World War II

World War II

The Unfinished BusinessOf

The Great War

How did 1919 Paris Peace Conference contribute to rising tensions in the ‘30s?

How did 1919 Paris Peace Conference contribute to rising tensions in the ‘30s?

• European Allies (GB, France & Italy)–Desire to punish & weaken Germany–Negotiate traditionally: Winner / Loser– Sought security from future aggression– Execute the secret treaties

• US wanted to create lasting peace–Wilson’s Fourteen Points– League of Nations

How did 1919 Paris Peace Conference contribute to rising tensions in the ‘30s?

• Germany– War Guilt Clause, $$, Occupation, Borders – Weimar Republic’s instability

• Italy– Treaty of London promises… LAND!– Fiume + more!

• Japan– Pacific Rim control… G islands + free hand in Asia– Equal status as a Great Power? Racism!

The Road to World War IIAggression

Imperial Japan

Fascist Italy

Nazi Germany

Meiji Expansion

Sino-J War 1895Taiwan

Russo-J War 1905Annex Korea

Ethiopia 1935

Rhineland1936

Anschluss 1938

Spanish Civil War1936

Czech CrisisMunich 1938

Germany & Italy aid Fascists

1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact

Poland

Manchuria 1931China 1937

Spain Falls to Fascist

Dictator Franco

Rhineland… Austria… Munich Conference ‘38

• Sudetenland demanded

• Munich Pact avoids war

• Hitler takes over Czechoslovakia early ‘39

Checking 4 Understanding…

• Which nation(s) did Japan have conflict with?–China, Russia, Korea

• Which nation was conquered by Fascist Italy?– Ethiopia

• Which areas did Hitler annex in the 30s prior to armed conflict?–Rhineland, Austria, Sudetenland, Czech

Pablo Picasso – Cubist PaintingGuernica, 1937

What is he communicating?

Hitler & Poland

• Lebensraum• Polish Corridor• Goal = German

Unification

War in Europe: Phase I• Invasion of Poland 9/1/1939– Nazi Blitzkrieg• Air attack• Armor• Infantry

– USSR Expands per Nazi-Soviet Pact• Eastern Poland• Baltic nations• Finland

–Sitzkrieg = Phony War = WAIT

War in Europe: Blitzkrieg Phase II 1940• Invasion of Scandinavia– Norway & Denmark

• Invasion of Low Countries– Holland, Belgium &

Luxembourg

• Invasion of France– Dunkirk (G’s Mistake)– Capture of Paris– Occupied France

v. Vichy France is a puppet state of Nazi G

WW II: Phase II… continued

• Operation Sea Lion >> Battle of Britain– GB is isolated, Nazi controls Continent…

• Prime Minister Churchill… “finest hour”

– Nazi Luftwaffe bombs military targets…oops, civilians too!– GB bombs Berlin… Hitler angry – Nazi bombing shifts to London = BLITZ

• the Blitz… day & night bombings

– RAF defends with help of RADAR– US is neutral… isolationism… but WC + FDR deal…

• Cash & Carry > Destroyer Deal > Lend Lease > Atlantic Charter

– Hitler abandons plan… where next?

Operation BarbarossaJune 1941

• Hitler invades USSR– Stalin unprepared– Stalin: Scorched Earth Plan

• Nazi Siege of Leningrad– 9/41 >> survival

• Moscow– 10/41 >> WINTER!!

• Stalingrad = oil fields– 8/41 >> 2/42– Urban Warfare– Soviets defend & drive Nazis back = turning point

WW II – The Pacific TheaterJapan v. US

• Japan expanded into Indochina & SE Asia

• Japanese aggression >> US Embargo… no more oil

• Gen. Tojo – Takes control of Japan– Envoys negotiating peace in

Washington, DC…• 12/7/1941 J surprise attack on Pearl

Harbor… plus Hong Kong (GB), Wake (US), Guam (US) & Thailand – “… a day which will live in infamy”

The Effect of Pearl Harbor Attack• US declares war

12/8/1941 on Japan• G & Italy declare war on

US… vice versa• US Entry into WW2!• 1942 Japanese victories…– Philippines…Bataan– Singapore & Malaysia– Dutch East Indies

• Doolittle B-25 Raid 4/1942

• US deciding on focus point & strategy…

1942A Big Year for the Allies

• European Theater– Aug 42 – Stalingrad– Oct 42 – El Alamein– Nov 42• Operation Torch (US)• Gen Eisenhower

• Pacific Theater– May 42 – Coral Sea– June 42 – Midway– Island Hopping • Gen. MacArthur

– Aug 42 – Guadalcanal

The Big Three: FDR, Churchill, Stalin

The Big Meetings• 1941 = Atlantic Charter by FDR/WC– Idealistic statement of goals– Freedom from want & tyranny– Freedom of seas, religion & sovereignty

• 1943 = Casablanca Conference – FDR/WC – Unconditional Surrender demanded

• 1943 = Tehran Conference – FDR/WC/JS– G to be disarmed & occupied

• 1945 = Yalta Conference – FDR/WC/JS– Postwar agreements – UN, G divided, R>J, Eastern

European governments

Operation Overlord = D-Day

• Invasion of France

• 6/6/1944• Allied Foothold >

Liberation of France > Germany

Big Meetings…

• Potsdam Conference– HST (FDR now dead),

Stalin & GB (no WC)– Demand for “unconditional surrender” of Japan (?)– Ultimatum to Japan …

no response… A-Bombs away…– Tension HST <> Stalin

The Home Front• Role of Women– Industrial jobs– Spies & Support

• Raising Citizens– Propaganda– Ideology– Censorship

• Raising Money – Bonds & Taxes

• Rationing

The End of WW2

• Europe– D-Day > March to Berlin– US controls western

Europe– USSR controls eastern

Europe– Hitler and other key Nazis

commit suicide– War Crimes Trials“Crimes Against Humanity”

• Pacific– Island Hopping to Tokyo– Firebombing of Tokyo– Invasion or bomb?– August 1945

• Hiroshima• Nagasaki• J Surrenders

– War Crimes Trials

Now What?

• How will the world change as a result of this war?– Europe?– Asia?– Africa?– Middle East?– Western Hemisphere?