1 The Interwar Years The Interwar Years 1919-1939 Collapse of Empires Collapse of Empires WWI Causes two empires to collapse WWI Causes two empires to collapse Breakup of Austria-Hungary Breakup of Austria-Hungary Austria and Austria and Hungary became independent nations. Hungary became independent nations. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Italy and Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Italy and Romania each gained land. Romania each gained land. Breakup of Ottoman Empire Breakup of Ottoman Empire Most of the Most of the Arab lands of the Ottoman Empire were Arab lands of the Ottoman Empire were placed under the control of Britain and placed under the control of Britain and France. These European powers created a France. These European powers created a system of territories out of the land, which system of territories out of the land, which was administered by western powers. The was administered by western powers. The rest of the land became the country of rest of the land became the country of Turkey. Turkey. Unfulfilled National Goals Unfulfilled National Goals Germany was disturbed by terms of Treaty of Versailles. Italy did not get the land that they were promised in their secret treaty with the Allies. Japan was angry because the Allies did not recognize its claims in China. China was angry that Japan had been given control over former German possessions in China. Russia was angry over the reestablishment of Poland and the creation of Independent Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania on lands that had been part of the Russian Empire. Strong Nationalism continued after WWI Strong Nationalism continued after WWI Indian Nationalism Indian Nationalism Nearly 1 million Indians served the Allied Nearly 1 million Indians served the Allied cause in Europe during WWI, but at home cause in Europe during WWI, but at home very few had rights. very few had rights. During WWI, Britain promised India During WWI, Britain promised India greater self-government. After war was greater self-government. After war was over they did not keep their promises. over they did not keep their promises. The The Amritsar Amritsar Massacre: Massacre: Turning point came Turning point came in 1919. After attacks on British citizens in in 1919. After attacks on British citizens in the city of the city of Amritsar Amritsar. Britain banned all . Britain banned all public meetings. public meetings. Nationalism Nationalism The The Amritsar Amritsar Massacre Massacre Large group of Indians assembled on April 13, Large group of Indians assembled on April 13, British troops fired on them and killed about British troops fired on them and killed about 400 people. 400 people. This incident convinced Indians that British This incident convinced Indians that British rule had to END. rule had to END. Gandhi Gandhi 1920 1920’s and 1930 s and 1930’ s leader named Mohandas s leader named Mohandas Gandhi headed the Indian nationalist Gandhi headed the Indian nationalist movement. movement. Taught nonviolent resistance and civil Taught nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience rather then bloodshed to win disobedience rather then bloodshed to win rights. rights. Used tactics such as boycotting, or refusing to Used tactics such as boycotting, or refusing to buy British goods. buy British goods. India did not achieve independence until a year India did not achieve independence until a year after Gandhi after Gandhi’ s death. s death.
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The Interwar YearsThe Interwar Years
1919-1939
Collapse of EmpiresCollapse of EmpiresWWI Causes two empires to collapseWWI Causes two empires to collapse Breakup of Austria-HungaryBreakup of Austria-Hungary Austria and Austria and
Hungary became independent nations.Hungary became independent nations.Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Italy andCzechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Italy andRomania each gained land.Romania each gained land.
Breakup of Ottoman EmpireBreakup of Ottoman Empire Most of the Most of theArab lands of the Ottoman Empire wereArab lands of the Ottoman Empire wereplaced under the control of Britain andplaced under the control of Britain andFrance. These European powers created aFrance. These European powers created asystem of territories out of the land, whichsystem of territories out of the land, whichwas administered by western powers. Thewas administered by western powers. Therest of the land became the country ofrest of the land became the country ofTurkey.Turkey.
Unfulfilled National GoalsUnfulfilled National Goals Germany was disturbed by terms of Treaty of
Versailles. Italy did not get the land that they were
promised in their secret treaty with the Allies. Japan was angry because the Allies did not
recognize its claims in China. China was angry that Japan had been given
control over former German possessions inChina.
Russia was angry over the reestablishment ofPoland and the creation of IndependentEstonia, Latvia, and Lithuania on lands thathad been part of the Russian Empire.
Strong Nationalism continued after WWIStrong Nationalism continued after WWIIndian NationalismIndian Nationalism Nearly 1 million Indians served the AlliedNearly 1 million Indians served the Allied
cause in Europe during WWI, but at homecause in Europe during WWI, but at homevery few had rights.very few had rights.
During WWI, Britain promised IndiaDuring WWI, Britain promised Indiagreater self-government. After war wasgreater self-government. After war wasover they did not keep their promises.over they did not keep their promises.
The The AmritsarAmritsar Massacre: Massacre: Turning point cameTurning point camein 1919. After attacks on British citizens inin 1919. After attacks on British citizens inthe city of the city of AmritsarAmritsar. Britain banned all. Britain banned allpublic meetings.public meetings.
NationalismNationalism
The The AmritsarAmritsar Massacre Massacre
Large group of Indians assembled on April 13,Large group of Indians assembled on April 13,British troops fired on them and killed aboutBritish troops fired on them and killed about400 people.400 people.
This incident convinced Indians that BritishThis incident convinced Indians that Britishrule had to END.rule had to END.
GandhiGandhi 19201920’’s and 1930s and 1930’’s leader named Mohandass leader named Mohandas
Gandhi headed the Indian nationalistGandhi headed the Indian nationalistmovement.movement.
Taught nonviolent resistance and civilTaught nonviolent resistance and civildisobedience rather then bloodshed to windisobedience rather then bloodshed to winrights.rights.
Used tactics such as boycotting, or refusing toUsed tactics such as boycotting, or refusing tobuy British goods.buy British goods.
India did not achieve independence until a yearIndia did not achieve independence until a yearafter Gandhiafter Gandhi’’s death.s death.
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Mahatma Gandhi
Chinese NationalismChinese Nationalism China was in great disorder after WWI. TheChina was in great disorder after WWI. The
economy collapsed, and peasants faced greateconomy collapsed, and peasants faced greateconomic hardships.economic hardships.
Also during this time, foreign powersAlso during this time, foreign powers(especially Japan) increased their influence in(especially Japan) increased their influence inChina.China.
Rival Groups in ChinaRival Groups in China During this time, several movements emerged.During this time, several movements emerged.May Fourth MovementMay Fourth Movement Student movement, Student movement,
wanted to make China more modernwanted to make China more modern……TurnedTurnedto ideas such as democracy and nationalism.to ideas such as democracy and nationalism.
CommunistsCommunists Some Chinese turned to the ideas of Some Chinese turned to the ideas ofMarx and Lenin. Chinese Communist party wasMarx and Lenin. Chinese Communist party wasformed.formed.
NationalistsNationalists Sun Sun YixianYixian formed nationalist party, formed nationalist party,(the (the GuomindangGuomindang). After ). After YixianYixian’’ss death, Chiang death, ChiangKai-shek took over the Kai-shek took over the GuomindangGuomindang..
Civil WarCivil War Early on the Early on the GuomindangGuomindang and the Communists and the Communists
had worked together to unite China. Over time,had worked together to unite China. Over time,Chiang Kai-shek started seeing theChiang Kai-shek started seeing theCommunists as a threat. A civil war beganCommunists as a threat. A civil war beganbetween the two sides that would last for 22between the two sides that would last for 22years.years. Sun Sun YixianYixian Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek
Worldwide DepressionWorldwide Depression After WWI economic problems emerged inAfter WWI economic problems emerged in
Europe.Europe. -Returning soldiers needed jobs.-Returning soldiers needed jobs.
-Nations had lots of debt.-Nations had lots of debt.-Cities had to rebuild.-Cities had to rebuild.
*Some recovery took place, especially Middle-*Some recovery took place, especially Middle-class families.class families.
-The U.S. experienced an economic boom and-The U.S. experienced an economic boom andbecame the worldbecame the world’’s leading economic power &s leading economic power &provided Europe with loans to help themprovided Europe with loans to help themrebuild.rebuild.
-This all came to an end with crash of the-This all came to an end with crash of theAmerican stock market in 1929American stock market in 1929………….this.thistriggered the triggered the Great DepressionGreat Depression of the 1930 of the 1930’’s, as, atime of global economic collapse.time of global economic collapse.
The Stock Market Crash
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Great Depression PicturesGreat Depression Pictures Impact of the DepressionImpact of the Depression Banks and businesses closed.Banks and businesses closed. Millions of people were out of work,Millions of people were out of work,
decreasing production of goods.decreasing production of goods. Countries raised import tariffs, causing aCountries raised import tariffs, causing a
decline in global trade.decline in global trade.As Great Depression continuedAs Great Depression continued People lost faith in democracy &People lost faith in democracy &
capitalism.capitalism. Communists celebrated what they saw asCommunists celebrated what they saw as
a failure of capitalism.a failure of capitalism. Strong leaders supported intenseStrong leaders supported intense
nationalism, militarism, and a return tonationalism, militarism, and a return toauthoritarian rule.authoritarian rule.
FascismFascism
The rule of a people by dictatorialThe rule of a people by dictatorialgovernment that is nationalistic andgovernment that is nationalistic andimperialistic. Fascist governments areimperialistic. Fascist governments arealso anti-communist. This form ofalso anti-communist. This form ofgovernment formed in both Germany andgovernment formed in both Germany andItaly after WWI.Italy after WWI.
Mussolini in ItalyMussolini in Italy Italy was greatly troubled after WWI.Italy was greatly troubled after WWI.
Benito Mussolini took advantage of theBenito Mussolini took advantage of theunrest, gathering a following of warunrest, gathering a following of warveterans and other unhappy Italians.veterans and other unhappy Italians.
He called the group the He called the group the FacistFacist Party. Party. In 1922, the In 1922, the FacistsFacists used force and terror used force and terror
to gain control of Italy.to gain control of Italy. They ended free elections, free speech,They ended free elections, free speech,
and free press.and free press. They killed or jailed their enemies. TheyThey killed or jailed their enemies. They
put the goals of the state above theirput the goals of the state above theirindividual rights.individual rights.
Benito Mussolini
Hitler in GermanyHitler in Germany
The Weimar Republic After WWI the Kaiser stepped down and
Germany was in chaos. New democratic government, called the
Weimar Republic, was politically weak. The troubles of the time led to the Nazi
rise to power.
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The Nazi Party in PowerThe Nazi Party in Power
Germans wanted a leader to provide jobsand rebuild German pride.
Adolf Hitler promised to be that leader. Formed the National Socialist German
Workers, or Nazi party. Told Germans that they were a superior
race destined to build a new empire. The popularity of the party grew and in
1933 Hitler was appointed chancellor.
Hitler as DictatorHitler as Dictator HitlerHitler’’s Germany (Third Reich) was a totalitarians Germany (Third Reich) was a totalitarian
state.state. Party ended civil rights, and silenced enemies w/Party ended civil rights, and silenced enemies w/
force.force. Created jobs for many people.Created jobs for many people.
Rebuilt GermanyRebuilt Germany’’s military (violation of s military (violation of Treaty of Versailles)Treaty of Versailles)
He improved the living standard in Germany.He improved the living standard in Germany. Instituted programs and laws to restrict JewsInstituted programs and laws to restrict Jews
and drive them out of Germany.and drive them out of Germany. Few German citizens worried about HitlerFew German citizens worried about Hitler’’ss
policies, most were pleased that he waspolicies, most were pleased that he wasrestoring German pride as well as military andrestoring German pride as well as military andeconomic power.economic power.
AdolfAdolf Hitler Hitler
Japan: Militarism andJapan: Militarism andExpansionismExpansionism
Japan tried to move toward a democracy.Japan tried to move toward a democracy. There were underlying problems inThere were underlying problems in
Japanese society.Japanese society. Great Depression in 1929 made problemsGreat Depression in 1929 made problems
worse.worse. Militarists and extreme nationalists gainedMilitarists and extreme nationalists gained
power.power.
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