www.uis.unesco.org Measuring R&D: Challenges Faced by Developing Countries NATIONAL TRAINING WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION (STI) INDICATORS Tehran, Iran November 2010
Mar 27, 2015
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Measuring R&D: Challenges Faced by Developing Countries
NATIONAL TRAINING WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION (STI) INDICATORSTehran, Iran
November 2010
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Outline
The problem
The process
Contents of the Technical Guide
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R&D statistics in developing countries (1)
Recognition, meeting targets, evidence-based S&T policy, but:
• lack of interest at the level of policy makers (low policy-relevance?)
• S&T is still not properly represented in economic/social public policies. lack of resources devoted to statistics in S&T
• lack of technical knowledge for the production of cross-nationally comparable R&D statistics
• weak statistical institutions
• difficulties in applying Frascati Manual (FM) concepts and methods
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R&D statistics in developing countries (2)
Particular characteristics of R&D activities to be taken into account:
• R&D performers function within the specific context of a national, cultural, political, financial and economic system
• different structures in terms of government, innovation system, higher education system, statistical system
• particular ‘culture of information’
• Users of R&D stat: Gov, analysts. + international donor agencies
S&T indicators • adapted to particular policy needs
• provide answers to actual policy questions
However, international comparability is foremost
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The process (1)
Experience acquired through the UIS work, in particular through direct contact with S&T statisticians in numerous workshops and other meetings around the developing world.
Advisory Meeting to the UIS S&T Statistics Programme held in Montreal, Canada, December 2007.
Papers commissioned by UIS to Jacques Gaillard (IRD, Paris), Michael Kahn et al (HSRC, South Africa), and Gustavo Arber et al (RICYT, Argentina).
Proposal for an annex to the Frascati Manual on measuring R&D in developing countries was presented at the OECD 2008 and 2009 NESTI meeting.
Expert Meeting on Measuring R&D in Developing Countries in Windhoek, Namibia, 14 to 16 September 2009
Consultant has drafted the following two documents
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The process (2)
Technical Guide on Measuring R&D: Challenges for Developing Countries released in Oct 2010
Proposed Annex to the Frascati Manual submitted to OECD 2010 NESTI meeting
Objectives are to provide:• guidance to developing countries on how to adapt the FM
standards• recommendations for specific situations that fall outside FM
framework• suggestions on how to strengthen S&T statistical system in
developing countries
Stay within boundaries of FM Some of the measurement challenges may be considered
for a future revision of the FM
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Products
NEW Annex
proposed
http://www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/S&T/TechPaper5_EN.pdf
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Contents of the Technical Guide
1. Introduction
2. The nature of R&D activity in developing countries
3. R&D expenditure
4. Internal and international mobility of the R&D workforce
5. Specific fields of R&D activity
6. Foreign and internationally controlled entities
7. Strengthening R&D statistical systems
8. Thinking ahead
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Thank you!
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http://www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/S&T/TechPaper5_EN.pdf
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Chapter 2: The nature of R&D activity in developing countries
The growing importance of R&D
• More ‘R’ than ‘D’ in developing countries.
• Strong presence of the government and higher education sectors in the performance of R&D. Lower emphasis on R&D in business sector.
• Occasional R&D / Informal R&D
• Special types of R&D
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Chapter 2: The nature of R&D activity in developing countries cont…
Heterogeneity and concentration • Developing countries are a heterogeneous group:
» Group A: countries with consolidated R&D systems and developed S&T statistics systems no major difficulties in applying Frascati Manual concepts.
» Group B: countries with consolidated R&D systems and less developed S&T statistics systems need specific guidance on how to establish and consolidate sound R&D statistics systems.
» Group C: countries with incipient R&D systems need specific guidelines on how to start creating a regular R&D statistical collection.
• High degree of concentration (in group of countries, in particular institutions, in major projects, etc) lead to volatility and inconsistencies in statistics.
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Chapter 3. R&D expenditure
Use of secondary data from national budget• New sources of funds emerging (NGOs, Foreign entities, BE) • Discrepancy between voted and allocated budget • Budgetary commitments are not followed up• Mixing of budgetary records and annual reports from performing
units• Definition of S&T / R&D budgets • Identifying R&D components in the national budget
State-owned enterprises, university-owned companies and national scientific academies
Public vs. Private universities Fiscal year vs. calendar year Information systems in government and higher education
inadequate for statistics
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Chapter 4: Internal and international mobility of the R&D workforce
Underestimation of researchers
Unpaid research
Informal research
Research outside of the normal work setting with external funding
Multiple part time positions not taken into account or undercounted
Master’s research
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Counting researchers
Overestimation of researchers
Counting the contract instead of the real effort
Multiple full-time research positions
Special cases
FTE calculation >1 and FTE>HC
R&D in times of crisis
Visiting researchers
Brain circulation
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Counting researchers
Recommendations
Peer interviews of researchers
Include a module on barriers
Use secondary sources• Publication databases, both national and international
• STMIS and other databases of researchers
• Databases and registers of clinical trials
• Databases and registers of the main foreign donors involved in funding R&D in the countries
• University accreditation databases
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Chapter 5: Specific fields of R&D activity
Traditional knowledge
Clinical trials
Industrial activities
Research in social sciences and humanities
Software development and system engineering
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Traditional knowledge (TK)
Traditional knowledge: A cumulative body of knowledge, know-how, practices and representations maintained and developed by peoples with extended histories of interaction with the natural environment.
These sophisticated sets of understandings, interpretations and meanings are part and parcel of a cultural complex that encompasses language, naming and classification systems, resource use practices, ritual, spirituality and worldview.
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Traditional knowledge cont..
Dichotomy between traditional and scientific knowledge systems
substantive grounds – because of differences in the subject matter and characteristics of traditional and scientific knowledge
methodological and epistemological grounds – because the two forms of knowledge employ different methods to investigate reality
contextual grounds – because traditional knowledge is more deeply rooted in its environment
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Traditional knowledge cont..
Links between traditional and scientific knowledge systems
Scientific approach to TK (in ethno-botany, ethno-pedology, ethno-forestry, ethno-veterinary medicine, ethno-ecology, etc).
The application of scientific methods to TK, converting it into a source of scientific information. (in biodiversity science or nature conservation; traditional health and pharmacopeia).
Interaction between scientists and communities in participatory technology development
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Traditional knowledge cont..
Measurement issues and recommendations
Establish the boundaries for TK (what qualify as R&D)
Included: activities establishing an interface between traditional knowledge and R&D
Excluded: storage and communication of TK in traditional ways
Some fields of activities in TK are trans-disciplinary (e.g. ethno-botany), making them extremely difficult to map into the current classification’s structure.
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Clinical trials
Clinical trials
(Can) involve a significant amount of R&D
Need to be conducted on a wide population
Growth area for developing countries
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Clinical trials cont..
Measurement of clinical trials
Registers of clinical trials available, e.g. WHO but also national
Funding often from abroad
Performance various possibilities• a local branch of the foreign main sponsor
• universities and university hospitals
• individual researchers
• local medical clinics
• locally registered PNPs
• international PNPs
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Clinical trials cont..
Measurement issues and recommendations
Occupation category of local staff
• Medical doctors and other professionals with at least ISCED 5A degrees should be considered as researchers
• Nurses and other staff with qualifications below ISCED 5A should be accounted for as technicians
FTE calculation is important (often part-time)
Attribution of sector of performance must be done with care to avoid double counting
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Industrial activities
Reverse engineering: understanding the structure and functioning of an object (in order to make a new device or program creates a similar object in a different way), copying it, or improving it.
Recommendation: If reverse engineering is carried out in the framework of an R&D project to develop a new (and different) product, it should be considered as R&D.
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Research in the social sciences and humanities (SSH)
Research in SSH often under-reported, especially in business sector
More in Higher education and Government sectors Reasons for more focus on SSH:
• Growing importance of service sector and transition to KE• Technology transfer and community development depends on
understanding human agency• Development research, research on sustainable development and
climate change mitigation
Recommendations: • Should measure R&D in SSH across all sectors.• Development research and other social change projects:
R&D only in development and testing phase.• Research on religion: part of humanities and should be in
R&D surveys
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Chapter 6: Foreign and internationally controlled entities
Foreign antennas
Foreign company’s R&D labs
International organizations operating in the country
Foreign universities based and conducting R&D in campuses set up in the country
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The foreign institutions sector
Recommendation
Create a “foreign institutions” (FI) sector as a separate sector of performance
Funding flowing from this sector to other sectors should be considered from “Abroad” as stated in the main body of the Frascati Manual
What is included?
• Foreign antennas
• International organizations
• Foreign company’s R&D labs (remains in the business sector)
• Foreign universities (remains in the HE sector)
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The foreign institutions sector
The principal sector sub-classification
Business enterprises
Government
Higher Education
Private non-profit
International organizations
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Chapter 7: Strategies for setting up S&T statistics systems in developing countries
Will be discussed in the next presentation.
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Chapter 8: Thinking ahead: Other products – beyond R&D
Redefine the concepts of scientific and technological education and training at broadly the third level (STET), Scientific and technological services (STS) and S&T activities (STA)
Better integrate education statistics with R&D statistics
Hands on guidance
Metadata
Model questionnaire