World War Two The Start of the Cold War Aggression, Appeasement, War Japan wanted a big empire –Invaded Manchuria in 1931 League of Nations condemned.

World War Two

The Start of the Cold War

Aggression, Appeasement, War

• Japan wanted a big empire– Invaded Manchuria in 1931

• League of Nations condemned• By 1937 overran most of Eastern China

*During the 1930's Dictators took aggressive acts and got verbal protests

• Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1936 –League of Nations condemned and voted sanctions

• Germany–Hitler violated the Versailles treaty

•Built up army•Sent troops into the Rhineland

–Increased his popularity at home

Policy of Appeasement

• *Why did western government give in to aggressors in order to maintain the peace– Saw Hitler as a buffer against Soviet Communism– Great Depression sapped their strengths– Pacifism...abhor war and sought peace at any price

• *U. S. Neutrality Acts were designed to avoid involvement– No arms sales– No loans– No travel on warring ships

*Rome Berlin Tokyo Axis

• September 27, 1940

• Joined to fight communism

• Would not interfere with each other Imperialism

Axis Powers Rise

Spanish Civil War a dress rehearsal

• Nationalists (republic) versus Loyalists (leftists)

• Germany supported the republic against the communists

• Soviets supported the leftists• Killed over one million• *Germany perfected it’s air

power

The famous Picasso painting of the German bombing of Spanish civilians at Guernica would foreshadow the horrors awaiting a Europe that had turned it's back on Spain.

German aggression continues

• Austria annexed 1938• Sudetenland annexed 1938• *Munich Conference

– Hitler agreed to no more expansion

– Neville Chamberlain “Peace for our time”

– Churchill, “They had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor: they will have war.”

“They will have war”

• March 1939, Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia

• *Nazi-Soviet Pact... Aug 1939... they agreed– Not to fight if the other went

to war– To divide up Poland and

other parts of Europe

Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov signs the Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact while German Foreign Minister Von Ribbentrop and Soviet leader Stalin look on under a portrait of Lenin

*Why did war come?

• Versailles Treaty• Depression distracted

westerners• Misread Hitler’s

intentions• Aware of the destructive

power of modern warfare

Germany’s and the United States’ industrial output fell by about 50 per cent, and between 25 and 33 per cent of the industrial labour force was unemployed.

When the American economy fell into depression, US banks recalled their loans, causing the German banking system to collapse.

The First Onslaught

• Sept. 1939 Hitler unleashed the *Blitzkrieg( lightning war) on western Poland– Planes bombed

airfields, factories, towns, and cities.

– The fast moving armor supported troops.

• Stalin invaded the eastern side

• April 1940...Hitler attacked Norway, Denmark, Netherlands, and Belgium

The Miracle of Dunkirk• May 29-31, 1940

• Destroyers, Cargo Boats, Fishing Boats, Cross Channel Ferries, Yachts, Motor Boats, Fire Floats, Tugs, Tugs towing boats, Lifeboats, Pleasure Steamers and Holiday Boats

• 212,000 British 113,000 allied troops 13,000 wounded.

"We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight them in the air, we shall

fight them on the beaches, we shall fight them on the landing grounds, we shall

fight in the fields and streets, we shall fight them in the hills. we will never

surrender"

Churchill’s Response

France surrendered to Germany on June 22, 1940

• Hitler forced signing in the same railroad car used for WWI armistice

• Hitler occupied the northern part• *Set up puppet government

(Vichy) in the south• Charles de Gaulle, set up a

government in exile in England– Resistance fighters harassed

Germans

*Battle of Britain Operation Sea Lion

• Aug. 12, 1940 Nazi bombing of military targets begins

• Sept. 7th bombing of London and other cities begins– 57 days of bombing destroyed

most of London– 15,000 mostly civilians killed

• June 1941, Hitler canceled Sea Lion and turned to Russia

Messerschmitt 109

Spitfire

War in Great Britain

*Operation Barbarossa “The Conquest of Russia” June 1941

Why?• Wanted living space• Wanted control of the

natural resources• Wanted to crush

Communism

• Sent a 3 million man Blitzkrieg into Russia

• Stalin unprepared– Purges lost many top

officers

– Lost 2.5 million troops

– Destroyed factories, equipment and crops (scorched earth)

Moscow and Leningrad

• Moscow– Winter stalled the

Germans (-20 degrees)

• *Leningrad– 2 ½ year siege began

– Over one million died in the city

– Ate wallpaper paste and boiled leather

American Involvement• Through Nov. 1941 America still

declared a neutral• FDR found ways around the

Neutrality Laws• *Lend Lease Act early 1941

– Sell or lend war materials to “any country who’s defense the President deems vital to the defense of the U.S.”

• *Atlantic Charter Aug. 1941 FDR and Churchill– Final destruction the Nazi tyranny– Support self determination– Permanent system of general security

U.S Joins War

Japan Attacks Dec. 7, 1941

*Why?• U.S. banned selling war

materials ... iron, steel and oil• U.S. interfering with their

plans• The attack

– Damaged or destroyed 19 ships– Smashed most of the airplanes– Killed 2,400 people– “A day that will live in

infamy”

Day in Infamy

Axis powers had reached their high

point by spring 1942*They had made two

serious mistakes• Germans had attacked

Russia opening a two front war

• Japanese had brought the United States into the

war

Occupied Lands

• *A resource to be plundered and looted– Nazis systematically

stripped countries of art, factories and other resources

– Treated conquered people with brutality, killing and torture

• *Co-Prosperity Sphere– Japan’s self

proclaimed mission was to help other Asians escape western imperialistic colonial rule

– Treated conquered people with brutality, killing and torture

Campaign Against the Jews

• *Nuremberg Laws prohibited– marriage to non Jews– Teaching in German schools– Holding Government jobs– Practicing law or medicine– Publishing books– Were not considered citizens of

the Reich

• Hitler used the Jews as scapegoats

“*Night of Broken Glass"

In two days, over 1,000 synagogues were burned, 7,000 Jewish businesses were trashed and looted, dozens of Jewish

people were killed, and Jewish cemeteries, hospitals, schools,

and homes were looted

*Nazi Genocide

• Hitler’s plan to kill racially inferior people– Jews, Gypsies and the mentally ill

• *Death camps– Upon arrival they were stripped and

separated– Young, old and sick were marked for

immediate killing• Taken to the showers and gassed• The others were worked to death or

used in medical experiments

• Some helped by hiding marked persons

• Collaborators helped hunt down marked persons

A glimpse of the horrors of the *HolocaustThe Holocaust was the

systematic annihilation of six million Jews by

the Nazi regime during World War 2. In 1933 approximately nine

million Jews lived in the 21 countries of Europe that would be occupied by Germany during the war. By 1945 two out

of every three European Jews had

been killed

*Yalta Conference

• Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to finish the Nazis first then Japan

• Distrusted each other– Churchill felt Stalin wanted

to dominate Europe

– Roosevelt felt Churchill wanted to increase British imperial power

– Stalin felt the others wanted to destroy Communism

*Total war directed all effort to winning the war

• Factories turned out airplanes and tanks

• Rationed consumer goods• Regulated prices and wages• Brought the depression to and end• Limited citizens rights• Censored the press• Propaganda to increase public support• Japanese U.S. citizens lost their civil

rights

*Women in the war effort

• Built ships and planes, produced munitions and staffed offices

• Served in the armed forces– driving trucks delivering

airplanes, decoding messages, worked anti-aircraft guns, fought in the resistance

Invasion of Italy....July 1943

• Took Sicily and southern Italy in about a month

• Italians over threw Mussolini

• Germans come to save him opening up a third front

Invasion of France

• Early 1944 bombers flew constant missions over Germany

• *D-Day .... June 6, 1944– 176,000 troops invade

the beaches of Normandy

• Aug. 25th Paris liberated

*Battle of the Bulge Dec. 1944

• All or nothing German offensive

• Blitzkrieg through Belgium

• Allied lines bulged but did not break

Germany was being pounded from the air

• Industrial city of Hamburg erased• Dresden destroyed in Feb. 1945 killed

135,000

*Victory in Europe

• Allies crossed the Rhine toward Berlin

• Russians came from the east

• In late April east and west met at the Elbe River

• Hitler commits suicide

May 7, 1945 VE Day

War in the Pacific

• *Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway May and June 1942– Severely weakened

the Japanese Navy– Showed the value of

the carrier– Put Japan on the

defensive Where is Coral Sea?

War in the Pacific

• *Island hopping strategy– Guadalcanal..first step– Take one then hop over

the next

• By 1944 U.S. bombers were hitting Mainland Japan

• Oct. 1944 MacArthur was retaking the Philippines

• British were pushing Japs back in Malaya

Japan Blown Away

• *The Bomb– Developed in Alamogordo

NM. Using some Nazi scientists

– July 1945 first test– Truman issued Japan a

warning to surrender by the first part of Aug. or “face utter and complete destruction.”

*Hiroshima Aug. 6, 1945

• Flattened 4 sq. miles....killed 70,000 plus many 1,000's more from radiation sickness

• Truman warned them again or expect, “a rain of ruin from the air the likes of which has never been seen before”

• Soviet Union declared war on Japan Aug. 8th

*Nagasaki Aug 9, 1945

• *Fatman bomb, dropped by the U.S. B-29 Bock's Car, explodes with the force of 22 kilotons of explosive

• Killed 40,000

• Emperor Hirohito surrendered Aug 10th

Effects of Atomic BombEffects of Atomic Bomb

Formal Peace Treaty Sept. 2, 1945

*Why drop the Atomic Bomb?

• Japan would not surrender

• Invasion would cost enormous loss of life

• Impress Soviets of American power

*The Aftermath of War

• 75,000,000 killed world wide• The horrors of the Holocaust came to light• German political and military leaders tried

in the War Crimes Trials– Proved that leaders could be held accountable

for their actions during a war.

• Germany divided up by the Allies• Japan occupied by the U.S.

United Nations....April 1945• 50 nations met in San Francisco to form the

United Nations• *General Assembly....each member got one vote• *Security Council...five permanent members plus

two rotating from Gen. Assembly– United States, Soviet Union, Britain, France and China– Anyone could veto any council decision

"Nothing is more essential to the future peace of the world than continued cooperation of the nations which had to muster the force necessary to defeat the conspiracy of the Axis powers to dominate the world.”

*Iron Curtain

• Conflicting Ideologies lead to mutual distrust among allies

• Stalin occupied countries he liberated from the Germans

• Installed pro-Soviet governments in eastern Europe

• Stalin wanted– To spread Communism– Create a buffer zone

• Dropped an “Iron Curtain” across the continent

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”

War Ends

*Containmentlimit Communism to the areas already under

Soviet control• *Truman doctrine

– Resist Soviet expansion in Europe or elsewhere in the world

• *The Marshall Plan– Massive aid program to

Europe• Food and economic

assistance• Help rebuild Europe• Resist communist influence

*Berlin Airlift

• June 1948 Stalin closed off Berlin

• Allies airlifted food and other necessities for almost a year

Military Alliances

• *North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1949

• *Warsaw Pact..1955• Arms race...for 40 years

both sides developed deadly nuclear weapons and delivery systems