CHAPTER Ablution Anah, Exalted be He, says: "0)"''' who haw Iulieved, wh en you rise'" {pert " . m ) wa sh yo ur factJ an d your jonarnu 10 Ihe dbows and wipe over )'(IlIr /lead$ and wash ,..,UT feM III the ankles .. AI·M;l'idah: 6) This states that performing ablution whenever rising to prayer is obligatory, an d tells us which Dcgan. should b<' washe<! a n d those which should wiped during ablution, and spN:ifies what part of th e m should he washed or wiped. Then, th e Prophet (PBUH), through his sayings (nadir"s) an d has dearly the way ablution is to b e performed. Every Muslim should know that ablution has arta in conditions, obligat ory acts, and practices of the S"mmh to be observed while performing it. Both conditions an d obligatory acts must be fulfilled as much as poss ible in orde r to
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Wudhu and Gushul and Its Related Matters by Shaykh Fawzan
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8/8/2019 Wudhu and Gushul and Its Related Matters by Shaykh Fawzan
enSure the validity of ablution. As for the acts of the Sunnah related to ablution,
they are considered y that guarantee the of
ablution. Observing these acts of the SIInna/, during ablution in creasel ones
reward, yet abandoning them does not affect the validity ofablution.
The Conditions of Ablution
There are eight condition, of ablution:
I-Being a Mu i li m
2- Being men tally sound
3- Having discrltion
4- Hav ing the intention of pcr(onni ng ablutionAccording to aforementioncd four conditions, ab lution is invalid if
performed by a di,beli""cT an a young child who not diltinguish right ""d wrong), Or one who not havethe intention of .blutin" (upon performing it), such as Jl"rforming it as
a way of refreshment in a hot weather, or as a means of .:leaning on . ,
body organs or certain impurities or the
5- Using pure water: Water used for performing ablution must hi" pure,
SO impure water is inadequate for performing ablu1ion.
6- Using legally-obtained water: If the waler used for ablution i.unlawfully acquired, Or taken by ablution will not be valid.
7- Being preceded by istinjll 'or istijlll<lr(when necessary as previouslymentioned).
8- Removing what m ay prevent wa te r from reaching skin of th e
ablution organs: That i." the one performing ablution ha, to remove
anything covering the organ. of ablulion, such as mud, dough, wax,accumulated dirt , thick paint, ete ., in ordu to .lIow water to reach theskin of the organ without hindrance.
The Obligatory Acts of AblutionThere are six obligatory acb, rdated to the organs ofablution:
I-Washing the whole face: Washing the whole fae e involves rinsing
the mouth and the nose with water. Accordingly, one's ablution is void
i fone w.she$ One·, face without rinsing 'both' the mouth and the nose
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them. Likewise, ifyou contemplate the opening of the Same verse, «0 you who
haYe belie ved • ." you will find that it is a generous, gentle call through whichAllah, Glorified be He, addresses those who have faith, as they are the ones
who will listen 10 , obey, ab ide byand benefit from what Allah says and enjoins_
That was .....hy the Prophet (PBUH) said:
"No On" /reeps being in" s/ate ofexcept ti,e believer ...
The Acts of the Sunnah to Be O b se rve d during Ablution
Whatever acts done in addition to the above· mentioned obligatory acts of
ablution an deemed desirable; he who observes them will be rewarded and
there will be no blame upon him who refrains from observing them. Hence,s<:holars call such acts as the acts of the S"",,,rlah to be observed during ablution,
or the desirabk practices of ablution.
Those acts are.s follows:
1- Using siwdk (t ooth·stick) during ablution: The virtues and the
way of using siwJk have been previously clarified. In particular, siwdk
is to be used while rinsing the mouth with water during ab lution,
in order 10 ensure the cleanness of the mouth and to be ready for
worshipping Allah. reciting His Ever·Glorious Book. Qur'an. and
invoking Him, Almighty and Ever·Majestic be He.
2· Startin g ablution with washing th e hands three times, before
washing the face, as enjoined in various lJadiths. This is also because
the hands are the meanS Ihrough which One dips out water and washes
the other organs, so washing the hands is regarded as insurance and a
prerequisite for the purity of all the other parts of ablution.
3- Start ing with rinsing the mouth a nd the nose before washing
the face. as stated in various /:1adiths. When one 1.\ not in a state
of fasting, one should rinse them inside and out (making water
spread all through the mouth, and sniffing water when rinsi ngthe
Islam is a religion of easiness and simplicity, not difficulty and strictness;
it decrees suitable rulings for each case, which ensure fulfilling legal purposes
and duties with no difficulty.
This aFplies to the rulings on abll.ltion decreed by Allah. To illustrate,
somrlimes there is something covering the organs washed during ablution
which is hard 10 remove and maybe needed as a means of protectiOll, e ither
for th e feet (such as khufft and the like), or for the head (such as turbans and
the liko). or for protecting wounds or th e l ih (such as splints, bandages, etc. It
is permissible for the one performing ablution to just wipe over such
covorings instead of removing them and washing what is underneath. Thisis the easiness made by Allah , G lorified and Exalted He, for His rdkving them from difficulty and strictness,
As for the perm issibility of wiping over the khuff t (and their likes. such as
socks) during ablution, instead of removing them and wa.\hing underneath, it
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is in many mutawJtir,' ,ahih' badith. Ihat Ihe Prophet (PBUH) used 10
wipt: over them whether al home Or on a journey; he (PBUH) enjoined doing
the same,A, regards the legal proofs of the pennissibility of wip ing over the khliffi;,
AI-Hasan said, "/ was told by sevenly of Ihe o,mpanions of AI/ahs Messe'lger
(PBUH) that he "sed /0 over his kllUffs (with his wel Ilonds during ablution)." '
Moreover, An-Nawilwl said, "J1,e pcrmis.<ibility of wiping over the khufft was
reporled by innumerable Companions." lmam Ahmad also said,"There is not
a shadow of doubt in my mind concern ing 1110 legality of wiping over Ihe khuffs,
as there are forty harlil/'S of 1/,. Prophet (PBUH) i"dicaring its permis.<ibiJ ity." '
In addition, Ibnul -Mubarak and others slated that there WaS among the Companions concerning the permissibility of wip ing ov. . the
khuffs during ablution', Likewise, Ihnul-Mundhir and others reported thescholars' COnSensus on the pt:rmis.<ibility of such an act during ablution ' , In
addition, the Adherents of the Sunnah and Mus lim Community unanimously
agree on its permissibility, unlike those innovators in religion who do not
deem it pt:nnissibk
Wiping over the Khuffs during Ablution
This act is permitted and observing it is beller than taking offthe khuffs and
washing the feet, as the former is a sign of making use of the lega l permission
made by Allah, Almighly Ever·Majestic be He, following th e example
of the Prophet (PBUH), and contradicting the religious innovators. Wipingover the khuffs is a spiritual removal of the impurities undnneath, Also, the
Prophet (PBUH) never changed the condition ofhis feet to pt:rform ablution;
ifhe (PBUH) was wearing two klouffs,he used to wipe over them, and if not, he
used to wash his feet. Therefore, it is impermissible to put on klwffs just before
ablution in order to wipe over them while performing ablution.
The Duration of the Validity of Wiping over
the Khuffs without Taking Them off
It is permissible for a resident (i. •. not a trawler) 10 keep wearing khuffs
and wipe OVeT them during ablution for a period of one day and night. As
for a tTav.ler whose journey legally allow, shorTening prayer (i,e. when the
destination is far enough), Ihe period of permissibility is three days and night"
according to the bad/th related by lmlm Muslim, whkh states that the Prophet
(PBUH) specified three days (during which one can wipe over his khuffs) for
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ha t you ha"" become 1"10"' aware ofhow ablution is what
;15conditions are, and what its obligatory practices and acts nfthe Su"nah :oK,
you n.ud now 10 know what causes ablution to be null ified. In this way,)"Ou
will avoid performing an act of worship (such as pr.!)'ffJ while your ablution
is null, and so will be tht3C1 ofwor5hip performed in that stale. Every Muslimshould know that are things that nullify ablution and that it becomescompletely null if any of them is done; in this case, one has to re-perform
ablution to do any act of worship n«e .. tating ablution.
TM thIngs nullifyinll ablution tany of whi.:h makes it invalid) are cerlain
malte" idm tified by the lawgi""r' to be affecting Ihe validityor ablution.
The Things Nullifying Ablution are ofTwo Types
1- Dirert nulliliers: They are the mallers that cause th e nullification of
ablution direclly. such as urine. stool, 3nd whatever comes OUI of Ih e
anus Ihe sexual orpn,
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"AiSQ, (PBUH) u id rtgarding 0""" ,,,,ce rtainly one had
brokn wind or no t:
"One ,hould not proyer (to re·perform unless onehears
round (ofbreaki ,rg wind) or sm ells wmething." '
AJ for what COnK$ OUt of one's body other than urine. slool, and the
aforesaid secretions, such as blood, vomit, nrunlttd and the 11".
scholars disagr« whdheT such things nullify ablution or no l. Yet, the
prq><mw,rant opin ion i$ that it does not nulli fy ablution. However, if
ont ablution in ' his case 10 avo id such a ;uri"ic disagrtt·
menl. it will be. better.
2)Among the things nullifying ablut ion is mental unconsciousness eitherdue 10 insanity or due to sleeping, fainting and th e l ih. Thus, the
ablution of one in SlIth. Slate i. d...,mnI lIull. a.s tllere is suspicion in
this case that something hucome oul of one's body (such as a drop of
urine, wind, or the l iu) whik s Unaw;ll"C. Still, dOling is rrgardrd
as an exuptional case (Le. it does nOl null ify ablution) as the Prophefs
Compilflion.s (may Allah bf pkMcl with thtm) used 10 whik
waiting for II the mO$<jue . In a word , onlyd«p sleeping Causes
the nullification of ablut ion acco rding to the ample legal proofs.
J} Eating meat of camels, liUle or much, is al,o Oneof the things nullifying
ablution, according to the up/i( it (authentic) had/rh of Allah'sMrsscnger (PBUH) in th is regard ' . Im'm Ahma-d (may Allah mercy on him) said thattherc arc fWOtab.ih (au thentic) hadilhs o.scribed
to Allah', PBU H) in this connection. Still, eating any lawful
mut other than that ofnme4don no l nuse ablution to be null.
The,.., aT< some other issueson wh ich s.cholars dis,agree wh ether they nulli fy
ablution or not, such as touch ing one's penis, touching a woman lustfully,
washing the body of a deceased person, and apostasy. Some s.cholars view thatuch of the above-menlion<Cd matters nuSfi the nul lifICa tion of ablution. wh ileother, ma intain that it does not. The ;$.Sue is sti ll controversial and subj e<:tto
analogical deduClion, ablution in such ca$eS SO as to avo id
that juristic disagre<:menl will be helter.
There is <till an important i'fue in th is regard should be cla rified,
namely the case when onc is certain about the validity of one's ablution, then
onc suspects that any of the things nullifying ablution has taken place; what
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MOretlVC r, onc should by no use wa ter wastefully taking a rituallNth. Ra ther, 0"'" should use wata provided lNt hing is JX'rfonntdPl"OJX'rtr lnd JX'rf«t1y as prescrikd in Muslims should fOllow theexample of the Prophet (pIIUH) ,nd r.ltionalize their use of water during
purifica tiull, for he (PBUH) u..,d to perform ablu t ion with one mudd and totake a bath with one AI$<>. it is for a MUSlim to sc rt<'n himselfwhile taki nga b.ath for it is to take a bath naktd while king s«n
by propIe, as 5tated in the iIaJilh in wh k h the Prophd (pB UH ) $1)'$:
"Verily, AUalt is Mafia/and /ikt:S modtstyand !'tiling. 50 whell
I1l1y(m e ofyou fl1ktl a bath, he ,/10,,1<1 screell h;m,d j ($O a. "ot to
!>e su" by oth ers)."
•Related by Abtl O)wUd and An·NaHl).Takinga ritual b.ath to purify onesdffrom the Slale of major ritual im pu rity
is one of the trmt, klw('('n I servanl and his lord, 5( l one should k ktt'Tl on
fulfilling Ihis ob ligation properly and observ ing its rulings carefully, 5( l as 10
perform il legally an<! perfec tly. If on e is uocmain aboul any of the rulinp
0 0 rilual bathing. 011<" soould consult scholars; Shyn6S soould prevtnlone fromdoing:;o, fo r Allah Himstlf(:as stated in theQur'h) is not shyof lhe
truth. If Wlyness prevents a Muslim from aboul his religious affairs, it
is then regarded as acOlldem ned kind of shyness and cowardic e whispered by
Salan to ktcp him away from learning Ihe religious rulings nUfiSary for him
and fulfilli ng Ihe obligations of h is relig ion perfec tly.Pu rity; ' . iS$lIe, and brinll ""&i igelll regard ing il is a legal
mistake, for;1 is a condilioll of the co rre.:tness of p"yer whkh is m . r ofIslam. We ask Allah 10 bestow upon us, as well as all Muslims, insigh t Inlo Hisreligion, and to grant us sincer ity in ou r ....ords and deeds.
Endotes
1 /a>l<1b<1h: A .t . t . of major '; lUol iml"',ity ....t.ttd to . . .uatdi,.,horg< .
It is permissible to layalllmum with dean earth, saliM earth,
sand, and suchlike pure earthy stuff, acc ording to the preponderant of the twojuristic opinions in this regard, for Allah, Exalte<\ be He, ,aY':
K .. . Then suk . • (Qur'an: AI-MA'idah: 6)
Wh en it was time for pr.yer. the Prophet (PBUH) and his Companions
uS<'d to laymnlllum whe",,,,,r they performed prayer (when water was
unavailable), using earth or anything of the kind: they never took clean earth
with them everywhere to use it (for tayammum) in case they did
not find water.
How to Perform Tayammum
When performing rayamm"m, one strikes the earth with one's hands
while parting one's fingers. Then one wipes over one's face with the palm of
one's and overthe hands with the palms ofone's hands, provided
both the face and the hands are wholly wiped over. It is permissibl e to mike
the earth twice, wiping over the face after the first strike and over the hands
after th e other. However. the fo nner of performing tayammum is the one
authentically narrated to have observed by the Prophet (PBUH)' .
Things Nullifying Tayammum
.:. Whatever minor ritual impurity nullifies ablution (such as stool,
urine, wind, etc.) nuUifie, layammum
• . Whatever major ritual impurity ne<;es.s itates ritual bathing (such as
jan<lbah, me nstruation, and postanal bleeding) nu ll ifies layalllmum.
The ruling hue is that the ,ub,titut. act (i .e. tayammum) takes the
same rulings on the original act (i.e. ablution and ritual bathing) .
.;. When water is found (in caSt layammum is performed of lack
of water)
.:. Wh en th ere is no longer" legal excuse such as illness and the like.Ifonefinds neither water nor earth. or is unable to uS<' either. it is permissible
for une then to perform prayer with neither ablution nor layammum. for Allah
"does not charge. soul ucept with that with in its capacity"; One alS() is not
legally requ;",d to re-perform such a prayer for one, by adopting easiness)
acts in accordance with Allah's Commands, as Allah, Exalted be He, says:
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. . A"d " l f l daw" uPO" yo .. from ,h t sky, nil" by ...hl,h la
p"rify yo.... .. (Qur'an: AI·Anr.;l: 11)
Kinds of Impure Objects That Mu st be Removed
Impuri ty may be linktd to the ground, the floor, or what is connected to
them, such as wall., WlItl'1' rocks. etc. In such a case. jt i i sufficient to
uch impurity by washing it only once, i.e . to pour water once until it
he impuIT object. as IM Prophe l (PBUH) orderw 10 pour a buckel of
waler over the urine oflhe B«Iooin who had urinated in Ihe mosque'. Such an
Impurity is naturally ITmoved when coveml with nlinwaler or floods.. So long
as the impure object is ITmoved by pouring water, or by rainwater or floods,
it is sufficient to deem the are. concerned On the othe r h.nd. impuritymay not be relatw to the ground, the floor. or what isconnec ted to them. such
as Ihe impurity a ustd by dogs. swine, or what Is reilied to them. In Ih iscase,
the impuIT obj«1 mU$1 be washw limes. one of bem wilh earth. for Ihe
ProphCl (PBUH) J,l.id:
"Whm " dog liclq 0 ",nujj br/o"ging /0 ""yo"eof10", Id him wmh
jl $O't ' ' ' tht firsl oflllmt wilh to rlh.'"
(Relatw by Muslim and other «)mpilel'!; of Hmlilh)
Still. this rul ing is not restricted to ute",ils; it is a lso applicable to dothes.
sherts. and the like. If the impu,", object is rel.lw to nei th .... dogs nor .wine.such as urine . stool, blood , and Ihe like. it hl$ to be washed. rubbed. and
wrung oot until it is completely ITmoved, leaving neilher sign nor color.
In Ihings washed can "" divided inlo Ihrtt cattgorirs:
I. Squeeuble things such as clothes. so Ihey must be wrung ou l after
Wllshing.
2. Unsquenable things such as leather and the like, so they have to beoverlurned during washing.
3. Things that can neither be wTUngOU! nor overturned;such things haw
to be washed, scrubbed and tllen pressed wilh a heavy obj«1 untilmost of their water dries..
When the fil lhy aITa on ones body. dothn. a small place ofprayer, or Ihe
like.. cannot be located, Ihe whok ou.pecled aITa has to be washed until it is
c(rlain Ihal impurity has been Still, if the i"'puIT aru itself cannOt
be the whole object has to be washed.
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"As 1Or" pun: rnalerialsoiJed will! urine of lI l in fan t, it is sufJkicnllo purify it
wilh sprinlding water, nOl washing it, as stated in adirh n arraled on the authorityorUmm Q II)' " Bint may Allah be pleased with her), She narrated,
"' brought my baby Wn (who had "", slarted eating ardill"ry foodrhen) la A I/",h 's MesMngv (PBUH) who look him and himsit in h . lap. The child urinolw on Ihe garmcnt of /Ju Prophd
(PBUH) , SO he (PBUH) tWwI for >I",ler and sprinkled i( ovrr 'he
SOl/M without WI1$hi"8 il,··
However, if the child iJ old enough to eat ordinary food, the ruling on
hislher urine is regarded as that of grown-ups. In such urine is 10 removed by washing a5 in th e cue of olher kinds "fimpurity.There are three kinds of impure objects:
• Major impu re object$. such as lIuKd by dogs and the loo,
• Minor impure objects, such as tM urine ,,£infants (who have notst.uted eating ord inary food)
• Moderate impure objects , ....hich other impo"" objects.
At this point, mu st istinction betwee n pu"" and impure urine
and manuu of animals. ThoK of lega lly edible animals, such as camels. cows.
shup and the like, a"" pure, according to a badith "" Ialed by AI.Bukhlr l andMu&lim stating that the Prophet (PBU H) gave permiss ion to the f
• Unaynah to take the uri ne and milk of In.: camels ofcharity as medicine' . This
I1adffh implies that the urine ofcamels is pu "". for it is to bke an
impo"" object as medicine. Some may argue that the Prophet permined taki ng
or drinking such urine l5 medici ne only in case ofnecess ity. To this. say that
the Prophet (pBUH) enjo ined wash ing the trace of th e urine of camels
performing prayer. wh ich shows that he did not deem it impu"". It is
.Iso stated in a (authentic) fJpdith that the Prophet (PBUHI. before the
Prophet's Mosque wa s built .....ould perform at shu pfolds· and would
command h ill Companions to J'C'rform in such folds,' though they had
b«n liurdy urinated in.
snaykhul ,Wlm Ibn T'IIymtyah (may Allah have mm:yon him) said:
·Purity i. the original ruling on kinlh of manure except jor those
which ore ruled Ollt .: '
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The leftover of legally edible animals is pure and so is th e leftoyer of
cats. "ccording to the hadith narmted on the authority ofAbfi QatAdah. whoreported lhat the Prophet (PBUH) said about cats:
"/( (i.e. is not impure; it isone DJtllose or emale domestic
wMch go round among you:
(Related by At -Tirmidhi. who cl""ms it lallib. (authentic), and other
compilers ofHadirh)'
In the h.adith at hand, the Prophet (PBUH) resembled cats to who
go round among their masters waiting for their orders. Thus. deeming cats
pure as stated in the badith is a way of relieving Muslims from strictness and
difficulty. Some ",holo . maintain the same ruling on legally inedible animalssmaU . . than calS, such as birds and the like. They view that the leftover of
such small animals (or birds) is as pure as that of cats. On the other hand, the
manu"" urine, and the remaining food of any legally inedible animals other
than cats and their likes 3 " ' impure.
Thus. taking care of physical and moral pur ity is cen tral in a Muslim's
lik Moral purity requires mon<Jtheism and devotion to Allah, in both
words and deeds. As for physical purity, it includes purifying onesdffrom
tnajQr and minor ritual impurities, as well as purification from all kinds
of tangible impurities. This is because our rdigiQn, Islam, is the religion
of purity, cleanness. and purification from both physical and spiritual
filthiness . A Muslim must always observe purity and cleanness, for the
Prop het (PBUH) . . d:
'Purification is hnlfof nith: "
So, a Muslim mUlt concern himself with purity and avoid all kinds of
impurity: Allah's Messenger (PBUH) has stated that the commonest reaSOn
for the tortuTe in the grave is onc', soiled with uTin e without purifying
oneself ". Hence, if you are soi led with impurity, you must hasten to purify
yourself in order to hep yourself pure, espedaily when you want to p . orm
prayer. Always check your state of purity, and when you want 10 enter amosque, you should che<:k Ih e deanness of your shOf:s; if you find
something filthy, you have to remove it and dean your shoes, and do not ever
enter a mosque with filthy shoes. May Allah guide us all to whatever pleases
Him of words and de<!ds.
8/8/2019 Wudhu and Gushul and Its Related Matters by Shaykh Fawzan
1 AI · Bukhtrl (6025) (10/5521and Muslim (li57) IlI1811.) MUJiinl (6019) III 1751: ..., also AI·BukhJr l (171) 11/3591.4 Ai · Buklllr1 (223) 111425J In d Mu.lim (66)) J2JI8S).
5 AI ·Buklllrl (2))) 1114361 and Mu.>!im (019) 161154 ].
6 AI ·8ukhJrI II1U 41 .nd Mw.l im (l1 74) 1111 I .
7 Musl im (SOO) jlI171 ): >« . 1"" fani .-\I·Oadld4'.I!) Ind M ..silsll". Ad.-Da ' foh (29(12).
m 11Iymiyah' Mojmli '" I-fII I4!nl (20IJJ9), (21/40, 7(, 75, 534, S117, 613) and (25/239).SH .1$0 .-\I.IJJu(y.!"" M- "IIm,)')\lh p.4!.
9 Ab<I WWIld (751 (1149), A1-Ti,mioJ!,l (92) [111531. An -Nun (61!) (l1S81 and Ibn