PPTSlides Wk11 Aug 2011

7/29/2019 PPTSlides Wk11 Aug 2011

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Week 11


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The conclusion is where you sum up the main points ofthe report.

It should relate to the objectives and results of yourresearch.

The purpose is to tie together various issues covered in

your research and draw logical deductions based on theresearch findings.


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The conclusions you arrive at are merely opinions basedon your findings of your research.

You should not tell the reader what to do or what actionto take.

Note:

* Save the discussion of future actions in yourrecommendations. Therefore, write your conclusionclearly so that readers could relate the conclusions tothe overall research.


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1. Overview of the study.

2. Restatement of the objectives.

3. Review of the findings.

4. Implications of the findings.

5. Limitations of the research.


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An effective way to start your conclusion is to give abrief summary of what the research is all about, that isthe why and how you conduct the study in a nutshell.

You may use these phrases or expressions :

This study/research gives/gave an account of and thereasons for the widespread use of.

This study/research/project has investigated.


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When you restate the objectives, start with the mostsignificant one. It should not be exactly the same as the waythey are stated in the introduction of your report.

To avoid this, you can use introductory phrases at thebeginning of the sentence such as :

As mentioned earlier in the introduction, the purpose of this study was to

investigate/ find out/ determine/ evaluate.

To reiterate, this study sets out to investigate/ find out/ determine/evaluate.

Returning to the research questions at the beginning of this study, it is now

possible to state that.


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State whether the objectives of your research havebeen achieved and whether they are as you haveexpected.

You may have severalfindings to present.

Start with the most important one and proceed to theless importantone.

Another alternative is to review only the most positiveresult that you have obtained.


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Example of phrases to use when reviewing orsummarizing your findings:

This study has shown that.

The findings of this study suggest that in general.

One of the significant findings esmerging from this study is that.

The study/research has shown that.

The major finding of the research is that.

The results of the investigation show that.


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After you have stated your conclusion, move on todiscuss the implications of your findings.

It is important for you to discuss the implicationsbecause they will be the basis for you to makerecommendations on what cause of action to be takento solve the identified problems.


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Examples of language expressions to suggestimplications are :

The results of this study indicates that.

The results of this study support the idea that.

Overall, the findings of the study suggest that.

In general, it seems that.


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The main implication derived from this

study relates to the two identified categories of

parent involvement predictive models. First, if the

objective of the school intervention is to enhanceparent involvement at home, the findings suggest theneed to work directly with adolescents. That effort

could be taken by. Our findings also suggest thatparent education programs should enhance parents

skills and self efficacy.


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Limitations are the weaknesses that you have identifiedin your study.

For example: small sample size, inappropriate researchinstruments used and limited time factor.

Examples of phrases :

One of the limitations of the research is that.

The present study has only examined.

The present study was limited by.

However, the findings of the research cannot be generalized to other population.


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Sample Conclusion Elements

CONCLUSION

This research investigated the use of cellularphones among IIUM students. Primary datawere collected by randomly distributingquestionnaires to 50 students. As mentionedearlier in the introduction, the purpose of thisstudy was to investigate students preference

with regards to service providers and plans andthe peripherals offered by cellular serviceproviders.

1. Overview of the study

2. Restating the objectives


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The following conclusions can be drawn from thestudy. To begin with, this study has shown thatCelcom is the top service provider in IIUM due to its

better network coverage compared to other serviceprovider. In addition, the pre-paid plan is the mostpopular choice among students. With regards toperipherals, SMS is the most popular means ofcommunication among IIUM students since it was

found to be more economical compared to makingcalls. Lastly, MMS holds the biggest potential inattracting customers from a list of new peripheralservices to be offered by service providers.

3. Review of findings


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The results of this study indicate that costand network coverage are the two importantfactors that will influence students choice in

selecting hand phone service provider, planand peripherals. However, these findings areonly true for IIUM students and cannot begeneralized to other university students. Thesame study needs to be conducted with

students from other universities to see ifthere are any similarities with the factors thatwill influence students choice in selectinghand phone service provider, plan andperipherals.

4. Implications of the findings

5. Limitations of the study


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Dos Donts

Draw conclusions for each major issue raised in

the study

E.g. It was found that MMS holds the biggest

potential in attracting customers from a list ofnew peripheral services to be offered by service

providers.

State the findings and give specific

explanations if necessary

E.g. Celcom proved to be the top service providerdue to its better coverage compared to other

service providers.

Do not introduce new ideas or facts

E.g. Hand phone can also cause brain cancer

(when health issue is not mentioned in the

objectives of the study).

Do not focus on minor results of the study

Do not exaggerate the implications of your

findings.

E.g. Only Celcom provides the best service to itscustomers.

Do not generalize the findings

E.g. All university students have hand phone.


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What is a recommendation?

When you give suggestions or actions to be taken based on yourfindings.

They should be written in order ofimportance.

Not all reports require recommendations and sometimes it isincludedin the conclusion section.

It should relate to the conclusion of your study and should notinclude any new facts or ideas.

Do not present recommendation based on your beliefs or biasesthat are not supported by your data.


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There are two types :

1. To recommend actions to be taken based on the findings.

2. Recommendations to other researchers.

Note:

No matter how complete the study was, there would always befurther research that will be required to shed light on the research

question, particularly if there is an interest in generalizing thefindings beyond the studys parameters. Furthermore, you willalso find areas within the literature itself that have considerablegaps that should be addressed in which your study may or maynot have contributed.


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Phrases for making suggestions orrecommendations

Phrases for making recommendationsfor future research

The following are several

recommendations based on the findingsand conclusions of the study :.

Based on the findings and conclusions ofthe study, the following are severalrecommendations to.

The following recommendations aremade to.

It is recommended that further research

be undertaken in the following areas :.

More studies need to be done to establishwhether.

Further research in this area would be

beneficial in.

Further research might explore.


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Recommendations based on findings(written in point form)

Recommendations for future research(written in paragraph form)

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings and conclusions of the

study, here are several recommendations to be

considered:

1. Other service providers ought to provide

good coverage and improve their

promotional strategy if they want to

compete with Celcom.

2. Students should opt for post-paid plan if

their talk time is more than 267 minutes

per month as it is cheaper than the pre-

paid plan.

3. Service providers should aggressively

promote new peripheral services that

would be of interest to students in their

effort to attract more customers.

FUTURE RESEARCH

Since this study had only focus on IIUM

students. It is recommended that further study

be carried out on students from otheruniversities to see whether they are any

similarities in the findings. Furthermore,

further research could also explore the

different types of promotional strategies used

by the service providers to attract customers

and the effectiveness of these strategies.

Lastly, although hand phone is a necessity, it

might be a good idea to investigate the effects

of using hand phone on peoples health so that

the public will be more aware of the hazards of

using it.


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Modal Auxiliary Verbs. Modal auxiliaries or secondary auxiliaries

express the manner of the actions

denoted by the verb. They help us toexpress various moods like ability,possibility, permission,request,

probability, preference, obligation orduty, necessity, condition, willingness,prediction, suggestion, habitual activity,

etc.


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A modal auxiliary always goes with afull/main verb. It cannot stand alone.

We must walk on the pavement, must -modal; walk - full verb 'We must walk onthe pavement' is wrong,


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will and would shall and should may and might can and could must and have to ought to and had better


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What are modal verbs? :

What are modal verbs?

They are: Can Could May Might Must Shall

Should Will Would Ought to Modal verbs are

sometimes referred to as Modal Auxiliary

verbs because they help other verbs. They are Auxiliary verbs that provide

additional and specific meaning to the main

verb of the sentence .


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There is nos in singular.

There is nodo / does in the question. There is nodont / doesnt in the negative.

Modal verbs do not have infinitives or ingforms. Modal verbs are followed by an infinitive

without to.

He skis He can ski. He cans ski. Cans he ski?

He does can ski.

He to can ski.


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Strong or appropriate emphasis can beapplied when modal auxiliaries are usedto make recommendations.Degree of Emphasis Modals and Examples

Suggestion : Mild May/Might/CouldEmployees could/may go for a check-up at the panel clinics ifthey have some money to pay first and to claim forreimbursement later.

Suggestion : Strong Should/Ought to

Medical providers or panel clinics should allow some flexibilityfor the payment scheme to the employees.

Necessity Must/Have (has) toHR department must ensure that their employees are in theknow about the medical benefits provided by the company.


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Revising

Revising is finding &

correcting problems

with content; changingthe ideas in yourwriting to make them

clearer, stronger, and

more convincing.

Editing

Editing is finding

and correcting

problems withgrammar, style,word choice &

usage, and

punctuation.


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Revising

Revising looks at theBig Picturethe Idea

level.

Editing Editing focuses on

the Little Picture

Word level.


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This steps allows us to focus on thefluency of our paper.

It is important to revise any errors we see

or encounter while reading and take outany unnecessary words.

This is your chance to add or take outany unnecessary parts, make sure it is

easy to follow and comprehend. Askyourself if it is written at the best level,and to make sure no words are

repetitive.


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Revising helps to improve your writing. Ask these questions

Have I used the best ideas or words?

Am I showing others that I know what I amwriting about?

Have I used the best examples or words todescribe my ideas or thoughts?


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Look for Unity

Does everything refer to the main points?

Does each topic sentence refer to thethesis?

Does each sentence in each bodyparagraph refer to the topic sentence?


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Look for Detail and support

Does each body paragraph contain at least

two examples? Is each example followed by at least one

supporting detail?


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Look for Coherence

Are all points connect to form a whole?

Are transitions used to move from one ideato the next?


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Take a break from your draft beforeattempting to revise.

Read your draft out loud and listen to

your words. Read your draft out slowly. Imagine yourself as your reader. Look for consistent problem areas. Get feedback from peers. Get help from a tutor!


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Keep an Error Log to help you identifyyour problem areas and improve yourwriting.

When editing, review your paper for onetype of error at a time; dont try to readthrough looking for everything at once.

Editing is much like revising in the sensethat you are making changes instructure, punctuation, and word choice.


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Editing is to correct your work Ask these questions

Have I used complete sentences?

Are there any run-ons?

Are my language conventions correct?

What about Spelling, Capitalization and

Punctuation and Grammar? Have I used editing marks to make

corrections?


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Work with a clean printed copy,double-spaced to allow room to markcorrections.

Read your essay backwards. Be cautious of spell-check and

grammar-check. Read your essay out loud. Get feedback from peers. Work with a tutor!


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You should never move to peer reviewwithout first completing a self-review(revising & editing); you want your peer

to look for mistakes that you wereunable to catch yourself!

After you have reviewed your own work,

make the necessary corrections and printa clean, revised copy before moving onto peer review.


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It is important to make the peer reviewprocess useful.

Basics of useful feedback:

It is given in a positive way

It is specific

It offers suggestions It is given both verbally and in writing


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Practice makes perfect! Revise and Edit your work and get the

feedback from your friends and your

Tutor.

The End


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Good Luck

PPTSlides Wk11 Aug 2011

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