www.uis.unesco.org STI Indicators and links to STI policies + UIS activities in the collection and analysis of STI indicators and overview of data for the Caribbean CARIBBEAN REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION (STI) INDICATORS St George’s, Grenada 1-3 February 2011
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www.uis.unesco.org
STI Indicators and links to STI policies + UIS activities in the collection and analysis of STI
indicators and overview of data for the Caribbean
CARIBBEAN REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION (STI) INDICATORSSt George’s, Grenada
1-3 February 2011
www.uis.unesco.org
Objectives of this presentation
Science policy and the linkage to indicators
Present the work that UIS does to support the collection and analysis of STI indicators in developing countries
Provide an overview of the availability of STI indicators worldwide and in the region
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Science policy and the linkage to indicators
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Science, technology and innovation (STI)
STI universally recognised now as one of the main drivers of economic growth…
… and therefore of poverty reduction as well
Governments should aim to harness the benefits of STI
Hence the need for a national STI policy
Integrated in the overall national strategic plan
Coordinated between the various actors that have a stake (e.g. Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Higher Education, etc.)
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The need for monitoring
Monitoring and benchmarking is critical in assessing, implementing and evaluating policy
If you don’t know where you are, how do you know in which direction you need to go?
Policies often include targets: need for (statistical) measures to assess progress
• E.g. Lisbon target (3%)
• China: 2.5% by 2020
• CPA: 1% in Africa
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STI policy, evidence/data needed: indicators to tell a story
Do I need to invest in R&D or in Higher Education?• Better know how much you are investing already
• What is a convenient and relevant measure?
• % of GDP? Number of graduates?
In which areas should I invest predominantly?• In which areas am I already investing?
• Which are important economic sectors, in mining, agriculture, industry, services, etc?
• Which are crucial public sectors, and what are national or regional peculiarities? (health, environment, utilities, defense,…)
Do I need to improve quality of higher education or research?• Better know how you compare to other countries
• Are there sufficient links of universities and institutes to industry?
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Some examples – UNESCO
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Some examples – EU
The EU innovation Scoreboard is "an annual assessment of innovation
performance in the individual Member States of the European Union.
It was an explicit request of the European Council of Ministers meeting
in Lisbon in March 2000
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Some examples – OECD
Innovation strategy
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Some examples – AU/NEPAD
The ASTII Initiative is a programme in the Africa’s Science and Technology Consolidated Plan of Action (CPA) (adopted in 2005) by the African
Ministerial Conference on Science and Technology (AMCOST), resolving “to
establish an inter-governmental committee comprising of relevant
national authorities to develop, adopt and use common indicators to survey
and prepare an African Science, technology and Innovation report”.
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Some examples – Latin America
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UIS activities in the collection and analysis
of STI indicators and
Overview of data for the Caribbean
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UIS is the UN lead agency for S&T statistics
Official S&T data source for:
UN Statistical Division: UN Statistical Year Book
UNDP: Human Development Report
World Bank: World Development Indicators
UNESCO Reports:
• UNESCO Science Report
• UNESCO World Report - Towards Knowledge Societies
• International Report on S&T and Gender
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UIS Strategy on S&T statistics
International Review of S&T Statistics & Indicators 2002-03
Resulting priorities:
Immediate term: • R&D personnel & expenditure
• Human resources devoted to S&T
• Science education & Higher education
• International mobility
• Gender
Medium term: Innovation data• Just started!
Longer term: Output & Impact
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Lines of action
1. S&T survey operation and data guardianship
2. Training in S&T statistics: workshops & other training activities
3. Standard setting and methodological developments
4. Analysis and publications
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1. S&T Survey operation and data guardianship
Global survey on statistics of science & technology
Global database on S&T Statistics
Data dissemination: on the UIS website and through contributions to other agencies
2011: pilot survey of innovation data
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Survey on Statistics of Science & Technology
Biennially.
2004, 2006 and 2008 S&T surveys completed.
4th round launched in June 2010.
Results released on UIS website (http://stats.uis.unesco.org).
OECD and Eurostat provide data for their Member States.
RICYT provides data for Latin America and for a few Caribbean countries.
UIS keeps direct contact with national S&T statisticians.
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Data collection
R&D Personnel
By sector of employment, occupation, qualification, and field of science
In headcount and FTE
By gender
R&D Expenditure
By sector of performance and source of funds
New: by type of activity and field of science
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Data collection in LAC
UIS RICYT Not coveredAntigua and Barbuda xBelize xBritish Virgin Islands xDominica xGrenada xSaint Lucia xPM: Netherlands Antilles xSaint Vincent and the Grenadines xBahamas xBarbados xCuba xDominican Republic xGuyana xHaiti xJamaica xSaint Kitts and Nevis xSuriname xTrinidad and Tobago xCuraçao xMontserrat xSint Maarten xPeatro Rico x
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UIS 2008 and 2010 Surveys on R&D:response rates & published data
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) worldwide (in Purchasing Power Parity Dollars)
Source: UIS, June 2010
873.2
653.0
137.3
272.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Developed countries Developing countries
GE
RD
(in
bill
ion
s P
PP
$)
2002 (790.3 billion) 2007 (1145.7 billion)
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Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) worldwide (in Purchasing Power Parity Dollars)
Source: UIS, June 2010
277
206
108
6239
98
265
87102
373
170148
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
USA EU Japan Otherdeveloped
China Otherdeveloping
GE
RD
(in
bill
ion
s P
PP
$)
2002 (790.3 billion) 2007 (1145.7 billion)
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Where are R&D investments made?Shares of world R&D expenditure (GERD) by principal regions, 2002 and 2007 (%)
Source: UIS, September 2009
2002 (789 billion PPP$)
North America,
37.8%
Asia,27.1%
Europe,30.3%
Latin America & Caribbean,
2.6%
Oceania,1.4% Africa,
0.9%
2007 (1138 billion PPP$)
North America,
34.7%
Asia,32.7%
Europe,27.3%
Latin America & Caribbean,
2.9%
Oceania,1.6% Africa,
0.9%
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Shares of world R&D expenditure (GERD) by principal regions/countries, 2002 and 2007 (%)
40
.4%
37
.8%
27
.1%
35
.1%
30
.3%
26
.1%
13
.7%
5.0
%
5.1
% 7.2
%
4.8
%
3.9
%
2.6
%
2.3
%
1.6
%
2.0
%
1.8
%
1.5
%
1.4
%
0.6
%
0.9
%
0.8
%
0.5
%
0.3
%
0.3
%
0.2
%
0.1
%
0.1
%
0.1
%
0.1
%
37
.6%
34
.7%
32
.7%
32
.4%
27
.3%
22
.9%
13
.0%
9.2
%
6.4
%
6.1
%
3.8
%
3.3
%
2.9
%
2.4
%
2.2
%
2.1
%
1.9
%
1.6
%
1.6
%
0.9
%
0.9
%
0.8
%
0.6
%
0.4
%
0.3
%
0.2
%
0.2
%
0.1
%
0.1
%
0.1
%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Am
eric
as
No
rth
Am
eric
a
Asi
a
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Eu
rop
e
Eu
rop
ean
Un
ion
Jap
an
Ch
ina
N.I.
E. A
sia
Ger
man
y
Fra
nce
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
L.A
.C.
C.I.
S. E
uro
pe
Ind
ia
Ru
ssia
n F
ed.
C.E
.O. E
uro
pe
Bra
zil
Oce
ania
Oth
er in
Asi
a
Afr
ica
Isra
el
Mex
ico
So
uth
Afr
ica
Ara
b S
tate
s (A
fric
a)
Oth
er S
ub
-Sah
aran
Arg
enti
na
Ara
b S
tate
s (A
sia)
Eg
ypt
C.I.
S. A
sia
2002 2007
Source: UIS estimates, September 2009
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World’s top 10 leaders in R&D investmentGERD ( billions PPP$), 2007 or latest available year
Source: UIS, August 2010
Rep. of Korea,41.3
India,24.8United Kingdom,
41.0
France,42.9
Canada,24.0 Russia,
23.4
Germany,72.2
China,102.4 Japan,
147.9
United States,398.1
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A snap-shot of R&D intensity.Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a percentage of GDP, 2007 or latest available year
0.00% – 0.25%
0.26% – 0.50%
0.51% – 1.00%
1.01% – 2.00%
Data not available
2.01% and above
Source: UIS, August 2010
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A snap-shot of R&D intensity.Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a percentage of GDP, 2007 or latest available year
0.00% – 0.25%
0.26% – 0.50%
0.51% – 1.00%
1.01% – 2.00%
Data not available
2.01% and above
Source: UIS, August 2010
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R&D expenditure in the Caribbean
R&D expenditure
in '000local
Currencyas a %of GDP
in constant2005 PPP
('000)
per capita(in constant
2005 PPP)
Bermuda (1997) 1726 0.06 .. ..
Cuba (2008) 304400 0.49 .. ..
Jamaica (2002) 286837 0.06 10598 4.1
Saint Lucia (1999) 6814 0.36 4706 30.3
Saint Vincent andthe Grenadines (2002) 1500 0.15 1027 9.5
Trinidad and Tobago(2007) 81100 0.06 17676 13.3
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Which regions are most R&D intensive?Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a % of GDP by principal regions/countries, 2007 or latest year available
Business enterprise Government Higher education Private non-profit Abroad Unknown
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Quality of data
Efficient use of resources
Consistency over time and space
Accessibility and affordability
Validityand reliability
Comparability through
standards
Relevance to policy
Potential for disaggregation
Currency and punctuality
Coherence across sources
Clarity and transparency
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2. Capacity building
There are many problems:
Lack of understanding of importance of S&T (indicators)
Lack of political will and action
Lack of coordination
Lack of trained personnel
High staff turnover
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Capacity building (2)
Measurement problems:
Measuring “real effort” (full-time equivalents)
Private sector R&D
Budget data vs. surveys
Role of foreign entities
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S&T statistics workshops
Increase the number of countries regularly producing quality S&T indicators.
Create local capacities and establish sustainable local S&T statistics systems.
Promote the use of S&T indicators for evidence-based S&T policy making.
Share experiences with other developing countries and address problems.
Gain knowledge about the particular characteristics of S&T statistics data.
Demonstrate good practices in other countries of the region.
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UIS S&T Statistics workshops
2005: Uganda, India
2006: Indonesia, Senegal, Kazakhstan
2007: Tunisia, FYR of Macedonia, Jordan, Brazil, Russia, Cameroon
2008: Oman, Cambodia, Botswana
2009: Kenya, Egypt
2010: Mali, Syria, Uzbekistan, Nepal
But also contributing to similar workshops of partner organisations (e.g. RICYT, NEPAD)
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Countries that have participated in UNESCO S&T statistics workshops 2005-2010
Countries and territories not yet covered
Countries and territories not targeted
Countries and territories covered
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Results of workshops
Increased response rate – non-responding countries learn how to do it from UIS and neighbours.
Immediate problems solved.
Increased data quality – improved understanding of application of international standards.
Face to face contacts = more effective networking.
Inputs to UIS programme development.
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3. Standard setting/methodological developments
Careers of Doctoral Holders – CDH (since 2004)
Measuring Innovation in Developing countries: Annex to the Oslo Manual (2005)
• Will be presented separately
Measuring R&D in Developing Countries: Technical Guide and Annex to the Frascati Manual (2010)
• Will be presented separately
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The careers of doctorate holders survey (CDH)
A joint project with the OECD and Eurostat.
Methodology developed “from scratch”.
Aimed both at developed and developing countries.
With participation from experts from both developed and developing countries.
Promoting the methodology by encouraging developing countries to conduct such surveys and produce cross-nationally comparable statistics on careers of doctorate holders.
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Relevance of the CDH project
Focus on the crucial role of highly qualified individuals who represent a key to the production, application and transmission of knowledge.
Statistics on the global trends in human resources for Science and Technology (HRST) very weak.
Quality and comparability of international data on migration is particularly weak.
Diversity of data collection methods hinders international comparability, and does not provide information on career paths and mobility patterns.
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Objectives of CDH
Objectives:
To design an internationally comparable tool for tracking the careers of doctorates holders and highly qualified people in different countries.
To collect and exchange information on the career paths of holders of doctorates from existing data sources and the new survey tool.
UIS Publications (can be downloaded from the UIS website): • S&T Bulletin 1 – Investment in R&D;
• S&T Bulletin 2 – Bibliometric Indicators;
• S&T Bulletin 3 – Women in Science
• Fact sheet: R&D statistics (recently updated)
UNESCO Science Report 2010
International Report on Science, Technology and Gender 2007
UNESCO World Report
History of Science Statistics at UNESCO
Paper on ‘current status of International Science statistics for Africa’ in African Statistical Journal
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Collaborations / Partnerships
UNESCO HQs
World Bank
Eurostat
AU-NEPAD
ADB
ATPS
ISDB
EU-Medibtikar
IDRC (Canada)
IRD (France)
UNESCO offices worldwide
OECD
RICYT (Latin America)
ALECSO
Arab Academy of Science
ISESCO
Inter-Academy Council
INRS (Quebec, Canada)
ASEAN
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Way forward
There is still a lot to do!
UIS needs to keep direct contact with statisticians: Quality and relevance.
Countries to establish sustainable S&T statistics systems, involving line ministries (S&T Ministries or Research Councils) and National Statistical Offices.