A GUIDANCE PACKAGE FOR TEACHERS Course Involved: Graduate Diploma in Technology Education University of Limerick Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology Lecturer/Teacher: Mr. Joseph Lyster Academic Year 2012: Spring Semester Technical Support: Mr. Joe Murray & Mr. Richie Hennessy Notes Prepared by: Mr. Joseph Lyster Available on www.slideshare.net/WT4603 TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND WORKSHOP PRACTICE 2: MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION: ALL AREAS OF INTEREST UNIT 8: WEEK 11 UNIVERSITY of LIMERICK OLLSCOIL LUIMNIGH
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
A GUIDANCE
PACKAGE FOR
TEACHERS
C o u r s e I n v o l v e d : G r a d u a t e D i p l o m a i n T e c h n o l o g y E d u c a t i o n
U n i v e r s i t y o f L i m e r i c k
D e p a r t m e n t o f D e s i g n & M a n u f a c t u r i n g T e c h n o l o g y
L e c t u r e r / T e a c h e r : M r . J o s e p h L y s t e r
A c a d e m i c Y e a r 2 0 1 2 : S p r i n g S e m e s t e r
T e c h n i c a l S u p p o r t : M r . J o e M u r r a y & M r . R i c h i e H e n n e s s y
N o t e s P r e p a r e d b y : M r . J o s e p h L y s t e r
A v a i l a b l e o n w w w . s l i d e s h a r e . n e t / W T 4 6 0 3
TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND WORKSHOP PRACTICE 2: MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION: ALL AREAS OF INTEREST UNIT 8: WEEK 11
How the evacuated tube works; Sunlight enters through the outer glass tube, hits the absorber – where energy is
converted to heat Heat is transferred to liquid inside inner tube- vacuum between tubes prevents
heat loss. The hot liquid rises to the top of the copper tube where it transfers heat to the
pipework coming from the cylinder, this pumps through the cylinder heating water.
The liquid is cooled as it transfers the heat and flows back down to be reheated.
Cylinder Specifications. The cylinder is insulated to meet the building regs in TGD L1.4.4.2 with 75mm
thick CFC free factory applied insulation and has its pipes coming from the tank insulated to 1m from the tank.
The cylinder has, as needed by 1.4.3.3 of TGD L, a thermostat which can turn off supply of heat when desired storage temperature is reached.
It will be fitted by a qualified person as required by 1.2.7. Back up Boiler.
The back up boiler is an electric boiler which will be powered by our windmill in ideal circumstances, it will also be connected to the grid as an extra back up and also as the windmill is required to be connected to the grid.
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
Wastewater Systems
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
•Backfill/Positioning/Rodding Eye
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
Manhole
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
Traps/Pipes
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
• Wastewater is removed from the dwelling by a system of pipe work
which carries the waste fluids away from the appliances.
• Purpose of pipe work – Transport fluids, Control leakage, Resist deposits
of solids, Resist blockages
• Waste pipes are commonly - Ø32mm for hand basins, Ø40mm for
bath/shower, Ø100mm from toilet (w.c)
• Ø100mm for discharge stack
• Ø40mm/Ø32mm pipes from the showers and sinks have a slope of
18/90mm/m, with a max length of 3 metres to the stack
• Ø100mm pipes from the toilets with a slope of 9mm/m, with a max
length of 6 metres to the stack, a macerator unit will be used if the
distance exceeds 6 metres.
• Two hundred mm minimum centre line radius at the bottom of the stack
for a gradual turn.
• The stack (Ø100mm) has to be 900mm minimum above the window in
this case as it is within three metres of the window.
Wastewater
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
• Drainage pipes are laid in a bed of 10mm aggregate covered in 40mm of
crushed stone and the trench is backfilled with the excavated clay. 300mm
cover should be provided to protect the pipe.
• Soak pit used to take the grey water from the kitchen sink, dishwasher and
the washing machine.
• Use of “P” traps to prevent odours entering the house, with a seal depth of
75mm minimum.
• Air admittance valve can be used to combat incorrect installation and design
by providing a source of air when a vacuum may be generated and
syphonage can occur.
• A wastewater Puraflo Liquid Effluent Treatment System can be easily
integrated with a new or even existing septic tank and is constructed to meet
building regulations.
• Wastewater flows from the home into a watertight primary/ septic tank
Wastewater
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
• Capacity of the tank is calculated using the formula C = (180P+2000)
• The solids settle and the liquid effluent flows by gravity into a pumping chamber.
• The pumping chamber is fitted at least 0.5m from the septic tank. The septic
tank outlet is connected to the pumping chamber using a 100mm diameter pipe
at a gradient of 1 in 100. The peat filter is located 7 metres from the septic tank.
• The liquid effluent is pumped intermittently into the Puraflo modules and
distributed evenly onto the biofibrous peat filter.
• A combination of biological, chemical and physical processes treat the
wastewater as it filters through the biofibrous peat in the modules.
• Treated liquid emerges from the Puraflo unit for dispersal into the ground
through a soil polishing filter.
• High level of treatment achieved, energy efficient, low running costs, consistent
treatment, Bord na Móna warranty, service agreements and call-out service,
alarm system included if the level of waste water in the pumping chamber
becomes to high and it is installed by Bord na Móna Environmental Ltd.
Bord Na Mona Puraflo System
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
Bord Na Mona
Puraflo System
(Hickey 2006)
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
• A unit for a single house has two modules of total area 5m2, which can
serve up to 6 people.
• An area is prepared and levelled to create an even surface on which to
place concrete blocks and lintels to support the modules. Broken stone
approximately 25–50mm is filled level with the top of the concrete
blocks and lintels over are placed over this area to a depth of 200mm
approx.
• I chose this as it only uses an intermittent pump so it only pumps the
water on a “needed basis”, unlike other new systems which constantly
need a power supply, this saves on the cost and usage of electricity and a
power loss would not disrupt the system like it could do with others.
• The Puraflo system is Irish Agrément certified & EPA compliant.
Bord Na Mona
Puraflo System
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
(Hickey, 2006)
Bord Na Mona
Puraflo System
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
Bord Na Mona
Puraflo System
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
Soak Pit
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
Manhole
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
Biocycle Treatment
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
• Mechanical Aeration Waste Water Treatment System
• Given the layout and considerations of the dwelling . I decided to go with
a 12,000 litre Biocycle treatment unit. This system is highly efficient and
has a long de-sludge interval period.
• It is environmental and user friendly.
• The unit will cater for all foul waste included waster containing household
detergent. These detergents do not affect the functionality of the unit.
• The unit consists of 4 chambers
Biocycle Treatment
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
1 Primary- Big chamber to allow for retention of sludge. Sludge broke
down with anaerobic bacteria.
2 Aeration- Aerobic bacteria break down the effluent by a culture of
bacteria within a process known as submerged aerated biological
filtration. Oxygen, to support the degradation processes, is introduced by
a small air pump.
3 Clarification- The clarification chamber is designed to provide
quiescent conditions allowing any bacterial flocs remaining in the
effluent to settle out.
4 Pump- The large pump chamber allows the treated effluent to be
stored before it is pumped to the polishing filter or surface irrigation
system. The pump is operated intermittently to ensure low energy usage.
Biocycle Treatment
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
Advantages:
EN 12566-3 accredited (new standard for wastewater treatment systems)
97.5% reduction in BOD5 (Biological Oxygen Demand)
97% reduction in S.S. (Suspended Solids)
Unrivalled sludge storage
Low electrical running costs
Life span in excess of 60 years
• Brac Greywater recycling system RGE – 250
This system is perfectly designed for a family of 5. The RGW-250 is the popular tank, designed for homes with up
to 6 people who want to save money on their water bill, while helping the environment.
• How it works...
Greywater from showers, baths, sinks and the washing machine go directly into the Brac Systems holding tank.
Here the water is filtered and ready for delivery to toilets.
• Advantages
Two thirds of our water is used to shower, bathe and do laundry; another third is used to flush the toilet.
By reusing some water to flush toilets, the Brac System saves 35 to 40% of a household’s annual water
consumption.
Extends a household’s water supply, thus lessening its’ impact on the environment.
Reduces the risk of water shortages in hot climates where wells tend to dry up.
Biocycle Treatment
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
Biocycle Treatment
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS
(Hickey, 2006)
Biocycle Treatment
HOW TO
CALCULATE
HEAT LOSS U-VALUES
U-VALUES
The U-Value question is not a compulsory question but it is contained within the options question, usually Question 5 on the paper. The question generally contains 3 parts – A, B, and C. A. Generally requires the visual manipulation (Section view sketch +Labelling!!!), the tabulation of data in logical and functional order, and the calculation of a U-Value for the material data given. B. There are variations to this part. The typical variations are the calculation of oil used with subsequent calculation of cost loss, the sizing of insulation omitted from the initial question or insulation required achieved the required U-value standard, the size of glazing units with their impact on the U-Value performance, and there are variations to the afore mentioned but nothing too different. C. This part generally requires a recommendation to improve or show the difference between different systems presented in the question. Sketches and notes usually apply and it serves to show you have an understanding for the area at hand.
U-VALUES
•The U-Value question can require work but it is as hard as you make it!!! It is an achievable question that with a bit of practice can be attempted by all pupils. •It is a step by step style question with the variation on part B and C of the question that can also be well prepared as there are about 4 different variations that can be asked of you in these part. •The question requires the understanding of U-Values and the ability of students to use the data correctly to show visual, arithmetic, data comprehension/manipulation/tabulation and procedural capabilities.
U-VALUES
Do not be intimidated by the mathematical problems
presented in this question. The application of simple
arithmetic is all that is required i.e. - / + / ÷ / x
You will need a calculator as decimalisation is required, so be competent and comfortable in the use of your calculator.
Always re-check your calculations!!!
Also do not be intimidated by the Units that apply to the different variants. Once you have learnt them and consistently use them correctly whilst practising the question it should not be a problem. If you don’t apply the unit to the calculations you will lose valuable marks!!
U-VALUES
Content: What are we calculating?
In the case of this question the area of U-Values apply to
the external envelope of the building i.e. The external wall
structure, the foundation structure, and the roof structure.
External wall structure:
Block cavity construction and timberframe construction,
glazing etc...
Roof Structure: Flat and Pitched with Ceiling, etc...
U-VALUES
U-Values are essentially the measure of heat lost through the fabric of the buildings external envelope.
Under current building regulations 2007 Technical Guidance Document L on The Conservation of Fuel and Energy it is stated that buildings by standard should be built to achieve a U-value of at least 0.220 W/m²⁰K.
This is achieved by adhering to the building codes and standards where sustainability and material selection combined with an efficient construction process all serve to limit the impact on the environment.
When we lose heat we lose money€€€€ but most concerning is that to replace heat and energy loss we expend further energy resources creating a greater demand and in turn showing further disrespect for our environment.
U-VALUES
Typical Heat Loss Percentages
U-VALUES
Aim: The aim is to make you the student aware of the relevant U-values that can be achieved from a combination of materials that form the external envelope of a building.
In doing so you will begin to realise the difference between materials and their ability to resist heat/energy loss. The influence of insulation will be a key factor and it is advised that you take time to investigate different insulation products.
U-VALUES
In terms of the question what should we know?
The Materials Presented i.e. block, timber, etc.
1. U-Value =Thermal Transmittance (W/m² ⁰k)
2. R = Resistance (m² ⁰k/W)
3. r = Resistivity N/A
4. k = Conductivity (W/m⁰k)
5. T = Thickness (m = metres)
W = Watts, m = metres, ⁰k = degree Kelvin ( or alternatively ⁰C = degree Celsius)
U-VALUES
Terms & Definitions: Definitions are very important and they are often over looked by students. In understanding a definition you can make sense of the data presented to you in the question.
It will enable you to visualise the process a lot easier and understand the thermal data difference between relevant materials so you can form a guess estimate by where you can measure the outcome of your work through out the question. It is basically a level of common sense that will serve to build your competence in the question.
U-VALUES
Thermal Transmittance (U-Value)
Unit Value = W/m² ⁰k
Definition: A measure of the rate at which heat passes through a particular element of a building when unit temperature difference is maintained between the ambient air temperatures on each side. The U-Value takes into account the resistances of various materials, the surface resistances and the cavity.
U-VALUES
Thermal Resistance (R)
Unit Value = m² ⁰k/W
Definition: A measure of a materials ability to resist the flow of heat energy. The higher the R-Value the greater the resistance of the material.
U-VALUES
Thermal Conductivity (k)
Unit Value = W/m⁰k
Definition: A measure of a materials ability to conduct heat energy.
When comparing insulation products the k-value is used as the comparative benchmark as the lesser the k-value the better the product in terms of performance. However the constituents of the insulation material is always the greatest debate in terms of its availability, embodied energy and impact on the environment.
U-VALUES
Example of a typical Question: As Presented
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
Step 1: Make a Sketch of the information given and label !!!
Step 2: Tabulate all data as shown
U-VALUES
Step 2: Continued.
When filling in the material thickness column it is
important that you convert the data to metres (m) as the
question gives it in millimetres (mm). This catches alot of
students out so ensure to do this before you fill the table in.
Example: Block = 100mm, so 100÷1000= 0.1m, this is the
value that is input into the table. You divide all thickness
and width data by 1000 to convert from mm to m.
U-VALUES
Step 3: Calculations
Formula 1: R = T/k, you may have to manipulate this formula to
find data so here is a tip if switching formula’s around confuses
you!!!
R²=T⁸/k⁴, note the numbers in the power position. 2 = 8/4, so if i wanted to find T then 8=4x2 (T=k x R) and if you follow the numbers in the power position as shown below then you can see how this can guide you correctly.
T⁸=k⁴xR² (8=4x2). This is just a simple method to avoid confusion.
Remember R = Resistance, k= Conductivity, and T = Thickness (m)
Also in the event of a resistivity value being given you may apply this formula, “remember resistivity = r”, R = T x r
U-VALUES
Step 3: Continued.
Once the R- Column is complete the you get the sum of
that column to calculate the R- total.
Step 4: Calculating U-Value
U-Value = 1/R total
Indicate all Unit values!!!
U-VALUES
To attempt the part B questions please refer to the exam
solutions for guidance as follows.
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
U-VALUES
LOW-
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT PASSIVE DESIGN
PASSIVE/LOW-ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Orientation
PASSIVE/LOW-ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Orientation
PASSIVE/LOW-ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Notes on Glazing
PASSIVE/LOW-ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Room Layout & Solar Gain
PASSIVE/LOW-ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Thermal Mass/Space
Heating
PASSIVE/LOW-ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Materials etc...
PASSIVE/LOW-ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Materials etc...
MECHANICAL VENTILATION & HEAT
RECOVERY (MVHR)
• MHRV-popular means of dealing with dampness and avoidable heat loss
• Cost effective, health beneficial and an efficient solution to saving energy
• MHRV works in the following way:
1. First set of ducts (red) collect moist, stale air from hotspots
2. Stale contaminated air travels through the HRV unit and released outdoors
3. Second set of ducts (blue) takes clean fresh air from outside
4. Both air streams pass through heat transfer exchanger where heat from the stale
air is used to warm the fresh incoming air. Air streams do not intersect. HRV unit
retains up to 95% of the heat emitted from the warm stale air
5. Above processes allow for clean filtered air to be distributed throughout the building
• MHRV offers year round comfort and has the ability to keep living areas at a warm
constant temperature
• Health benefits: alleviate symptoms of asthma, cold and hay-fever by removing airborne
pollution and irritants
• MHRV can also extract smoke and cooking odours
• Requires minimum maintenance and leads to increased security and noise reduction as
well as aesthetic enhancement
• New MHRV systems operate at 95% efficiency compared to 65% efficiency of older
systems
Mechanical Ventilation & Heat Recovery (MVHR)
MECHANICAL VENTILATION & HEAT
RECOVERY (MVHR)
Mechanical Heat Recovery Ventilation (MHRV)
MECHANICAL VENTILATION & HEAT
RECOVERY (MVHR)
Mechanical Heat Recovery Ventilation (MHRV)
MECHANICAL VENTILATION & HEAT
RECOVERY (MVHR)
Mechanical Heat Recovery
Ventilation (MHRV)
MECHANICAL VENTILATION & HEAT
RECOVERY (MVHR)
Mechanical Heat Recovery
Ventilation (MHRV)
MECHANICAL VENTILATION & HEAT
RECOVERY (MVHR)
Mechanical Heat Recovery
Ventilation (MHRV)
GREY/RAINWATER SYSTEMS
Rainwater Harvesting
GREY/RAINWATER SYSTEMS
Grey Water Harvesting
GREY/RAINWATER SYSTEMS
Rain Water/Grey Water Harvesting
GREY/RAINWATER SYSTEMS
Tank Sizing
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Components of Electrical System
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Ring Main
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Radial Lighting Control
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Distribution Board/Fuse Box
A GUIDE TO
TEACHING
BER
BUILDING ENERGY
RATING (BER)
BER
T4 Recommendation
BER
T4 Recommendation
BER
T4 Recommendation
BER
• Building Energy Rating (BER) grades the energy efficiency of a building
• A Dwelling with a high rating will save the owner/ occupier money in energy costs.
BER
• New dwellings that
apply for planning
permission on/after
1st. January 2007.
BER required for:
• All existing buildings
offered for sale or rent
from 1st. January 2009.
BER
BER
• Thermal insulation of the building envelope.
• Heat gains through glazed openings.
• Ventilation and air permeability.
• Domestic hot water system and control.
• Space heating control and energy required.
• Lighting and internal heat gains.
BER
What does BER measure?
• The BER measures energy use per square meter (floor area) of the dwelling per year.
•Measurement Unit
kWh/m2/yr
Kilo watt /
hour
1 kWh of
electricity costs
18 cent
BER
Energy Labelling
Domestic Appliances
Energy labelling informs the consumer of costs.
BER
BER
BER
Energy Costs and BER
Cost comparasions based on average energy costs for 2007 in a 250m2 dwelling
BER
A dwelling built to the 2007/08 building regulations
should achieve a:
•B or C rating
BER
• No obligatory minimum standard applies.
• BER must be produced by a registered BER Assessor.
• BER is valid for 10 years unless changes are made to the building.
• The BER is independant of how the occupants behave in the building.
• An advisory report must accompany a BER certificate
BER
New build: To advise owners on how to use the
features in the building to
maximise energy efficiency
Existing buildings: To advise owners on the options for