WWI, Interwar Years, WWII Review

WORLD WAR I: CANADA’S ROLE

The M.A.I.N. causes of WWIThe M.A.I.N. causes of WWI

• Militarism - the competition to build bigger/more weapons

• Alliance System – the two sides form competing gangs

• Imperialism – the competition over colonies and business

• Nationalism – the fierce pride in one’s country

• History – there is a long history between the European countries

• Spark – the event that causes the long-term problems to blow

There were many long-term causes of the war.

At the turn of the century Europe was a mess of affairs.

Triple Entente vs. Triple AllianceTriple Entente vs. Triple AllianceThe two “gangs”The two “gangs”

CANADA GOES TO WAR

As soon as Britain declared war on Germany, Canada was automatically at war because we were part of the British Empire.

Widespread support for war in Canada at the start of war

Patriotism Feelings of excitement and adventure – people

thought it would be a short war – home by Christmas

Sam Hughes (Minister of Militia and Defense) set up training camp at Valcartier Quebec which got soldiers to Europe in a hurry

WAR IN EUROPE

Stalemate and Trench Warfare Germans attacked through Belgium and into

France but were stopped by French and British (including Canadians).

Neither side could advance = stalemate Both sides dug into trenches and attacked

periodically by ‘going over the top’ into ‘no man’s land’ toward the other opposing trenches

Particularly because of the machine gun this tactic did not work well and very little progress was made by either side for the next three years = stalemate

Conditions in the trenches were awful – wet, cold, rats, lice, dangerous

WAR IN EUROPE

The Changing Face of WarNew Types of Fighting

Battles of Attrition (grinding down) – rather than trying to win a decisive victory the two sides are trying to grind each other down (‘bleed the enemy white). You could also think of the whole war as one of attrition

Total War – when all resources of a country are organized to win the war – A new concept in the 20th century -massive materials needed, money through victory bonds and income tax, women

in factories,

How Ready Are You? List and explain the significance of 4 new

technologies used in WW I

WAR IN EUROPE

New Technology Tanks – Not used until 1916 (Somme) but

became increasingly effective and ultimately proved to be one of the reasons for allied victory

Poison Gas – First used by Germans at Ypres – nasty but not a major factor in the war

Machine Guns – Hugely important – responsible for most deaths during the war

Submarines – Germans used these very effectively until 1917 to destroy GB merchant ships trying to starve GB into submission

Airplanes – not a big impact – used for scouting and dogfights

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_ani_mark_one_tank.shtml

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_vt_dogfight.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_ani_mark_one_tank.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_ani_mark_one_tank.shtml

How ready are you? List and explain the significance of four

battles in which Canadians played a significant part.

Land Battles

Ypres, April 1915 Germans attacked allies with

poison gas First taste of trench warfare for

Canadian troops 6000 Canadians killed

Somme, July 1916

Huge Allied attack which failed 20000 + Canadians killed 90% casualty rate in Newfoundland

regiment 1.25 million casualties in total “das

Blutbad” 23 Canadians “shot at dawn”

Vimy Ridge, April 1917

Captured successfully by Canadians alone even though French and British had failed

Extremely well planned and executed Turning point in the war – first decisive victory Became a symbol for Canadian independence and

nationhood Canadian troops recognized as some of the best

on the western front Resulted in the Canadian corps being led by a

Canadian, General Arthur Currie, rather than a British general – we ran our own show after that

Passchendale, October 1917

A muddy nightmare Canadians ordered to attack despite

protests from General Currie They attacked and took

Passchendale but 16000 died (4 out of 5) for only 7 km of mud that the Germans soon won back

The Hundred Days

By early 1918 Russia had made peace leaving Germany with just the Western front to worry about

The US had entered the war in 1917 but still needed time to train

Germans tried one last massive offensive and by summer of 1918 made it within 75 km of Paris

However, they had overextended themselves. In the next 100 days, with Canadians playing a

huge part, the allies drove them back until they surrendered

How ready are you? How did the war impact Canada on the

home front? List and explain at least 5 examples.

IV THE WAR AT HOME

A. Economy boomed because Canada supplied all kinds of war supplies

Sam Hughes (Minister of Militia and Defense) in charge of Canada’s armament industry

Gave lots of contracts for weapons to his friends who were profiteers people more interested in making money than making quality products. Ex. Cardboard soled shoes

Hughes fired in 1916 and government took over munitions and grain production in 1917

B. War Measures Act Passed in 1914

Gov’t could control the economy and censor the mail

Could arrest people without laying charges

Recent immigrants from Germany and AH (enemy aliens) were treated harshly – had to carry special ID cards and report to registration officers. 8579 were held in isolation in internment camps

C. Paying for the War

Because of new weapons, the length of the war and the large Canadian contribution, the gov’t needed money which it raised through: Victory bonds – bought by Canadians to be

repaid after war with interest Taxes- introduced income tax as a temporary

measure on the wealthy (3%) and a profit tax (4%)on businesses

Late in the war borrowing money from the US

D. The Halifax Explosion, 1917

A French munitions ship collided with another ship and blew up in Halifax harbor

Over 2000 people were killed and many left homeless

US donated generously to help rebuild Halifax

E. Rationing

During the war food and fuel became scarce and prices soared because so much was being exported to Europe

Honour rationing was introduced – people limited themselves to 1.5 lbs of butter and 2 lbs of sugar/ month

Mandatory waste reduction was introduced

F. Propaganda

Propaganda is any strategy to persuade people to believe something or act a certain way – it often distorts the truth or is very one sided

Used to get people to join the war and to keep people patriotic about the war

Conscription Crisis

By 1917 voluntary enlistments were not keeping up with casualties (see graph on page 40 in counterpoints)

PM Robert Borden called for conscription – mandatory military service for men aged 20 – 35

Most of English Canada supported him while most of Quebec was against him

Many Quebeckers were not feeling patriotic since they felt little connection to either France or Britain and they felt that they were not being treated equally within Canada

There was also the feeling that Canada had done enough, that we needed our men at home to produce for the war

Borden called an election on the conscription issue but first he passed two laws – “War Time Elections Act.” - one giving all men and women overseas the vote, the other giving the vote to all women directly related to servicemen

He won the election (with only 3 of 65 seats in Quebec) and conscription was introduced

There were major protests in Quebec and Canada was divided Over 90% of all conscripts applied for exemptions for medical

and other reasons and only 25000 conscripted soldiers actually reached France before the war ended

H. New Roles for Women

Hundreds of women volunteered in the war as nurses and ambulance drivers

At home many women worked in war production industries and other jobs vacated by men off at war – this was a huge change because before 1914 it would have been unheard of to have women in these kinds of ‘men’s’ jobs

The contribution women were making led them to organize as suffragettes (women trying to the right to vote) and by the end of the war most women over 21 had earned the right to vote in federal elections

V. LEGACY OF WAR

The Paris Peace Conferences After Germany surrendered a peace was

dictated to them by the victories countries. Canada got its own seat at the peace conference (a big deal for a country many still saw as a British tag-along before the war

The Treaty of Versailles which came out of the conference really stuck it to Germany and many argue it sowed the seeds for the rise of Hitler and WW II

Effects of the War in Canada

Our great contributions to the war showed that we were an independent (autonomous) country. Some changes as a result of the war:

Women got the vote and their roles changed Troops gained respect Economy grew Debt grew so we introduced income tax which we

still have 60000 Canadians killed/ 178,000 wounded Conscription deepened the differences between

French and English

• 1. Which statement best describes Canada’s entry into World War One?

A. The Canadian government voted to join the war.

B. Canada declared war only after the United States did.

C. Canada declared war automatically when Britain did.

D. The Canadian government held a referendum before declaring war.

How ready are you?

6. Which of the following best describes “a war of attrition”?

A. One side incorporates the defeated enemy’s artillery.

B. One side uses lightning warfare to rapidly gain ground.

C. Both sides wear each other down until one is forced to give in.

D. Both sides build up their armed forces before engaging in warfare.

7. Why did the government assume control of munitions and grain production in 1917?

A. Harvest on prairie farms were declining. B. Importing of manufactured goods was

growing C. Profiteering among private businesses

was increasing. D Losses of convoy ships in the open seas

were mounting.

8. Which right were women granted as a result of WW I?A. to voteB. to workC. to own propertyD. to receive equal pay

Canadian Autonomy – Canadian Autonomy – Canada Grows UpCanada Grows Up

How ready are you? List and explain at least 5 events that

show Canada’s increasing autonomy from 1914-2000

Steps to Canadian Steps to Canadian AutonomyAutonomy

• 19141914 – – WW IWW I -Canada is automatically at -Canada is automatically at war when Britain enters WW I.war when Britain enters WW I.

• 19191919 – – Paris Peace Conference -Paris Peace Conference - Canada Canada gets its own seat at Paris Peace conference.gets its own seat at Paris Peace conference.

• 1922 – Chanak Crisis1922 – Chanak Crisis – British sent troops – British sent troops to Chanak, Turkey and Canadian PM William to Chanak, Turkey and Canadian PM William Lyon Mackenzie King said we would only Lyon Mackenzie King said we would only send troops if parliament agreed – first time send troops if parliament agreed – first time Canada refused unconditional support for Canada refused unconditional support for British.British.


• 1923 – Halibut Treaty1923 – Halibut Treaty – A treaty about – A treaty about fishing rights signed with the US. First fishing rights signed with the US. First treaty Canada signed totally on its own. treaty Canada signed totally on its own.

• 1926- King –Byng Affair1926- King –Byng Affair – Governor – Governor General (rep of the Queen in Canada) General (rep of the Queen in Canada) Byng refused a request from Prime Byng refused a request from Prime Minister King – fist time this happened. Minister King – fist time this happened. Led to a change in the role of the Led to a change in the role of the Governor General.Governor General.


• 1926 – Balfour Report1926 – Balfour Report – recognized – recognized that Canada was autonomous within that Canada was autonomous within the British Empirethe British Empire

• 1931 – Statute of Westminster1931 – Statute of Westminster – Put – Put Balfour report into law. Meant that Balfour report into law. Meant that Canada was an autonomous dominion Canada was an autonomous dominion of GB. The only thing we couldn’t do of GB. The only thing we couldn’t do was amend our own constitutionwas amend our own constitution


• 1939 – WW II1939 – WW II – Canada enters WW II after a – Canada enters WW II after a parliamentary vote a few days after Britain. parliamentary vote a few days after Britain. Showed independence in contrast to WW IShowed independence in contrast to WW I

• 1965 – Flag -1965 – Flag - Canada gets a new Flag after much Canada gets a new Flag after much debate – Another sign of autonomy, especially debate – Another sign of autonomy, especially because the symbol has no ties to Britainbecause the symbol has no ties to Britain

• 1982 – Constitution -1982 – Constitution - Canada patriates (brings Canada patriates (brings home) its Constitution which includes the right to home) its Constitution which includes the right to amend (change) our own constitution without the amend (change) our own constitution without the permission of Britain. permission of Britain.

The 20’s and 30’s

Economics 101Economics 101

Supply and demandSupply and demand – The concept that – The concept that explains how much things will cost. If explains how much things will cost. If demand (how bad people want something) demand (how bad people want something) is high and supply (how much of it there is) is high and supply (how much of it there is) is low then the price is likely to be high and is low then the price is likely to be high and vise versa.vise versa.

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – The – The total $ value of goods and service produced total $ value of goods and service produced by a country and its citizensby a country and its citizens

• Recovery- Recovery- When the economy is growing When the economy is growing again after a period of shrinkingagain after a period of shrinking


• ProsperityProsperity- When an economic activity - When an economic activity has been growing for quite a while (GDP has been growing for quite a while (GDP is high)is high)

• Budget Budget – A spending plan developed by – A spending plan developed by the government. the government.

• Deficit –Deficit – When the government spends When the government spends more in Budget that it takes in.more in Budget that it takes in.


• Inflation –Inflation – the fact that goods and services the fact that goods and services tend to cost more year after year. Measured tend to cost more year after year. Measured as a percentage (Ex. Canada had 2% inflation as a percentage (Ex. Canada had 2% inflation in 2006 means that the cost of everything in 2006 means that the cost of everything added together went up by 2% last year)added together went up by 2% last year)

• Recession –Recession – When economic activity as When economic activity as measured by the GDP is in declinemeasured by the GDP is in decline

• Depression –Depression – When economic activity (GDP) When economic activity (GDP) is in decline for a long period of timeis in decline for a long period of time


• Capitalism (market economy)–Capitalism (market economy)– An economic An economic theory that believes small local companies theory that believes small local companies should compete with each other. If they are left should compete with each other. If they are left alone people will naturally buy what they want alone people will naturally buy what they want which will lead companies to make more of which will lead companies to make more of what people want and less of what they don’t what people want and less of what they don’t want. Prices are determined by supply and want. Prices are determined by supply and demand. If everyone acts in their own self demand. If everyone acts in their own self interest all will be well according to this interest all will be well according to this economic system.economic system.

• Economic Cycles (The business Cycle)Economic Cycles (The business Cycle) – – Every 5-6 years it’s normal for the economy to Every 5-6 years it’s normal for the economy to go through cycles of prosperity and recession. go through cycles of prosperity and recession.

The Growth of the Labour Movement

Trade Union - A group of workers who join together to achieve common goals in bargaining with their employers. This process is called collective bargaining but back in 1919 the workers didn’t have any protections from the law to do such bargaining (they do today). Union members are part of the labour movement.

The Winnipeg General Strike• After WW I workers in Canada had begun to

form trade unions because the economy was doing badly (recession). Workers were asking for higher wages and better working conditions and the right to bargain collectively.

• In 1919 the OBU (One Big Union) was formed in Canada which would try to get better working conditions for all workers.

• In 1919, in Winnipeg a union (building and metal trades council) voted to go on strike if they didn’t get decent wages, an eight-hour workday and the right to bargain collectively.

• Ultimately, 30000 workers walked off the job and people in other major cities followed with sympathy strikes.

The Winnipeg General Strike

• The Strike in Winnipeg spread to other industries and the whole city was shut down.

• There was a fear that this might be the beginning of a Communist revolution

• The gov’t responded by sending troops and arresting strike leaders.

• There were riots in protest and the RCMP charged the crowd killing on and injuring 30 and arresting 300 on Bloody Saturday.

• The workers returned to work without getting their demands met.

• The strike did draw attention to the social and economic problems many people faced.

The Great Depression

How ready are you? List and explain five major causes of the

Great Depression in Canada.

CAUSES OF THE GREAT CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIONDEPRESSION

1. Over Production:1. Over Production: During the 1920s many industries During the 1920s many industries

were expanding and new factories were expanding and new factories were builtwere built

They made on overload of goods, They made on overload of goods, which in turn made owners panic and which in turn made owners panic and lay off their workerslay off their workers

This made sales slow down even more This made sales slow down even more because workers didn’t have money to because workers didn’t have money to spend.spend.


2. Canada’s reliance on exporting 2. Canada’s reliance on exporting staple products:staple products:

Canada’s economy depended on exporting Canada’s economy depended on exporting staple products (timber, crops, minerals) staple products (timber, crops, minerals) meaning if other countries suddenly needed meaning if other countries suddenly needed fewer staples our economy would be in fewer staples our economy would be in trouble.trouble.

Thus when the price of wheat dropped from Thus when the price of wheat dropped from $1.00/ bushel to 33c/ bushel the prairie $1.00/ bushel to 33c/ bushel the prairie provinces were devastated, especially when provinces were devastated, especially when on top of that there was drought and on top of that there was drought and windstorms.windstorms.


3. Canada’s dependence on the 3. Canada’s dependence on the United States:United States:

Canada especially depended on Canada especially depended on exporting to the US (40% of exports) exporting to the US (40% of exports) meaning that if the US economy meaning that if the US economy failed, ours would too. failed, ours would too.


4. Stock Market Crash4. Stock Market Crash Oct 29th, 1929 the stock markets in New Oct 29th, 1929 the stock markets in New

York and Toronto crashed meaning that the York and Toronto crashed meaning that the value of many companies shares traded value of many companies shares traded went down by a lot. This happened because went down by a lot. This happened because the prices had been driven to artificial highs the prices had been driven to artificial highs through speculation (people borrowing through speculation (people borrowing money to buy stocks and trying to sell them money to buy stocks and trying to sell them for profit quickly). Once prices corrected for profit quickly). Once prices corrected themselves a little lots of investors got themselves a little lots of investors got nervous and started to sell leading prices to nervous and started to sell leading prices to drop further and so on. drop further and so on.


5. Economic Protectionism and Tariffs5. Economic Protectionism and Tariffs Through out the 20’s there was an Through out the 20’s there was an

increasing trend towards protective tariffs. increasing trend towards protective tariffs. Tariffs are duties (money) collected on Tariffs are duties (money) collected on goods coming into a country. goods coming into a country.

At the beginning of the Depression, PM At the beginning of the Depression, PM Bennett tried to “blast a way into world Bennett tried to “blast a way into world markets,” by increasing tariffs by 50%. markets,” by increasing tariffs by 50%. This didn’t work well because the other This didn’t work well because the other countries retaliated and Canadian countries retaliated and Canadian producers lost even more markets abroad.producers lost even more markets abroad.


6. International Debt after WW I6. International Debt after WW I Everyone owed the US money after Everyone owed the US money after

WW I and they needed to sell stuff to WW I and they needed to sell stuff to the US to be able to pay it back. the US to be able to pay it back. When the US became protectionist When the US became protectionist that was harder to do. that was harder to do.

7. Drought on the Prairies7. Drought on the Prairies

The Prairies were particularly hard hit The Prairies were particularly hard hit because in addition to the above because in addition to the above mentioned factors they were hit by mentioned factors they were hit by years of drought (called the years of drought (called the dustbowl). Since their economies dustbowl). Since their economies were particularly dependent on were particularly dependent on farming it was the worst place to be farming it was the worst place to be during the depression.during the depression.

How ready are you? How did the Canadian government first

under McKenzie King (until 1930) and then under Bennett (from 1930- 1935) respond the Great Depression?

Government Responses to the Great Depression

• At the start of the depression the attitude of the government was that people had to tough it out and that things would get better. Prime Minister (PM) McKenzie King (a Liberal) specifically denied any help to provinces with Provincial Governments run by the Conservative party. He was replaced by RB Bennett after the 1930 election. The government tried to help through the following:


• Increased tariffs (protectionism) – ineffective


• Cut Government Spending so it’s in line with government revenue

• ineffective


• Pogey – Like Welfare except you got vouchers if you were poor enough. People were humiliated to obtain their vouchers. The amounts were very low so people still starved and suffered disease

• Helped a little but came nowhere close to addressing all the need.


• Unemployment Relief Camps – Set up in 1930 for single unemployed men by PM R.B. Bennett. They got 20c/day and room and board.

• Helped a little but again nowhere near what was needed.

• Racism in the governments relief efforts – Chinese in Vancouver got no relief at first and then were expected to be fed on ½ of what I white person would get. Aboriginals on reserves were supposed to live off $5/ month


• Bennett’s New Deal – During the 1935 election Bennett (conservative) promised a New Deal if he was elected which would include:

– Progressive taxation (the more you make the higher percentage of taxes you pay)

– Introduction of a minimum wage– Unemployment insurance– Health insurance– Revised old age pension– Regulated wheat prices

• Although Bennett lost the election to McKenzie King (Liberal) and these measures were not implemented right away, they show a shift in the attitudes of the government and signal the beginning of change

People’s Responses to the Great Depression

1. Riding the Rails- People rode on railway cars searching for work and later because there was nothing to do.

2. On-to-Ottawa Trek- In 1935, unemployed relief camp workers men from boarded trains from Vancouver to Ottawa demanding work with wages. When they reached Regina, the police stopped them and the Regina Riot broke out.

3. Diversion- Finding stuff to get their mind of the depression. The Dionne Quintuplets were born in 1934 in Ontario and turned into a tourist attraction.

Effects of the Great Depression

• Unemployment – Got up to almost 30% in the worst years of the depression and even higher in certain provinces

How ready are you? What were the short and long term

impacts of the Great Depression?


New Political Parties• The popular laissez-faire (free market

capitalism) approach wasn’t working so there was room for new ideas to be heard and to flourish.

– Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) – This Socialist political party was formed in 1932 by JS Woodsworth in Saskatchewan. It was a response to the hardships of the Great Depression.

– Social Credit – “Bible Bill” Aberhart led this new party in Alberta that believed the government should give $125 to each citizen (a social credit) to kick start the economy.


The Changing Role of Government• This is the most long lasting effect. The depression

was so bad, and the traditional laissez fair approach to economy so ineffective, that governments started embracing Keynesian economics. Keynes’ idea was that the gov’t should borrow money in tough times (deficit financing) to fund huge employment projects that would benefit society as a whole (like a new hydro dam). A key change here is that rather than leaving the economy alone (laissez-fair) the government should actively steer the economy and thereby hopefully minimize the bad times on the economic cycle.


The changing role of government. • The depression also made the governments

realize that they had to take a more active role in helping those in need during tough times through things like unemployment insurance, welfare, sick benefits, child benefits, pensions, etc. All of these social program either directly or indirectly originated in the Great depression.

The Development of The Development of A Welfare StateA Welfare State

Welfare State definedWelfare State defined::

• A country in which the government A country in which the government assumes a large measure of assumes a large measure of responsibility for the social welfare responsibility for the social welfare of its members through programs of its members through programs like unemployment insurance, like unemployment insurance, medicare and welfare medicare and welfare

How ready are you? List and explain at least four examples of

Canada becoming welfare state.

Becoming a Welfare Becoming a Welfare StateState

• Canada gradually became a welfare state in Canada gradually became a welfare state in the 27 years following the great depression. the 27 years following the great depression. (1939-1966) During the depression, (1939-1966) During the depression, governments began to realize that they had governments began to realize that they had to take a more active role in helping those to take a more active role in helping those in need during tough times through things in need during tough times through things like unemployment insurance, welfare, sick like unemployment insurance, welfare, sick benefits, child benefits, pensions, etc. Some benefits, child benefits, pensions, etc. Some of the major social programs introduced of the major social programs introduced from 1939-1966 were:from 1939-1966 were:

• 1940 – McKenzie King (PM) 1940 – McKenzie King (PM) introduced introduced Unemployment Unemployment InsuranceInsurance (now called employment (now called employment insurance).\insurance).\

• 1945 – McKenzie King’s government 1945 – McKenzie King’s government introduced introduced Family Allowances Family Allowances (baby bonuses).(baby bonuses).

More Social ProgramsMore Social Programs• 1962 – Saskatchewan Premier, Tommy Douglas 1962 – Saskatchewan Premier, Tommy Douglas

introduced introduced free public health carefree public health care in his province in his province despite strong opposition from its doctors.despite strong opposition from its doctors.

• 1966 – Pearson (PM) 1966 – Pearson (PM) Canada Pension PlanCanada Pension Plan is is introducedintroduced

• 1966 – 1966 – Canada Assistance PlanCanada Assistance Plan- federal - federal government gives money to provincial governments government gives money to provincial governments to help fund social assistance programs for needy to help fund social assistance programs for needy people – ex. Social assistance available to single people – ex. Social assistance available to single parents and physically disabled peopleparents and physically disabled people

• 1966 – 1966 – Medical Care ActMedical Care Act – free public medicine for – free public medicine for all Canadians was introduced by the Pearson all Canadians was introduced by the Pearson government. By this time Tommy Douglas was the government. By this time Tommy Douglas was the leader of the federal NDP and his party helped push leader of the federal NDP and his party helped push the government to implement this most popular the government to implement this most popular social programsocial program

More Social ProgramsMore Social Programs

• 1966 – 1966 – Canada Assistance PlanCanada Assistance Plan- federal - federal government gives money to provincial government gives money to provincial governments to help fund social assistance governments to help fund social assistance programs for needy people – ex. Social programs for needy people – ex. Social assistance available to single parents and assistance available to single parents and physically disabled peoplephysically disabled people

• 1966 – 1966 – Medical Care ActMedical Care Act – free public – free public medicine for all Canadians was introduced by medicine for all Canadians was introduced by the Pearson government. By this time Tommy the Pearson government. By this time Tommy Douglas was the leader of the federal NDP Douglas was the leader of the federal NDP and his party helped push the government to and his party helped push the government to implement this most popular social programimplement this most popular social program

1976-19901976-1990

• By the late 1970’s and early 1980’s the federal By the late 1970’s and early 1980’s the federal government was running into money problems government was running into money problems and began cutting some of Canada’s social and began cutting some of Canada’s social program effectively eroding the welfare stateprogram effectively eroding the welfare state

• The conservative government led by Brian The conservative government led by Brian Mulrony elected in 1984 initiated a period of Mulrony elected in 1984 initiated a period of restraint – cutting back of social programs to restraint – cutting back of social programs to decrease government spending. During this decrease government spending. During this time some provinces introduced medicare time some provinces introduced medicare premiums and other user fees, the family premiums and other user fees, the family allowance was cut and fewer workers were allowance was cut and fewer workers were covered under unemployment insurance. covered under unemployment insurance.

How ready are you? Quick Quiz

What was a key demand of the Winnipeg General Strike leaders?

a) the right to universal health careb) The right to collective bargainingc) The right to collect unemployment

insuranced) The right to participate in the free market

economy

9. Which newspaper headline reflects the concept of inflation?

A. “Price of oil soars”B. “Banks lower interest rates”C. “Brokers panic as stock prices fall”D. “Oversupply of grain threatens wheat

sales”

10.Which of the following was a cause of the October 1929 stock market crash?

a) tariffsb) crop failuresc) buying on margind) assembly line production

11. Which factor contributed to the start of the Great Depression in Canada?

A. overproduction of productsB. continued demand for consumer goodsC. increased dependence on government

programsD. decreasing duties on exports entering the

United States

13. What was Prime Minister King’s economic policy at the start of the Great Depression?

a) Daily allowances for the unemployed would be available.

b) Social welfare was to be the responsibility of the provinces.

c) Work camps would be opened to create jobs for the unemployed.

d) Provinces with Conservative governments could expect federal support.

14. Which statement describes conditions on the Canadian Prairies during the Great Depression?

A. Gas prices rose to record highs.B. Drought-resistant crops provided high

yields.C. Weather conditions caused many farms to

be abandoned.D. A strong manufacturing sector allowed

the Prairies to prosper.

15. Which political party supported the idea of giving twenty-five dollars a month to Canadian citizens during the Great Depression

a) Liberalb) Union Nationalec) Social Creditd) Co-operative Commonwealth Federation

18. Laissez-faire meansA.The creation of Social Programs to look after the needyB. Free markets without regulationC. Command economyD. Imposing heavy duties on trade

CANADA’S ROLE IN WORLD WAR II

World War II• Axis Powers

– Germany – Hitler– Italy – Mussolini– Japan – Tojo, Emperor Hirohito

• Allies– Britain - Chamberlain, Churchill– USSR – Stalin– USA – Roosevelt

– Canada – Mackenzie King – Others: France, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa

Appeasement

CRAMP CUP

1. Conscription & rearmament

2. Rhineland3. Austrian Anschluss4. Munich Pact

(Sudetenland)5. Czechoslovakia6. USSR-Nazi Pact7. Poland

WWII Breaks OutWWII Breaks OutSeptember 1, 1939September 1, 1939

Canada Sept. 10, 1939Canada Sept. 10, 1939

• Poland invaded• Phony War• Norway, Denmark,

Belgium, France• France falls

– Dunkirk Evacuation

• Britain (and colonies) Stands alone vs. Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan

Hitler needs to take out threat of Britain so that he can turn his attention to USSR.

How ready are you? List and explain the significance of five

examples of Canadian contributions to the war effort.

Canadians at Hong KongCanadians at Hong Kong

• In the Pacific Japan attacked Pearl Harbour in In the Pacific Japan attacked Pearl Harbour in December of 1941 and hours later took over December of 1941 and hours later took over the British colony of Hong Kong which had the British colony of Hong Kong which had 1975 Canadians protecting it. All of these 1975 Canadians protecting it. All of these soldiers were either killed or taken prisoner soldiers were either killed or taken prisoner and held for the rest of the war in horrible and held for the rest of the war in horrible conditions. conditions.

• SignificanceSignificance: First major action for Canadian : First major action for Canadian troops in the war. Sent a message to troops in the war. Sent a message to Canadians at home.Canadians at home.

Battle of Britain• Germany attacks

Britain by air and is ultimately defeated – a turning point in the war

• Canada helped by training most of the pilots through the Commonwealth Air Training Program

• Some Canadian pilots flew for the RAF

Bomber CommandBomber Command

• Britain’s and Canada’s air force Britain’s and Canada’s air force combined to fly bombing missions into combined to fly bombing missions into Germany throughout the war.Germany throughout the war.

• Throughout the war they targeted Throughout the war they targeted German war productionGerman war production

• Later in the war they also bombed Later in the war they also bombed German citiesGerman cities

• Over 10,000 Canadians were killed as Over 10,000 Canadians were killed as part of Bomber Commandpart of Bomber Command

• Significance:Significance: Successfully disrupted Successfully disrupted German war production which made a German war production which made a big difference in the long run big difference in the long run

DieppeDieppe• August 19, 1942 CEF lands

5,000 troops on beach at Dieppe.

• Bad planning, bad luck, and late changes to the plan lead to……

• 900 dead, 1,000 wounded, 1,900 captured….major failure

• ISSUES:

• Conscription

• Expendability

• Lessons for D-Day?

The Italian Campaign The Italian Campaign

• By 1943 the allies were ready to push back By 1943 the allies were ready to push back the Germans from the South and they invaded the Germans from the South and they invaded Italy with Canadians playing a major role.Italy with Canadians playing a major role.

• They first took Sicily and then landed on the They first took Sicily and then landed on the Italian mainland eventually pushing the Italian mainland eventually pushing the Germans (who were defending Italy) further Germans (who were defending Italy) further North.North.

• Significance:Significance: Was an important step towards Was an important step towards the liberation of Europe and kept many the liberation of Europe and kept many German troops away from France making the German troops away from France making the landing there easier for the allies. landing there easier for the allies.

The Battle of the Atlantic The Battle of the Atlantic 1940-19441940-1944

• Germans were trying to cut off supplies to Britain Germans were trying to cut off supplies to Britain from North America and did so very successfully from North America and did so very successfully using submarines (U-Boats) until 1941.using submarines (U-Boats) until 1941.

• By 1941 the allies began sailing in convoys (groups By 1941 the allies began sailing in convoys (groups of ships protected by destroyers). The Canadian of ships protected by destroyers). The Canadian Navy helped a lot by using small warships called Navy helped a lot by using small warships called corvettes.corvettes.

• They also started using sonar (like underwater radar) They also started using sonar (like underwater radar) to find the German U-boats. to find the German U-boats.

• By 1943 the allies had won the battle of the Atlantic By 1943 the allies had won the battle of the Atlantic in large part due to Canada’s contribution – by the in large part due to Canada’s contribution – by the end of the war Canada had 370 ships and 100000 end of the war Canada had 370 ships and 100000 personal in the navy.personal in the navy.

• Many Canadians also served on the merchant ships Many Canadians also served on the merchant ships which was dangerous work.which was dangerous work.

• Significance:Significance: With their contribution to the Battle of With their contribution to the Battle of the Atlantic, Canadians ensured supplies for Britain the Atlantic, Canadians ensured supplies for Britain and the ultimate invasion of mainland Europe. and the ultimate invasion of mainland Europe.

D-DAY – Normandy D-DAY – Normandy Invasion Invasion

• By 1944 the Allies were ready to gain France By 1944 the Allies were ready to gain France back from the Germans. After planning for over a back from the Germans. After planning for over a year they launched a huge attack using naval and year they launched a huge attack using naval and aerial bombardment of the Normandy region of aerial bombardment of the Normandy region of France eventually capturing five beaches.France eventually capturing five beaches.

• One of the beaches, Juno beach, was captured by One of the beaches, Juno beach, was captured by the Canadians (14000 soldiers)the Canadians (14000 soldiers)

• The Canadians continued to push the Germans The Canadians continued to push the Germans back through France and liberated Holland by back through France and liberated Holland by May 1945May 1945

• Significance:Significance: The Normandy Invasion was the The Normandy Invasion was the final turning point in the war after which the final turning point in the war after which the Germans were in constant retreat. Canadians Germans were in constant retreat. Canadians made a significant contribution to it although in made a significant contribution to it although in the big picture it was minor (14,000 Canadians the big picture it was minor (14,000 Canadians 1,000,000 Allied soldiers in total for this 1,000,000 Allied soldiers in total for this operation).operation).

How ready are you? List and explain the significance of five

examples of Canadian contributions to the war effort.

Other Canadian Other Canadian Contributions Contributions

• Liberation of Holland

• Convoys / Corvettes

• Factories• Merchant Marine• Farmers

WWII IssuesWWII IssuesEssay Questions?Essay Questions?

• Internment of Japanese-Canadians

• Conscription• Immigration • Atomic Bomb

– Hiroshima– Nagasaki

• Holocaust– St. Louis Incident

• Nuremberg Trials

How ready are you? List and explain four ways that WW II

impacted Canada on the home front.

The Role of Women

• During WW II Canada created women’s branches in the army and 46000 women served overseas as cooks, nurses, pilots, mechanics, radar operators and welders.

• At home women again worked in factories to help supply the war.

• They were encouraged to work through tax breaks and day care.

• Still they were paid less than men for doing the same jobs and expected to go back to being housewives after the war.

Production (“The Arsenal of Democracy”)

• The war ended the depression because Britain needed supplies and weapons

• Because Canada was a safe place with lots of natural resources we supplied the war be creating bombs, bullets, ships, planes, amoured cars. This was a major contribution to the war effort.

• As in WW I, the gov’t took an active role in increasing production through the War Supply Board

• Food was rationed (gas, coffee, tea, butter, milk, sugar and meat)

Conscription Crisis # 2

• 1940 – King’s gov’t passed the National Resources Mobilization Act (NRMA) which gave them special emergency powers to mobilize all the resources of the nation to defeat the enemy

• 1942 – King held a plebiscite (vote on an issue) asking Canadians to release his gov’t from their promise not to invoke conscription.

• 1944 – Although King had tried to avoid sending conscripts overseas, 13000 were sent but only 2000 made it to the front lines.

• 80% of English Canada supported conscription while over 70% of French Canadians did not.

• This strained French-English relations again but not as badly as during WW I

Propaganda

• Just like in WW I the government created posters and films to convince Canadians of the importance of the war and the evil nature of the enemy.

Japanese Internment

• After Pearl Harbour, people in Canada feared that Japanese Canadians might supply Japan with secret information or even help them invade Canada

• Starting in 1942 all Japanese Canadians were stripped of their rights and required to carry ID cards at all times.

• They were given a choice to go back to Japan or to relocate away from the West coast.

• 22000 Japanese Canadians were sent to internment camps, 14000 of whom were born in Canada

• All of their possessions were sold cheaply and the money went to pay for “storage and handling” charges.

• After the war they were released from the camps.• In 1988 the federal gov’t apologized and gave $21,000 to each

survivor.

Other Enemy Aliens and Discrimination during WW II

• German Canadians and Italian Canadians had to register as well and a small percentage were interned.

• There was significant prejudice against Jews during this time. Jewish refugees were refused entry and some Canadians refused to hire Jewish judges, lawyers, professors and teachers.

How ready are you? List and explain four ways that WW II

impacted Canada on the home front.

Effects of WW II on Canada • Economic• The war got Canada out of the depression• Shifted the nature of Canada’s economy towards more

industrial production and manufacturing.• Political• Canada gained an international reputation as a middle

power.• Our troops were recognized for their contributions.• Social• Blacks and aboriginal peoples contributed to the war and

hence progressed in status.• Women achieved greater recognition.• Canada became more tolerant (less racist) and accepted

more refugees.• Canada experienced a baby boom and lots of new

immigrants (including war brides) from Europe.

• 1. In 1939, why did Canada declare war on Germany one week after Great Britain?

A. The Canadian armed forces training was incomplete.

B. Germany had yet to launch an attack on Great Britain.

C. The United States had not yet declared its position on the war.

D. The House of Commons had to vote on whether Canada should participate

Use the following information to answer question # 2Canadian Forces in WW II Battles1. D-Day2. Battle of Hong Kong3. Dieppe

2. What is the correct chronological order of these events?A. 1, 2, 3B. 1, 3, 2D. 2, 3, 1C. 2, 1, 3.

• 3. During WW II the Canadian government interned

A. German Canadians.

B. Japanese Canadians.

C. French Canadians.

D. Italian Canadians.

• 4. McKenzie King called a referendum in 1942 about the issue of

A. conscription.

B. women’s rights.

C. Canada staying in the war.

D. an alliance with the U.S.

• 5. Which of the following was introduced during WW II in Canada

A. relief.

B. unemployment insurance.

C. universal health care.

D. women’s right to vote.

• 6. Canada contributed to the allied war effort by

A. training pilots.

B. sending armed forces.

C. producing planes for the war effort.

D. all of the above.

E. only B and C are true.

• 7. Which of the following is the best example of a WW II military success for Canada?

A. Dieppe.

B. Hong Kong.

C. D-Day.

D. Battle of Stalingrad

• 8. Which of the following is the most accurate statement about WW II

A. The allies were successful early on but not towards the end.

B. The allies were defeated early on but came back to win the war.

C. Hitler had a bad start to the war.D. The allies won the war easily from start to

finish.

Long-term Causes of

WWI

WWI Breaks Out All Over

Canadian Battles of

Note

Miscellaneous Treaty of Versailles

200 200 200 200 200

400 400 400 400 400

600 600 600 600 600

800 800 800 800 800

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Imperialism

The “I” in MAIN stands for?

Serbia

Nationalism in this country led to the terrorist group that killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The three members of the Triple Entente

BritainFranceRussia

Militarism is best exemplified by the development of this British ship

The Dreadnought

What year was Franz Ferdinand (and Sofie) killed?

1914

The country that “mobilized” (got their army together) first

Russia

The country that gave Austria-Hungary the “blank cheque”

Germany

The first country actually invaded in World War I

Belgium

The “Schlieffen Plan” was designed to avoid what?

Two-front war

The member of one of the alliances that did not go to war immediately

Italy

The battle where poison gas was used for the first time

Ypres

The battle where the Newfoundland Regiment was decimated

Beaumont Hamel

The bloodiest battle of WWI

Battle of the Somme

The battle that caused the conscription crisis

Vimy Ridge

The man who trained most of the Canadian troops

Sam Hughes

The event that brought the war onto Canada’s soil

Halifax Explosion 1917

The main training camp for Canadian soldiers

Valcartier

The torpedoed ship that was a major reason for the USA’s entry into WWI

Lusitania

Canada’s best “ace”

Billy Bishop

The three ways the government paid for the war

Victory BondsIncome Tax Loans

The time, date, and year of the cease fire (armistice)

11am, Nov.11, 1918

The US president that created the “14 points”

Woodrow Wilson

The Germans’ most hated part of the Treaty of Versailles

War Guilt Clause

The monetary punishment that Germany was forced to pay

Reparations

The year when the ToV was signed

1919

WWI, Interwar Years, WWII Review

Education

world war

war submarines germans

war impact canada

short war home

attrition total war

war machine guns

war measures act

europe stalemate