World War II. Section 1 From Appeasement to War Japan’s Expansion into Asia 1931- took Manchuria League of Nations protested, but was powerless…Japan.

World War II

Section 1

From Appeasement to War

Japan’s Expansion into Asia

1931- took ManchuriaLeague of Nations protested, but was powerless…Japan withdraws from LON1937- full scale invasion of ChinaEase of Japan’s conquest in Asia inspired Italy and Germany

Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia

1935- Italy invades Ethiopia LON-sanctions against Italy, but no power to enforce1936- Italy had conquered Ethiopia1936-Italy formally annexes of Ethiopia

Hitler Breaks the TreatyHitler inspired by Japanese and Italian expansion1-remiliitarized Germany2-Sent troops to Rhineland (3/36) (demilitarized zone) bordering France*Western democracies denounced Hitler, but chose the policy of appeasement

US passed the Neutrality Acts

10/1936- Hitler and Mussolini sign Rome-Berlin Axis- Axis PowersHitler Breaks Treaty of Versailles

Spanish Civil War

Loyalist were supported by the Soviet Union

Nationalists were supported by Germany and Italy…win the War

Spain headed by Fascist dictator Francisco Franco

Spanish Civil War (test run for WWII)

German Aggression ContinuesAustriaHitler wanted more living space for Germans, and the “Aryan race” had the right to conquer the inferior races1938- bullied Austrian chancellor to appoint Nazis to key government posts3/1938- sent troops and proclaimed it part of Germany…Anschluss was created

Western Democracies- no action

German Aggression Continues

CzechoslovakiaHitler demanded that the Sudetenland (region in W. Czech) be annexed

The Munich Conference9/1938- GB and France again chose appeasementGave Hilter the Sudetenland if he promised no further expansion plans

Compromise:• Germany gets Sudetenland

– Respect Czech sovereigntyChamberlain- “peace in our time”Churchill- “war or dishonor”…”chose dishonor, they will have war”3/15/1939- Hitler took the rest of CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakiaWest Prepared for war---promised to protect Poland

Nazi-Soviet Pact

8/23/1939- Nazi-Soviet PactNot to fight eachother and to divide Poland and Eastern Europe between themNazi-Soviet Pact

9/1/39- Germany Invaded Poland9/3/39- GB and France declared war on GermanyWWII had begun

Section 2

THE AXIS ADVANCES

Hitler Looks to the West9/1/1939- German Luftwaffe targets Poland using Blitzkrieg or “Lighting War”Blitzkreig

1- Air force bombings and dive bombers2- Fast-moving tanks and troops move in

Germany attacked the west, while the Soviets attacked from the east…within weeks Polan ceased to existGB and France who declared war on 9/3 could do nothing to help Poland

The Invasion of ScandinaviaWhile the French and British waited behind the Maginot Line…4/1940- Germany’s Blitzkrieg took Denmark Norway5/1940- German takes the Netherlands and Belgium Meanwhile in GB- Chamberlain stepped down, and Winston Churchill became the new Prime MinisterMAP

Miracle of DunkirkFrench, British and Belgian troops were trapped in the NW corner of France

Hitler halts his forces (inexplicably)

May 26, 1940-850 vessel armada rescues the 300,000 troops and takes them safely to Britain

Under constant air and ground attacksRescue raises British morale

The Fall of France

Germany sweeps into France and on June 14 take Paris June 22, 1940- Hitler forces the French to sign surrender documents in the same railway car used to sign the armistice in WWIFrance signs armistice with GermanyGermany occupies the north while a “pupper government” (Vichy) is set up in the southSome French officers escape to England (Charles de Gaulle) to work on a resistance

Battle of Britain All that stood in the way of western domination for Hitler was Churchill and GB

Hitler thought GB would seek peace…he was wrong

Hitler launched Operation Sea Lion- the invasion of Britain

Massive airstrikes on the island (8/1940)The Blitz (9/1940)-bombing of Britain

6/1941- Britain had not fallen as the Luftwaffe failed to dominate the airs over Britain

Battle of Britain

Eastern Europe and Africa

While Hitler dominated Europe, Mussolini pushed in North Africa and the Balkins (7/10/1940- Italy declares war on GB and France)By 4/11/1941- Axis had pushed Allies out of Yugoslavia, Greece and Libya

Led by Ger. Erwin Rommel

***By 1941- the Axis powers or their allies controlled most of Europe***

Germany Invades the Soviet Union

Due to failed attempt at GB, Hitler looked to S.U. for his expansion…turns out to be a costly mistake6/1941- Massive invasion of S.U. begins (surprised Stalin)- Operation Barbarossa

Made motives clear- RESOURCES and crushing Communism3 million troop invasionThe unprepared Soviets lost 2.5 millionScorched Earth Policy (Stalin)- If Germans force a retreat, destroy everything

Germany Invades the Soviet Union

By Nov 1941 Germany controlled 40% of the Soviet population Dec. 1941- Germany began an assault on Leningrad attacking MoscowAs the Nazi invasion stalled, the winter of 1941 set in…Moscow and Leningrad would not fall

Japanese ExpansionJapan seized opportunity to take European colonies in Asia

Dutch East Indies and French Indo-ChinaGB fled SingaporeInvaded Indo China

Established “Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”- new order

Asians were happy to get Europeans out

US ResponsePut embargo on the scrap iron

Japanese Expansion- con’t

Tripartite PactGermany, Italy and Japan•9/1940•Right to every nation to “receive space to which it is entitled”

•Cooperate with goals and aid if attacked

Anglo-American Cooperation

Leading up to WWII American government stressed neutralityFDR- worried by German expansion felt GB and France could not stop Germany aloneAfter Dunkirk, US gave GB 50 destroyersCash and Carry Policies- Cash for needed supplies (GB running out of money)Lend-Lease- President can lend war equipment to any country vital to US security

Pearl Harbor

US demands Japan to withdraw from Indochina and China

Embargo on oil and froze Japanese assets in US

War with USUS stands in way of expansionKey to success against US was to destroy the American Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor• US and other Japanese though Pearl Harbor would be safe from attack (Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto disagreed

Pearl Harbor- con’t

Dec. 7, 1941- attack on Pearl Harbor

19 ships, 2400 people killedFortunately for US- aircraft carriers were at seas and escaped attack

Dec. 8- US declares war on JapanPearl HarborJapanese American BacklashExecutive Order 9066

The Nazi Order

Hitler hoped for “New Order”Nazis rule EuropeEnslave conquered people and force them to work for the “Master Race”

Master RaceExterminate “undesirable elements”•Jews and Slavs, etc…

The Holocaust

July 1941- implemented plan for extermination of Jews (“Final Solution”)Millions rounded up and taken to Concentration Camps (Dachau and Auschwitz)6 million Jews murdered6 million Slavs and Gypsies

The Allies

Dec. 11, 1941- Germany and Italy honor Tripartite Pact and declare war on USGB backs US and declares war on JapanStalin pleads for a second front to take pressure off of SovietsAllies postponed invasion of Europe

Set sites on North Africa and the Mediterranean

The Allies

Section 3

The Allies Turn the Tide

The Soviet Offensive

July 1942- things going badly for Soviets- full retreat

Germans approaching StalingradSoviet counterattack and encircled Germans• Soviets and winter cause German surrender in February 1943

*Major turning point in war- broke the back of the Nazi Military Machine

Battle of Stalingrad

War in the Desert

GB led by Bernard Montgomery against the Germans led by Rommel (“Desert Fox”) and Vichy French who controlled French North AfricaAllied Commander Dwight Eisenhower brokered a deal with a Vichy official

Gave Vichy French N. AfricaEnded resistance

French Resistance moves in to help Allies

War in the Desert- con’t

Rommel tells Hitler the situation is helplessHitler refuses

Germany later surrenders in TunisiaWar in the Desert

Invasion of ItalyAllies meet in Casablanca to develop a plan

Invade SicilyLeads to Mussolini’s downfall• It. King Emmanuel III

– Fires and arrest Mussolini– Dissolves Fascist party and surrenders

Germany continues to control peninsula6 month artillery bombardment to rid the Germans

Invasion of ItalyFirst Allied foothold in Europe

D-Day

June 6, 1944Confusion and heavy German resistance made invasion difficult•Huge Allied success

– Within 1 Million troops poured in France– July 25- broke though German line

D-DayAugust 25- Paris is liberated

Yalta and PotsdamVictory Over Germany

Allies attack Germany while Soviets moved from the eastDespite heavy losses Hitler refused to surrender.• Last offensive- Battle of the Bulge (12/44)

Allies cross the Rhine River (German defensive barrier)May 7, 1945- Germany surrenders

Postwar Conferences:Yalta-(2/1945) Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin

Postwar Plans-divide Germany and creation of United Nations

Potsdam(7/1945)Occupy GermanyUltimatum to JapanWartime alliance pulling apart

Section 4

Victory in Europe and the Pacific

V-E Day

May 7 Germany surrenderedMay 8, 1945 was proclaimed V-E Day (Victory in Europe)

War in the PacificWhile war waged in Europe Japan had a great deal of success in Asia

Taken:Malaya, Singapore, Burman, Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake Islands and Philippines

Allied successCoral SeaMidway-ended Japanese naval superiority in PacificGuadalcanal

*Leapfrogged its way to Japan

After a pause to rebuild…Allies resumed quest for Japan in 11/1943Led to kamikazes attacks•Suicide mission

War in the Pacific

War in the Pacific- con’t

Victory Over JapanSummer of 1945- Allied victory was inevitable (Japan refused to surrender)Iwo Jima and Okinawa- fiercest battles in Pacific- Allied VictoriesAfter refusing multiple ultimatums the US decided to use their new weapon- Atomic Bomb

Hiroshima(8/6/45) and Nagasaki(8/9/45) were bombed- 200,000 Japanese lost their livesSeptember 2, 1945- Japanese surrender- WWII over

Victory Over Japan

Section 5

The End of WWII

War’s Aftermath

The war had killed as many as 50 million people around the worldAs the war ended people began to learn the full extent of the inhumanity of the HolocaustAt the Nuremberg Trials nazi leaders were tried for “crimes against humanity”The western allies occupied Germany and Japan with democratic constitutions

Establishing the United Nations

April 1945, 50 nations convened in San Francisco to draft a charter for the United NationsGeneral Assembly- all members votedSecurity Council- had the right to veto any decision (US, Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China)

Effects of the War

70 Million Fought50 Million+ casualties

SU-22 MillionGermany- 8 MillionJapan- 2 Million6 Million Jews (Holocaust)400,000 Americans

Use of new weapons made WWII the most destructive in history