WWII WWII Causes and US Entry Causes and US Entry American History Boesel 2011
WWII Causes and US Entry American History Boesel 2011.
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WWIIWWIICauses and US EntryCauses and US Entry
WWIIWWIICauses and US EntryCauses and US Entry
American HistoryAmerican History
Boesel 2011
The Road to World War II
Why it MattersWhy it MattersWhy it MattersWhy it Matters
After World War I, Europe was unstable. Fascists led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy, and Adolf Hitler and the Nazis took control of Germany. Meanwhile, Japan expanded its territory in Asia. As the Nazis gained power, they began a campaign of violence against Jews. When Germany attacked Poland, World War II began. The United States clung to neutrality until Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
DictatorsDictatorsDictatorsDictators• In 1917 the Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, set up
Communist governments throughout the Russian empire.• By 1926 Joseph Stalin had become the new Soviet dictator.
Millions of peasants who resisted Stalin’s industrial incentives and Communist policies were killed.
• In 1919 Benito Mussolini founded Italy’s Fascist Party.– Fascism was a kind of aggressive nationalism. – Fascists believed that the nation was more important than the
individual, and that a nation became great by expanding its territory and building its military. Facists were anti-Communist.
• In Germany, the Nazi Party was nationalistic and anti-Communist. Adolf Hitler, a member of the Nazi Party, called for the unification of all Germans under one government. He believed certain Germans were part of a “master race” destined to rule the world.
DictatorsDictatorsDictatorsDictators
• Difficult economic times in Japan after World War I undermined the country’s political system.
• Many Japanese officers and civilians wanted to seize territory to gain needed resources.
• In 1931 the Japanese army, without the government’s permission, invaded the resource-rich Chinese province of Manchuria.
• The military took control of Japan.
January 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany
Hitler soon ordered a program of re-arming Germany
Hitler visits a factory and is enthusiastically greeted. Many Germans were grateful for jobs after the misery of he depression years.
Overview:Overview:Overview:Overview:
• Most devastating war in human history• 55 million dead (55,000,000)• 1 trillion dollars
• Officially began in 1939 as a European Conflict
• Widened to include most of the world• Historians today recognize Japan’s annexation of
invasion of Manchuria in 1931 as part of the war’s beginning
Quick Facts Human Costs
How It BeganHow It BeganHow It BeganHow It Began
• WWI leftovers• Germany defeated in and had to pay cost of war. In
huge economic depression
• Italy victorious but wanted more territory
• Japan victorious but wanted China and much of Asia
• Outside factors…
What Were These Outside What Were These Outside Factors?Factors?
What Were These Outside What Were These Outside Factors?Factors?
• Germany reduced size• Organized League of Nations • France and Britain adopt policy of appeasement• U.S. isolationist - Congress passed the Neutrality
Act of 1935 making it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war. – Congress passed the Neutrality Act
of 1937, which continued the ban of selling arms to countries at war and required warring countries to buy nonmilitary supplies from the United States on a “cash and carry” basis.
Rise of HitlerRise of HitlerRise of HitlerRise of Hitler
• Nazi Party organized, 1920s
• Nazi party largest in Germany, 1932
• Hitler voted as chancellor, 1933
• New, feeble, Reichstag created
Hitler Gets to WorkHitler Gets to WorkHitler Gets to WorkHitler Gets to Work
• German federal states dissolved – Nazi governors appointed – April, 1933
• Gestapo Created -- April, 1933• Jewish Boycott – April, 1933• Trade-union leaders arrested – unions
dissolved – May, 1933• Jewish Books Banned & Burned – May, 1933• People’s Court established to try treason
cases – in secret – with no appeal – May, 1933
Hitler Gets to WorkHitler Gets to WorkHitler Gets to WorkHitler Gets to Work
• 27,000 People in Camps – July, 1933• National Socialist Party declared sole party of
Germany – July, 1933• Law for the Prevention of Hereditary and
Defective Offspring was proclaimed – July, 1933 (authorized surgical sterilization of mentally challenged, mentally ill, alcoholic or genetically diseased.
• 60,000 People in Camps – 1938• Illegal to Leave Germany – October, 1941
March 1936: German troops marched into the Rhineland
The Rhineland was a region of Germany that was ‘demilitarised’ after the Treaty of Versailles. Germany was not allowed to have troops in the region.
Hitler’s actions showed how he was willing to directly challenge the treaty.
The Rhineland
March 1938: Nazi Germany annexed Austria
Again, this went against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles which banned Germany from uniting with Austria.
However, the arrival of German troops was met with great enthusiasm by many Austrian people.
March 1939: Germany invaded Czechoslovakia
Hitler had ordered the occupation of a part of Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland (in October 1938). Many hoped that that this would be the last conquest of the Nazis.
However, in March 1939, he ordered his troops to take over the remainder of Czechoslovakia. This was the first aggressive step that suggested that a war in Europe would soon begin.
Those Who AllyThose Who AllyThose Who AllyThose Who Ally• Stalin and the Soviet
Union, 1939• Betrayed by 1941 - in
violation of the Nazi-Soviet Pact, Hitler began a massive invasion of the Soviet Union.
• Mussolini and Italy, 1939• Off and on betrayal until
Italian defeat in 1943
War BeginsWar BeginsWar BeginsWar Begins
• World War II officially began with the Nazi invasion of Poland and the French and British declaration of war on Germany in September 1939.
• The desire of the French and British to avoid another war helped encourage Hitler’s aggression in Europe. (Appeasement)
The non-aggression pact allowed Germany to march into Poland without fear of an attack from Russia.
On 3rd September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and started a War with Britain and France.
September 1939: Germany invaded Poland
German troops marching into Warsaw, the capital of Poland.
War BeginsWar BeginsWar BeginsWar Begins
• On August 23, 1939, Germany & USSR signed a nonaggression treaty, with a secret agreement to divide Poland.
• On September 1, 1939, they both invaded Poland.• On September 3, Britain and France declared war on
Germany–starting World War II. • The Germans used a blitzkrieg, or lightening war, to
attack Poland. • The Polish army was defeated by October 5.• On April 9, 1940, the German army attacked Norway and
Denmark and conquered both within a month.
German Territorial GainsGerman Territorial GainsGerman Territorial GainsGerman Territorial Gains
• Austria – March, 1938– In March 1938, Hitler announced the Anschluss, or unification, of
Austria and Germany.
• Border of Czechoslovakia – Sept., 1938– At the Munich Conference on September 29, 1938, Britain and
France, hoping to prevent another war, agreed to Hitler’s demands in a policy known as appeasement.
• All of Czechoslovakia – March, 1939• Poland – Sept., 1939 – The war begins• By Summer of 1940, Germany Controlled Most of Europe
• World shocked as France falls to Germans
May 1940: Germany turned west and invaded France and the Netherlands
In May 1940, Germany used Blitzkrieg tactics to attack France and the Netherlands.
British troops were forced to retreat from the beaches of Dunkirk in northern France.
Captured British troops, May 1940
France FallsFrance FallsFrance FallsFrance Falls
• After World War I, the French built a line of concrete bunkers and fortifications called the Maginot Line along the German border.
• When Hitler decided to attack France, he went around the Maginot Line by invading the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.
• The French and British forces quickly went into Belgium, becoming trapped there by German forces.
By June 1940, France had surrendered to the Germans
Britain now stood alone as the last remaining enemy of Hitler’s Germany in Western Europe.
Adolf Hitler tours Paris after his successful invasion.
France FallsFrance FallsFrance FallsFrance Falls
• By June 4, about 338,000 British and French troops had evacuated Belgium through the French port of Dunkirk and across the English Channel, using ships of all sizes.
• On June 22, 1940, France surrendered to the Germans.
• Germany installed a puppet government in France.
Maginot LineMaginot LineMaginot LineMaginot Line
German Territorial GainsGerman Territorial GainsGerman Territorial GainsGerman Territorial Gains
Animated map of the invasion of France:http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_fall_france_campaign.shtml
Links to all kinds of info:http://www.besthistorysites.net/WWII.shtml
Footage of Dunkirk:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kUJlZuy5wKEStart at 7:20http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gt44LvKq61g
September 1940-May 1941: the Blitz
For the following nine months, the German air force (Luftwaffe) launched repeated bombing raids on British towns and cities. This was known as the BLITZ and was an attempt to bomb Britain into submission.
Britain Remains DefiantBritain Remains DefiantBritain Remains DefiantBritain Remains Defiant
• Hitler thought that Britain would negotiate peace after France surrendered.
• He did not anticipate the bravery of the British people and their prime minister, Winston Churchill.
• On June 4, 1940, Churchill delivered a defiant speech that rallied the British people and alerted the United States to Britain’s plight. Roosevelt was listening.
Britain Remains DefiantBritain Remains DefiantBritain Remains DefiantBritain Remains DefiantDuring the bombing of Great Britain from August 1940 to May 1941, large areas of London and the entire city of Coventry were reduced to rubble.
Britain Remains DefiantBritain Remains DefiantBritain Remains DefiantBritain Remains Defiant
• To invade Britain, Germany had to defeat the British air force.
• In the Battle of Britain, the German air force, the Luftwaffe, launched an all-out air battle to destroy the British Royal Air Force.
• German bombers bombed London - the British responded by bombing Berlin, Germany.
• The Royal Air Force was greatly outnumbered by the Luftwaffe, but the British had radar stations and were able to detect incoming German aircraft and direct British fighters to intercept them.
FDR Supports EnglandFDR Supports EnglandFDR Supports EnglandFDR Supports England
• Two days after Britain and France declared war against Germany, FDR declared the United States neutral.
• The Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed warring countries to buy weapons from the United States as long as they paid cash and carried the arms away on their own ships.
• President Roosevelt used a loophole in the Neutrality Act of 1939 and sent 50 old American destroyers to Britain in exchange for the right to build American bases on British-controlled Newfoundland, Bermuda, and Caribbean islands.
Neutrality?Neutrality?Neutrality?Neutrality?• After the German invasion of France and the
rescue of Allied forces at Dunkirk, American public opinion changed to favor limited aid to the Allies.
• The America First Committee opposed any American intervention or aid to the Allies.
• President Roosevelt proposed the Lend-Lease Act, which stated that the United States could lend or lease arms to any country considered “vital to the defense of the United States.”
• Congress passed the act by a wide margin.
Neutrality?Neutrality?Neutrality?Neutrality?
• President Roosevelt developed the hemispheric defense zone, - declared the entire western half of the Atlantic as part of the Western Hemisphere and therefore neutral.
• This allowed Roosevelt to order the U.S. Navy to patrol the western Atlantic Ocean and reveal the location of German submarines to the British.
• In August 1941, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill agreed to the Atlantic Charter. This agreement committed the two leaders to a postwar world of democracy, nonaggression, free trade, economic advancement, and freedom of the seas.
Neutrality?Neutrality?Neutrality?Neutrality?
• After a German U-boat fired on the American destroyer Greer, Roosevelt ordered American ships to follow a “shoot-on-sight” policy toward German submarines.
• Germans torpedoed and sank the American destroyer Reuben James in the North Atlantic.
Getting More InvolvedGetting More InvolvedGetting More InvolvedGetting More Involved• Roosevelt wanted to help Britain and its allies defeat
Germany.• When Britain began moving its warships from Southeast
Asia to the Atlantic, Roosevelt introduced policies to discourage the Japanese from attacking the British Empire in the Pacific.
• In July 1940, Congress passed the Export Control Act, giving Roosevelt the power to restrict the sale of strategic materials–materials important for fighting a war–to other countries.
• Roosevelt immediately blocked the sale of airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan.
• The Japanese signed an alliance with Germany and Italy
Alliance That Changes WarAlliance That Changes WarAlliance That Changes WarAlliance That Changes War
• Japan had aligned itself with Germany and Italy, and these three countries became known as the Axis Powers.
• Japan was “China Hungry”• Japanese angry over U.S. support of China
– After Japan launched a full-scale attack on China in 1937, Roosevelt authorized the sale of weapons to China, saying that the Neutrality Act of 1937 did not apply, since neither China nor Japan had actually declared war.
• Japan agreed to peace negotiations with U. S. – but attacked while negotiations were going on in Washington D.C.
Getting More InvolvedGetting More InvolvedGetting More InvolvedGetting More Involved• By July 1941, Japanese aircraft posed a direct threat
to the British Empire.• Roosevelt responded to the threat by freezing all
Japanese assets in the United States and reducing the amount of oil shipped to Japan.
• He also sent General MacArthur to the Philippines to build up American defenses there.
• The Japanese decided to attack resource-rich British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia, seize the Philippines, and attack Pearl Harbor and the US Pacific Fleet.
Pearl HarborPearl HarborDec. 7, 1941Dec. 7, 1941Pearl HarborPearl HarborDec. 7, 1941Dec. 7, 1941
US Enters WWIIUS Enters WWIIUS Enters WWIIUS Enters WWII
• Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, sinking or damaging 21 ships of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, killing 2,403 Americans, and injuring hundreds more.
• The next day, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan.
• On December 11, 1941, Japan’s allies–Germany and Italy–declared war on the United States.
DamagesDamagesDamagesDamages
U. S. Involved In War
President Franklin D. Roosevelt had always supported internationalism.
Allies United:U.S.S.R, England and The U.S.
End Part 1End Part 1End Part 1End Part 1
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