Writing Material1

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Writing MaterialBasharat HafeezAn ancient hand print on cave wall and incessant print-out of computer in the modern world is an unbroken link

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3Cave paintingClayMesopotamian clay tablets, Made of river mud

The tablets varied in shape (square, round and oblong) with rounded corners.

Usually the flat on top and slightly rounded on the bottom

4Picture of some clay tablets

5Writing on Clay TabletsThe scribe used a thin pencil-like piece of wood cut diagonally on one end.

The stick was thrust into the wet clay where it formed wedge-shaped characters

Witting instrument was called a cuneus (wedge) and the characters cuneiform.

6Writing MaterialBasharat Hafeez6Kfoot]oe[eClay: Preservation The tablets were then baked in the sun or kiln.

Clay book was comprised of a series of tablets.

In Nineveh, the capital of Babylonia 30,000 clay tablets were uncovered by archeologists.

20,000 clay tablets preserved in British Museum, London7Map of Valley of Clay Tablets

8Clay tablet

9PapyrusPapyrus reed grew along the fertile bank of the Nile in Egypt

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Writing MaterialBasharat Hafeez10Usage of PapyrusFuelMaking of ropeCooked and juiced for foodRobes (loose outer garment)SandalsRafts and Boats

11The preparation of PapyrusPapyrus cut and loaded in bundles into boat.

An inscription, dated 1475 BC, depicts the harvesting of the papyrus plant12Papyrus Plant

13The preparation of Papyrus

14The preparation of Papyrus Stem of the papyrus plant was cut lengthwise.

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The preparation of PapyrusA layer of the strips was laid vertically side by side.A second layer was placed horizontally, at right angles over the first layer.

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The preparation of PapyrusThe two layers were pounded and gulled together either by a gummy substance or by the water from the River Nile.

The uneven edges were trimmed and the yellow-white sheet of papyrus was rubbed with pumice to smooth the writing surface17The preparation of Papyrus

18The preparation of PapyrusThe sheets of papyrus were pasted together into a strip.

Strip six inches high and occasionally as much as 100 feet long.

The strip was then rolled around a rod, usually made of tightly compressed papyrus.

19The preparation of Papyrus

20Writing MaterialBasharat Hafeez20The preparation of Papyrus

21The preservation of PapyrusThe papyrus was breakable and easily torn a cover of papyrus dyed purple was often use to protect the role.

From the end of the roll a tag or ticket was hung, bearing the title of the roll.

The Romans also wrote on papyrus rolls. They called the rolls volumen, from which comes the word volume.2222Writing MaterialBasharat Hafeez22Papyrus: the scribe at workThe scribe often worked out of door, squatting cross-legged at a low desk.

Black and Red inks were used

Red being used to introducing a new paragraph.

23Writing on PapyrusThe reed pen, called a calanus, was half pen and half brush.

One end chewed into a tuft, as sharp writing implement would have penetrated the papyrus.

24Writing on Papyrus

25Writing on Papyrus

26Writing on Papyrus

27Writing on Papyrus

28Writing on Papyrus

29Writing on Papyrus

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Writing on PapyrusThe scribe copied in page-like on the roll.

Papyrus was used as a writing material for thousand years. The last extant piece was dated 1022 AD. 31Wood and the Wax TabletThe Romans used the idea of a slate as a writing surface when they designed centuries ago a wax tablet.

A small block of wood was hollowed and filled with a thin layer of yellow or black wax.

The wooden edges of the tablet might be decorated.32Writing MaterialBasharat Hafeez32Hollowed: hole Wood and the Wax TabletWooden frame for wax

Roman Wax Tablet

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Wood and the Wax TabletThe writing implement was a pointed stylus of wood or ivory, blunted at one end for erasures.

The letter were dug into the wax.

The wax was smoothed with the blunt edge of the stylus to reuse the tablet.34Writing MaterialBasharat Hafeez34Stylus: pointed instrument for writing* Blunted: make less sharp, dull*erasures: rubbing outWood and the Wax TabletWax tablets were seldom stored in libraries.

Several wax tablets were found in the ruins.

The Roman also used a wooden bulleting board resembling our roadside bill board. Painted black and white letters.

Boards were used for news, public notes35ParchmentIn Pergamum a new writing material was used.

As the story is told, a scribe in Pergamum made parchment out of sheep skin and called it Pargamena in honor of his city.

Soon parchment began to replace papyrus as a writing material.36Parchment SheetSoak the sheep skin in lye (ancient Greek U shaped frame) for several hours.

Scrape off the wool and fatty substance with a sharp knife.

While skin is wet, stretch it and nail it onto a wooden frame.

When skin is dry, use pumice or an abrasive to clean the skin.37Parchment SheetRub in chalk dust to whiten it.

Trim and cut it into small sheets

38Writing on ParchmentFor writing on parchment a quill pen of goose or turkey feathers was used.

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Quill: Long feather; Feather penIt was dipped into a brownish ink make from gall nuts that grow on the bark of the oak tree.

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VellumTo make vellum instead of parchment, follow the same procedure using calf skin instead of sheep skin.

Vellum is delicate, smooth and white writing surface that takes ink perfectly.41

PaperT Sai Lun , a Chinese, had mixed bark, hemp, fish nets and rags with water and invented paper.

This secret process was reported to his emperor and TSai Lun was rewarded.

A temple was built in his honor and Chinese sellers of paper burned incense before his picture.42Paper, discovery of In 1907, Sir Aurel Stein, during an archeological expedition arrived at a cave near the Great Wall.

A village Tun-Huang was near by.

There he discover some documents written on silk and bamboo, and nine letters were written on paper.

The Letter ware dated 50 years after TSai Lun first made paper.43The secret of paper making revealed The Muslims advanced toward China in 8th century AD

The art of paper making was secret of Chinese.

Among the prisoners taken were Chinese paper Makers, who were forced to reveal their secret.

44The Westward Journey of PaperFor centuries paper making flourished in Samarkand and became a profitable commercial product.

In Samarkand quality paper was produced.

The Muslims guarded development of paper making for 500 Years.

45The Westward Journey of PaperHaroon-ur-Rasheed brought paper making art in royal city Baghdad.

Then paper making are passed on to Damascus.

Extraordinarily fine paper was made in Damascus.

Paper was exported to Italy and Cairo.

46The Westward Journey of PaperMuslims taught the Egyptians the art of making paper.

Abundant flax and linen cloth made possible an excellent grade of paper.

Thousand of paper documents concerning Muslim culture were preserved in this country.47The Westward Journey of PaperMuslims advanced across North Africa and conquer the Spain

Under Muslim rule, the first paper mill was built a Jativa city of Spain in 1150 AD.

Use of paper grew at an impressive rate and the making of paper spilled over into France.48The Westward Journey of PaperIn 1270 AD first paper mill was build in Fabriano, Italy.

The Italian artisans carried the paper making process across the Alps to Nuremberg, Germany.

In Nuremberg, Germany very notable paper mill the Stomer Mill was established.49The Westward Journey of PaperThen paper making process reached Cologne and, at las, across to England.

The European were slow to adopt paper as a writing material.

They considered parchment more satisfactory.

At that time in Europe, educational advancement was slow and the demand for books small.50The Westward Journey of PaperIn new world, first mill was build at Philadelphia, USA in late 1600s. 51Printing press & Publishing52Web publishingAdvancement of ICTs

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