World War II Rise of Dictatorships Holocaust Beginning of WWII Home Front Preparations Atlantic Front & Pacific Front Peace Talks.

World War II

Rise of Dictatorships

Holocaust

Beginning of WWII

Home Front Preparations

Atlantic Front & Pacific Front

Peace Talks

Main Idea

• Rise of Dictators- A failed treaty, changing Europe, and a global Depression led to the reemergence of nationalism and dictatorship.

Introduction

• Reemergence of European Nationalism

Key words to know• Communism- is a socioeconomic structure that

promotes the establishment of a classless, stateless society based on common ownership of the means of production.

• Fascism- is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to a mass movement) that considers individual and social interests secondary to the interests of the state or party

• Nazism- German brand of fascism• Totalitarianism- state regulation of nearly every

aspect of public and private behavior.

Characteristics of a Totalitarian State

• Extreme Nationalist• Government Control• Anti-Semitic • Militaristic• Single Party- lacks democracy• Rule by terror- secret police

• Control of Media- propaganda

Failures of WWI Treaty

• Caused anger and resentment (Germany and Russia)– Germany blamed for the war– Colonies were stripped

• New democracies struggled– Many new countries lack democratic tradition.

With lack of tradition people were not willing to let things get worse before they got better!!!

Post WWI map of new territories

Joseph Stalin Transforms USSR

• The Model Communist State– National Agriculture and Industry became the primary

goals– Stalin abolished privately owned farms and turned them

into collectives– Stalin created five-year plans that directed industrial

growth (1937 2nd largest)– Through fear and terror (Great Purge) Stalin created a

Totalitarian state. (1939)

Joseph Stalin “Man of Steel”

USSR symbol represents ideas

Rise of Fascism in Italy

• Benito Mussolini and his Black Shirts– Economic Crisis and Fear of Communism

opened the door for Fascism– 1921 fascist party created, by 1922 Mussolini

marched on Rome with thousands of “black shirts”

– Declared himself the Il Duce “the leader”– Totalitarian state in joint rule with the King

Benito Mussolini

Symbol of the Fascist

The Nazis Take Over Germany

• Adolf Hitler’s rise to power!– 1919 Hitler joins Nazi party – Hitler tries to over through the government

(Munich Beer Hall Revolution) and gets thrown in jail were he writes Mein Kempf. (Lays the ground work for Nazi Germany)

– Great Depression- war debts, fear of communism, lack of American loans, run away inflation, etc.

The Nazis take over Germany

• Hitler’s rise to power– Many agitated un-employed Germans joined

Hitler’s “brown shirts”– By 1932 Nazis had become the strongest party

in the Reichstag– 1933 Hitler appointed Chancellor and destroyed

the Weimer Republic and created the Third Reich

Hitler hoisting a Nazi Flag

Main Idea

• Holocaust- systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe, more than half of whom were Jews.

Holocaust

• Why Jews?

–Scapegoats for causes and failures of the German economy and defeat of WWI

Holocaust

• Under the Nuremburg Laws, Jews were subjected to economic, social, and legal restrictions which made it virtually impossible to do anything.– Government employees were let go

– Lost German citizenship

– Jobs

– Property

– Forced to wear Star of David

Holocaust

• Kristallnacht- “Night of Broken Glass” – Nazi storm troopers (SS) attacked Jewish

homes businesses, and synagogues. Nov. 9-10 1938

– 30,000 Jews were arrested and many others were moved into ghettos

– Jews tried to flee to other countries, but nobody wanted them.

Holocaust

• “Final Solution”- policy of genocide– Wished to create a master race of Aryans – Political opponents, gypsies, Jehovah’s

Witnesses, homosexuals, physically handy capped, mentally ill, etc.

– From ghettos to concentration camps– Concentration camps- labor camps or death

camps

Holocaust

• Mass Extermination – Most death camps were in Poland – Prisoners went through countless inspections

(selection)– Strong worked, weak were gassed, shot,

burned, drowned, etc. – Experiments done on Jews– Six million Jews died during the holocaust

Entrance to Auschwitz

Woman about to be executed

Jews rescued by Canadian Forces

Survivors

Children of the Holocaust

Survivor idea number

Jews rounded up for the Ghetto or transport!

Picture of Star of David on coats

Bags of hair

Beginning of WWII

Expansion of the German EmpireInvasion of PolandInvasion of France Battle for Britain

Operation Barbarossa

Main Idea

• Beginning of Hostility- Dictators’ imperialistic pursuits and appeasement by world powers set World War II in motion.

Beginning of War

Clouds of War

Write three key points in your notes!!!!

Aggression in the World

• Militarist gain control of Japan– Hideki Tojo- Japanese nationalist– Manchurian Crisis 1931(imperialistic pursuit of

raw materials)

• Italy becomes imperialistic – 1935 Ethiopian crisis

• Civil War in Spain 1936– Francisco Franco (Fascist) receives support

from Hitler and Mussolini to establish a totalitarian state in Spain

Japanese Empire 1932

Italian Invasion of Ethiopia

Map of Europe prior to WWI

Hitler moves to build his Empire

• Hitler pushes for more “Lebensraum”– Lebensraum- mean living space for Germans– In 1935 Hitler begins to rebuild the military– Rhineland- Hitler moves troops into a

demilitarized zone 1936– Austria (March 12, 1938)– Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia and the Munich

Pact (September 30, 1938)– Appeasement- giving up principles to pacify an

aggressor.

Hitler's Empire

• Hitler’s expansion into Poland and the start of WWII– Great deal of German speaking people living in

Poland– Nonaggression Pact (August 23, 1939)– Germany attacks Poland and by Sept. 3 BR & FR

declare war on Germany– War Comes to Europe– Write three key points!!!

Main Idea

• German Blitz: Germany’s use of technology and superb strategy allowed them to dominate the early years of the war.

World War II Begins: German Blitz

• For the next several months German and the Allied troops stared at each other at the Maginot Line (Phony War)

• Meanwhile… Stalin annexed former Russian possessions and took control of Poland.

• Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway through military deception then turned against the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxemburg.

• Fall of France in June of 1940

1

2

3

4

5

Battle for Britain

• Operation Sea Lion– All out invasion of Britain– British controlled the sea, so Hitler

would try to control the air – Round the clock bombing of Britain– Radar, Ultra, and RAF saved Britain

from annihilation.

Hitler’ s big mistake

Operation Barbarossa

Hitler's Big Mistake

• June 22, 1941 Operation Barbarossa

– Hitler’s invasion of the East (Russia)

– Hitler invades with 3 million troops to Russia’s 2.9 million troops.

– Russian’s 2:1 advantage in tanks and airplanes

Hitler’s Mistake

• Attack in the East– By October Russian weather begins

to set in. (Rain, then Snow)– Scorched Earth Policy– Battle for Stalingrad (Aug. 21, 1942

to Feb. 2, 1943)• Oil and control of the Volga

War in the East

Hitler’s Failure

• Underestimated Red Army

• Did not take weather into account

• Supply lines too far away from the front

• Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the Eastern Front.

WWII the American Experience

Isolationism and Neutrality

Moving Towards War

Preparation for war

Fighting the War in Europe

Fighting the War in the Pacific

Peace Treaty Process

Main Idea

• Moving Towards War- Although isolationist feeling was strong and neutrality legislation supported such sentiments, by 1939 Roosevelt had slowly turned America toward internationalist approach. After Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, the US finally entered World War II.

Isolationism and Neutrality

• Response to the growing conflict in Europe – Isolationism- opposition to political

entanglements with other countries– WWI blamed on Bankers and “Merchants of

Death”– Neutrality Acts (1935-1937)- First three acts

outlawed the sale of arms to warring nations or nations involved in Civil War

Moving Towards War

• Neutrality Act of 1939- established the policy of “cash and carry”

• By 1940 the Tripartite Pact was signed to try and keep the US out of war. (Germany, Italy, Japan)

• After the Tripartite Pact the US increases defense spending. FDR's speech regarding the Axis threat.

• March 1941 congress passes the Lend-Lease Act. His goal was to make America an “Arsenal for Democracy” Aid was sent to Britain and Russia

Moving Towards War

• German Wolf Pack- groups of German subs that preyed upon British shipping lines.

• 350,000 tons a month• Sept. 1941, FDR allows

Navy to sink subs in self-defense

• Later that year America started to arm merchant ships

Moving Towards War

• Atlantic Charter– Meeting between FDR and

Churchill that hoped to rally support for the war.

– Collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas

– Charter would later become the blueprint of the United Nations after the war

Moving Towards War

• Japan Attacks the United States– By 1941 Japan and the US were the only two powers in

the Pacific. – Due to Japan’s imperialistic pursuits, the US created a

trade embargo on Japan. – Japan decided that war could not be averted and

attacked the US at Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941. Roosevelt's Pearl Harbor Speech

– Pearl Harbor Map– Dec. 8, 1941 the US declared war on Japan

America Goes to War and the Adjustment at Home

World War II achieved all the things that the New Deal could not. Factories were employing again to make war goods and the economy recovered at a rapid pass. However, American culture and society

would never be the same.

America Goes to War

• America built an army with the Selective Service

– Young Americans crammed recruiting offices after Pearl Harbor

– 5 mil. Volunteers, 10 mil. Drafted

– Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps

– Minorities suit up in the military (Africans, Chinese, Japanese, Indians)

America Goes to War

• Adjustment at Home– Industrial Response (converted from peace time

production to war time production) ex. Car industry

– War Production Board (rationed resource material vital to the production of war goods)

– Office of Price Administration (fought inflation, rationed foods)

– National War Labor Board (stabilized the work force)

– Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (limited right to strike)

America Goes to War

• Paying for the war

– 1941-1945 $321 Billion

– Office of War Information

– Revenue Act of 1942 (raised taxes)

– Department of Treasury (issued war bonds)

America Goes to War

– Office of Scientific Research and Development (radar, sonar, DDT, penicillin, Manhattan Project)

– Labor takes shape• Women (6 million)• Minorities 2 million(A. Philip Randolph)

Courage and Sacrifice

Atlantic Front

Four Stages of War War for the Atlantic

Operation Torch Soft Underbelly of Europe

Allied Forces in the West

• December 1941 the big two met and decided to focus Allied resources on winning the Atlantic.

• Why the Atlantic versus the Pacific?– US was in poor condition to fight the Japanese in the

pacific (Active Defense)– FDR considered Hitler the biggest threat– Soviet Union desperate for help– After German defeat Britain and Russia could aid in the

Pacific

Allied Forces in the West

• At the December meeting the big two outlined the battle plan for the Atlantic

• Four Stage War

– Control the Atlantic

– Liberation of North Africa

– Soft Underbelly of Europe

– All out invasion of France (D-Day)

Allied Forces in the West

• Control the Atlantic– Prior to 1943 German Wolf Packs were sinking

ships on the east coast and in the Atlantic. (Hundreds of ships, tons of supplies numbering in the millions)

– To combat the U-boats advanced radar, sonar, convoy systems, and airplanes were used

– Battle of the Convoys– BBC - History - The Battle of the Atlantic

Game

Turing Points in the Atlantic Campaign

• Battle for Stalingrad (January 31, 1943)• 2nd Battle at El Alamein ( November, 5 1942)

– Why?• USSR began to mount an offensive and secured oil

reserves• Middle East was safe from Nazi control

– Battle for the Suez Canal Battle at El Alamein

Allied Forces in the West

• Operation Torch (Invasion of North Africa)– Goals:

• Relieve pressure from the Suez Canal• Create a jumping point into Europe (Italy)

– Nov. 1942 107,000 Landed in North Africa (Morocco and Algeria)

– After a month of heavy fighting Germany’s Africa Corp surrenders in May of 1943

– BBC - History - Animated Map: The North African Campaign• Casablanca Conference (January 14 to 24, 1943)

– The Big Two (Roosevelt and Churchill)– Unconditional Surrender (proves that allies will go the distance)

Allied Forces in the West

• Soft Underbelly of Europe (Italy)– Goals:

• Force Italy to surrender

• Eliminate Mussolini

• Gain a southern front towards Germany

– July 10, 1943 250,000 American and British troops landed in Sicily. Marked the first time

the Allies had set foot in Europe since 1940.

Allied Forces in the West

• Soft Underbelly is really a tough old gut• Battle of Monte Cassino (Jan.-May of 1944)

Terrain made it difficult– Gustov Line- heavy German fortifications

across the center of Italy (Monte Cassino) – Battle of Anzio (Battle to cut off the Gustov

Line Jan-May of 1944) 54,000 died• BBC - History - Animated Map: The Italian Campaign

D-Day: Invasion of France

Allied Forces in the West

• Operation Overlord (D Day) – Dwight D. Eisenhower (Supreme Commander)

– Deception at Calais – Bombing of transportation lines to cutoff

reinforcements (Control the Air)– Dropping of thousands of paratroopers, were

used to disrupt enemy lines and transportation. (June 6, shortly after midnight)

– June 6th 1944 at 6:30 A.M. 176,000 troops landed on the beaches of Normandy

Deception at Calais

101st and 82nd Airborne land first in order to secure bridges and roads for the incoming

invasion.

Landing at Omaha

Moving Supplies after the Gaining Control of the Beachheads

Allied Forces in the West

– Five Beaches: Juno, Gold, Sword, Utah, and Omaha. Page 781.

– Hitler failed to send reinforcements to Rommel– Battle lasted from June 6 to July 24– By the end there was over 1 mil. Troops in

France BBC - History - Animated Map: The D-Day Landings

Allied forces in the West

• Road to Germany – August 25, 1944 Paris was liberated– Within 6 weeks France was cleared of all

German troops – Animated Map: Liberation of France– Sept. of 1944 Belgium and Luxembourg were

also liberated from German rule

Allied Forces in the West

• Battle of the Bulge

– October of 1944 Allies captured their first German Town

– Hitler responds with a desperate offensive

– Dec. 16, 1944 with 250,000 troops hundreds of tanks and planes

Allied Forces in the West

• Battle of the Bulge– Hitler prepares for the attack in

secret– Goal: Push deep into Belgium and

swing towards Antwerp (Major shipping outpost) hoping to disrupt supply lines and lower morale of the allies

Allied Forces in the West

• Battle of the Bulge– Battered Bastards of Bastogne (101st

Airborne)– Patton’s 3rd army drives the Germans

out of the Bulge– Cost for Germans: 120,000 men,

600 tanks, and 1600 planes

Allied Forces in the West

• Battle of the Bulge (last German offensive of the war)

• Yalta Conference: February 12, 1945– Feb. 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin meet at

a resort in Yalta– Goal: 1. Preserve alliance with Stalin 2. Contain

the Spread of Communism 3. Gain Soviet support for a new world peace keeping organization

Allied Forces move towards Victory

• Remainder of the War in Europe– Allies began to liberate concentration camps– March 7,1945 the 1st Army crosses the Rhine– Eisenhower is pressured to beat the Russians to

Berlin– Roosevelt dies on April 12, 1945(Busted Blood

Vessel in Head)

V-E Day

• Remainder of the War– April 29, 1945 Hitler commits suicide

– May 8, 1945 German unconditionally Surrender (V-E Day)

– Cost of War: close to 60 millions people from 1939 to 1945

War in the Pacific

War in the Pacific

• Japanese Offensive – Japanese began to build an empire that included

much of the Pacific islands. – They eventually conquered the Philippines and

captured thousands of American soldiers who would eventually become part of the Bataan Death March.

– 6 months after Pearl Harbor, Japan was setting in a good position.

War in the Pacific

• Active Defense- after Pearl Harbor the U.S. was in no condition to launch a full scale war in the Pacific. We relied on our Carriers to provide this active defense.

• Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942)- first meeting of both fleets. Fighting done completely in the air. Victory for U.S. because the advance on Australia was stopped.

War in the Pacific

• Battle of Midway (June 1942) – Adm. Nimitz receives and decodes message

stating that the Japanese fleet is coming to Midway in route to Hawaii.

– Nimitz sets up a surprise attack and destroys 4 of the Japanese carriers, therefore crippling the Japanese fleet.

– Battle of Midway was the turning point for the United States.

War in the Pacific

• Battle for Guadalcanal (August 1942)– First land engagement of the war – Guadalcanal was important because it could

serve as a stepping stone to the Philippines. – Was a hand to hand fought battle that showed

the pride and toughness of the Japanese military.

– U.S. won the battle and established an airfield to bomb the Philippines .

War in the Pacific

• Island Hopping (1943-1945) – U.S. military strategy that involves the hopping

from island to island liberating each one so they can build an airfield to catapult bombers to the next island with the goal of moving towards Japan.

– Island Hopping was not easy, and America suffered many casualties while fighting many of the land battles. Some of the worst were Iwo Jima and the Marines Islands.

War in the Pacific

• The B-29 is like no other weapon of War– Range: 1500 miles– Speed: 400mph– Payload: 2000 lbs.– The B-29 allowed the US to bypass islands and

strategically hop from island to island.– The Japanese could not match the effectiveness

of this plane

War in the Pacific

• Battle of the Philippines and the Kamikaze Pilots – Philippines was the largest naval battle in the

history of man kind– Battle of Leyte Gulf would be the first place

that Kamikaze pilots were used. – Kamikaze pilots were suicide pilots that sought

to crash their planes into carriers. – After the Battle of the Philippines the American

Fleet could move throughout the Pacific freely

War in the Pacific

• Battle of Iwo Jima (Sulfur Island)- Critical target, because US could use airfield to reach Japan. 20, 000 Japanese. Only 200 survived. 6,000 American Lives.

• Battle of Okinawa- Japanese unleashed heavy kamikaze attacks killing many Americans. Worse than Iwo Jima. 110,000 Japanese lives and 7,600 American lives lost. Americans began to wonder what it would be like trying to invade Japan after Okinawa.

War in the Pacific

• Atomic Bomb (Manhattan Project) – The atomic bomb cost $2 billion to build. – Bomb was built by the OSRD and European

Scientist who had fled Europe during Germany’s reign.

– No one really knew how much damage the bomb would create not even its creator J. Robert Oppenheimer.

War in the Pacific

• Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August 6th and August 14th 1945) – Fearing an invasion of Japanese mainland

Truman decided to drop the bomb. – Hundreds of thousands of people would die or

suffer from long term effects of the atomic bomb.

– August 14th 1945 Japanese Emperor surrendered ending WWII.

Peace Process of WWII

• Do we drop it or not. Page 791

• End of the War– Yalta conference page 791– Nuremberg War Trials 792– Occupation of Japan 793

Essay

• Detail the order of events that forced America’s involvement in WWII. Now that America is officially at war, what problems did they face? How did American Government approach those problems? In what ways did America adjust and did the people adjust to meet the heavy demands of war?