solutions to the ProblemsSolutions to the Problems

Pig OrganPig Organ

Jewish – Forbidden to eat any part of a pig

Heart is the seat of the soul

No hybridization of man with any other species

ReligionReligion

Physical discomfort Psychological

discomfort Why should

animals suffer for humans?

The right to life

Animal RightsAnimal Rights

Bible technicalities Importance of

human life Inspectors for

animals Pigs are already

slaughtered daily Use as few

primates as possible

Arguments For XenotransplantationArguments For Xenotransplantation

Although to date there still hasn’t been any long term success with xenotransplantation scientists are optimistic that humans will no longer have any

shortage of organs, tissues, or cells for transplantation. Scientists are continually

conducting experiments to find new ways to solve any existing problems and to help prevent any new

problems. These range from developing new medications for rejection to breeding genetically

engineered pigs for the specific use of xenotransplantation. Although there have been some ethical issues raised, there doesn’t seem to be any

obstacles in the way of these remarkable experiments.

Berger, Alan H. and Gil Lamont. “Animal Organs Won’t Solve the Transplantation Shortage.” USA Today. 128.2654 (1999) : 56

Boyce, Nell. “Mixing Species – and crossing a live?” U.S. News & World Report. 27, Oct. 2003 : 58+.

Bryan, Jenny and John Clare. Organ Farm. Carlton Books Limited, 2001.

Cooper, David K.C. “Clinical Xenotransplantation – how close are we?” Lancet. 362.9383 (2003) : 3.

D’Silva, Joyce. “Dying to live.” Chemistry and Industry. 4 Dec. 2000: 767

Editorial. “Xeno’s paradox: putting animal organs into humans is a risk to public health.” The Economist. 341.7997 (1996) : 16.

Hutchinson, Ian. “The ethics of xenotransplantation.” Biological Sciences Review. 12.2 (1999) : 36.

Lanza, Robert and David K.C. Cooper. “Xenotransplantation”. Scientific America. 277.1 (1997) : 54-6.

Molzahn, Anita E, Rosalie Starzomski, and Janice McCormick. “The Supply of organs for transplantation: issues and challenges.” Nephrology Nursing Journal. 20.1 (2003) : 17(12).

Platt, Jeffery L. “Biotechnology: Xenotransplantation.” Encyclopedia of Animal Science. Marcel Dekker, 2005.

Ravelingien, A, F. Mortier, E. Mortier, I. Kerremans, and J. Braeckman. “Proceeding with Clinical trials of animal to human organ transplantation: a way out of the dilemma.” Journal of Medical Ethics. 30.1 (2004) : 92-6

Sci/Tech at BBC News. “The History of Xenotransplantation” http://www.viewingspace.com Aug. 1999.

Thomas, Jodie. “Survey backs animal organs.” Australian Business Intelligence. 22, Aug. 2004: N/A

Travis, John. “Pig virus raises xenotransplantation alarms.” Science News. 151.16 (1997) : 245

“Baby Fae.” Photo. Aug. 1999. The History of Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct. 2005. <http://www.viewingspace.com>

  Collony, Sandra. “Baboon Near Cage.”

Illustration. Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.ul.ie/elements/Issue7/images/Xenotransplantation_files/image002.jpg>

  Collony, Sandra. “Lots of Little Pigs.” Photo.

Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. < http://www.ul.ie/elements/Issue7/images/Xenotransplantation_files/image002.jpg>

Collony Sandra. “Two Pigs Cartoon.” Photo. Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. < http://www.ul.ie/elements/Issue7/images/Xenotransplantation_files/image002.jpg>

“Doctors at Work.” Photo. Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.scienceandsociety.emory.edu/GMO/Xenotransplantation_files/image002.jpg> 

Forna, Shiela. “Baboon/Pig.” Illustration. 2000. Merger Signals in Xenotransplantation Research. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v6/n11/images/nm1100_1195_I1.jpg>

“Heteroptic Mouse Model of Xenotransplantation.” Illustration. 2001. Vascular Biology and Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.wlab.gu.se/em/index-filer/image008.jpg> 

Loss, Martin. “Pig Organ.” Photo. 2004. Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. <h

Organ Farm. “Monkey Under.” Photo. Primates, Baboons, and Pigs. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.xenodiaries.org/images/babop3.jpg>

Pharma, Novartis. “Little Pig and Organ.” Illustration. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.novartistransplantation.de/pub/organtransplantation/images/geschichte_xenotx.jpg>

“Pig to Human.” Illustration. Xenotransplantation. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.liberation-mag.org.uk/0413.jpg> 

“Porky Cartoon.” Illustration. 2000. Xenotransplantation Humor. 20 Oct 2005. <http://www.crt-online.org/cartoons/xeno3.gif> 

Sue Cue Direct. “Xenotransplantation: She Has the Right to Listen, but Not to Speak.” 02 Oct. 2005. Prints by Sue Coe 1979-Present. Sue Coe Direct. 11 Oct. 2005. <http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.graphicwitness.org/coe/xeno1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.graphicwitness.org/coe/prntlist.htm&h=500&w=392&sz=55&tbnid=sUx3e_BhI_EJ:&tbnh=127&tbnw=99&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3DXenotransplantation%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D> 

“Three Pictures Combined.” Photos. 20 Oct. 2005. <http://www.juris.uqam.ca/images/xenotransplantation.jpg> 

Unipublic. “Xenokunst.” Illustration. 26 July 2003. Dr. Claude Kaufmann. 11 Oct. 2005. <http://www.unipublic.unizh.ch/lenya/unipublic/live/magazin/gesundheit/2003/0726.html;jsessionid=AB7AB6E55EFEF6E6D61FD907ABE42825>