WORLD CITIES SURVEY DATA OCTOBER 2008. Hong Kong – October 2008 Hong Kong – October 2008 New York – July 2010 New York – July 2010 London – November 2012.

WORLD CITIES SURVEY WORLD CITIES SURVEY DATADATA

OCTOBER 2008OCTOBER 2008

Hong Kong – October 2008Hong Kong – October 2008

New York – July 2010New York – July 2010

London – November 2012London – November 2012

Managing World Cities Managing World Cities Conference ScheduleConference Schedule

Hong KongHong Kong

Population: 6,994,500Population: 6,994,500 Under 35 years: 42%Under 35 years: 42% Median Household Income (HK$): Median Household Income (HK$): 207,000207,000

Source: 2006 CensusSource: 2006 Census

New YorkNew York

Population: 19,306,183Population: 19,306,183 Under 18 years: 23.4%Under 18 years: 23.4% Median Household Income Median Household Income (HK$): 351,807(HK$): 351,807

Source: 2004 & 2006 Source: 2004 & 2006 CensusCensus

LondonLondon

Population: 7,657,300Population: 7,657,300 Under 16 years: 19.2%Under 16 years: 19.2% Median Household Income Median Household Income (HK$): 302,223(HK$): 302,223

Source: 2007 UK National Source: 2007 UK National Statistics OnlineStatistics Online

Why “Managing” World Why “Managing” World Cities?Cities?

Research to date focused on defining, Research to date focused on defining, characterising, and ranking world or global characterising, and ranking world or global citiescities

Research is driven by geography, regional Research is driven by geography, regional studies, urban planning: has a strong focus on studies, urban planning: has a strong focus on understanding and interpreting processes of understanding and interpreting processes of globalizationglobalization

We propose a shift in attention to processes of We propose a shift in attention to processes of policy, management and governance:policy, management and governance:

How do we manage world cities?How do we manage world cities? What policy challenges do they bring?What policy challenges do they bring? What governance arrangements work?What governance arrangements work?

We are interested in these questions within and We are interested in these questions within and between cities:between cities:

Are the challenges similar in different cities?Are the challenges similar in different cities? Do the challenges vary by city?Do the challenges vary by city?

The study seeks to build upon an “evidence-The study seeks to build upon an “evidence-based approach” or on “what works”based approach” or on “what works”

SurveySurvey DataData

Web survey of key informants in Hong Kong, Web survey of key informants in Hong Kong, London, New YorkLondon, New York

Posed 8 questions: 3 closed (1-7 Likert and Posed 8 questions: 3 closed (1-7 Likert and ranking) and 5 openranking) and 5 open

MeasuresMeasures Q1 The below items have been identified in various Q1 The below items have been identified in various

research reports as key characteristics of world research reports as key characteristics of world cities. Can you please indicate if you consider: cities. Can you please indicate if you consider:

a)a) These items to be as general characteristics of These items to be as general characteristics of world cities in generalworld cities in general

b)b) That your city (Hong Kong/London/New York) That your city (Hong Kong/London/New York) displays these characteristicsdisplays these characteristics

Characteristics - 30 items drawn from studies on Characteristics - 30 items drawn from studies on World or Global Cities research e.g.: Globalization World or Global Cities research e.g.: Globalization and World Cities Research Network at and World Cities Research Network at Loughborough University Loughborough University

SurveySurvey Q3 Managing world cities is a complex and Q3 Managing world cities is a complex and

demanding task. The governance framework demanding task. The governance framework for world city management is coordinated by for world city management is coordinated by government (at the city level). Below is a list government (at the city level). Below is a list of policy issues likely to be faced by world of policy issues likely to be faced by world cities. We would like to know:cities. We would like to know:

a)a) if these are current policy challenges facing your if these are current policy challenges facing your city todaycity today

b)b) if they are a priority in your city in 2008if they are a priority in your city in 2008

The top challenges/priorities were sub-The top challenges/priorities were sub-divided in the following categories (with sub-divided in the following categories (with sub-categories):categories):

Human CapitalHuman Capital Policy ProcessesPolicy Processes Quality of Life Quality of Life Sustainable Development Sustainable Development World CityWorld City City GovernanceCity Governance

SurveySurvey Q4 asked respondents to rank the main five Q4 asked respondents to rank the main five

challenges over the next three to five yearschallenges over the next three to five years The final questions were open ended:The final questions were open ended:

5.5. Within each of the five broad managing world city Within each of the five broad managing world city policy areas you have ranked above, are there policy areas you have ranked above, are there specific sub-sector challenges that you face? If so specific sub-sector challenges that you face? If so could you briefly outline what these are?could you briefly outline what these are?

6.6. What do you consider to be the main enablers to What do you consider to be the main enablers to meeting these managing world cities challenges in meeting these managing world cities challenges in your city? your city?

7.7. What do you consider to be the main obstacles to What do you consider to be the main obstacles to meeting these managing world cities challenges in meeting these managing world cities challenges in your city?your city?

8.8. Finally, are their other issues you would like to Finally, are their other issues you would like to bring to our attention? Are they key characteristics bring to our attention? Are they key characteristics of world cities that you think we have overlooked? of world cities that you think we have overlooked? Are they priorities we have not highlighted or Are they priorities we have not highlighted or challenges we have not alluded to? challenges we have not alluded to?

Characteristics of a World City: Characteristics of a World City: Top 5 ItemsTop 5 Items

1.1. Major Int’l Major Int’l AirportAirport

2.2. Telecom Telecom NetworkNetwork

3.3. Airline Airline NetworkNetwork

4.4. Cultural Cultural Scene-film Scene-film festivalfestival

5.5. World World Renowned Renowned Cultural Cultural FacilitiesFacilities

Hong Hong KongKong

New New YorkYork

LondonLondon1.1. World World

Renowned Renowned Cultural Cultural FacilitiesFacilities

2.2. Major Int’l Major Int’l AirportAirport

3.3. Cultural Scene-Cultural Scene-film festivalfilm festival

4.4. Large Large PopulationPopulation

5.5. Major Tourist Major Tourist DestinationDestination

1.1. World World Renowned Renowned Cultural Cultural FacilitiesFacilities

2.2. Major Int’l Major Int’l AirportAirport

3.3. Cultural Cultural Scene-film Scene-film festivalfestival

4.4. Major Finance Major Finance Capacity - GDPCapacity - GDP

5.5. Major Tourist Major Tourist DestinationDestination

26.26. Site of Int’l Site of Int’l Sporting EventsSporting Events

27.27. World Class World Class Sport FacilitiesSport Facilities

28.28. Large Large PopulationPopulation

29.29. Large Number Large Number of US$ of US$ BillionairesBillionaires

30.30. ManufacturingManufacturing

Hong Hong KongKong

New New YorkYork

LondonLondon26.26. Distinctive Distinctive

SkylineSkyline

27.27. Site of Int’l Site of Int’l Sporting Sporting EventsEvents

28.28. World Class World Class Sport FacilitiesSport Facilities

29.29. ManufacturingManufacturing

30.30. Large Number Large Number of US$ of US$ BillionairesBillionaires

Characteristics of a World City: Characteristics of a World City: Bottom 5 ItemsBottom 5 Items

26.26. Headquarters Headquarters for Int’l for Int’l Political Org.Political Org.

27.27. Stock Stock ExchangeExchange

28.28. Freight Freight NetworksNetworks

29.29. ManufacturingManufacturing

30.30. Large Number Large Number of US$ of US$ BillionairesBillionaires

Characteristics: Hong KongCharacteristics: Hong Kong Differences between ‘characteristics of a Differences between ‘characteristics of a

world city’ and ‘your city’: significant world city’ and ‘your city’: significant differences for 20 of the 30 items differences for 20 of the 30 items

For 18 items Hong Konger’s rated For 18 items Hong Konger’s rated characteristics below those of a world city characteristics below those of a world city in generalin general

Hong Kong was above the average world Hong Kong was above the average world city for:city for:

Large PopulationLarge Population Quality of FoodQuality of Food

Based on the differences between Based on the differences between ‘characteristics of a world city’ and ‘your ‘characteristics of a world city’ and ‘your city’ Hong Kong displays Business, city’ Hong Kong displays Business, Infrastructure and Logistics world city Infrastructure and Logistics world city characteristicscharacteristics

Characteristics: LondonCharacteristics: London

Differences between ‘characteristics of a Differences between ‘characteristics of a world city’ and ‘your city’: significant world city’ and ‘your city’: significant differences for 18 of the 30 itemsdifferences for 18 of the 30 items

Of those differences, Londoner’s thought Of those differences, Londoner’s thought their city was above the average world city their city was above the average world city on all 18 items.on all 18 items.

They were farthest above on :They were farthest above on : Stock ExchangeStock Exchange Number of US$ BillionairesNumber of US$ Billionaires

Based on the differences between Based on the differences between ‘characteristics of a world city’ and ‘your ‘characteristics of a world city’ and ‘your city’ London displays Business and city’ London displays Business and Heritage world city characteristicsHeritage world city characteristics

Characteristics: Characteristics: New YorkNew York Differences between ‘characteristics of a Differences between ‘characteristics of a

world city’ and ‘your city’: significant world city’ and ‘your city’: significant differences for 19 of the 30 items differences for 19 of the 30 items

For New Yorker’s they rated their city For New Yorker’s they rated their city above the characteristics for 18 itemsabove the characteristics for 18 items

New York rated Manufacturing below New York rated Manufacturing below world city characteristicworld city characteristic

Similar to London, they were farthest Similar to London, they were farthest above on :above on :

Stock ExchangeStock Exchange Number of US$ BillionairesNumber of US$ Billionaires

Based on the differences between Based on the differences between ‘characteristics of a world city’ and ‘your ‘characteristics of a world city’ and ‘your city’ New York displays culture, Business city’ New York displays culture, Business and Human Capital world city and Human Capital world city characteristicscharacteristics

Differences Within Differences Within Perceptions of World CitiesPerceptions of World Cities

Clear city differences:Clear city differences: London and New York respondents believe their London and New York respondents believe their

city is significantly above the notion of a world citycity is significantly above the notion of a world city Hong Kong respondents believe their city is far Hong Kong respondents believe their city is far

below the world city standardbelow the world city standard

In many instances the people in Hong Kong In many instances the people in Hong Kong have higher standards for what a world city have higher standards for what a world city ought to be than the people in London and ought to be than the people in London and to a less extent New York. For example:to a less extent New York. For example:

Large populationLarge population Stock exchangeStock exchange Technological infrastructureTechnological infrastructure Quality of lifeQuality of life Mobile workforceMobile workforce

Future Directions: Future Directions: QuestionsQuestions

The above analysis is based on a The above analysis is based on a questionnaire:questionnaire:

How many of the listed items depend on others How many of the listed items depend on others e.g. does a large population require strong e.g. does a large population require strong transport to exist?transport to exist?

Are there underlying constructs that span Are there underlying constructs that span multiple survey items?multiple survey items?

Survey data ultimately depends on Survey data ultimately depends on perceptions of status. How important is perceptions of status. How important is perception of status as a world city perception of status as a world city compared to observable characteristics?compared to observable characteristics?

What other cities are world cities?What other cities are world cities? How long does it take to evolve into a How long does it take to evolve into a

world city? world city? Can a world city lose its international Can a world city lose its international

status? status?

Challenges/Priorities: Hong Challenges/Priorities: Hong KongKong

Biggest challenges: Human Capital with Biggest challenges: Human Capital with other items such as Environment and other items such as Environment and Economic StabilityEconomic Stability

Current main priorities: Education, Financial Current main priorities: Education, Financial Centre, Regional Hub, Economic and Centre, Regional Hub, Economic and Governance StabilityGovernance Stability

Challenges outstrip priorities on 21 of 26 Challenges outstrip priorities on 21 of 26 items (all except crime, Financial Centre, items (all except crime, Financial Centre, Regional Hub, Political and Economic Regional Hub, Political and Economic Stability)Stability)

Is the city meeting its policy priorities? Is the city meeting its policy priorities? Sub-sector issues include:Sub-sector issues include:

Employment, particularly of the younger Employment, particularly of the younger generationgeneration

Environment, air pollution and waste Environment, air pollution and waste managementmanagement

Access to EducationAccess to Education

Enablers and Blocks: Enablers and Blocks: Hong KongHong Kong

Facilitator and enablers of meeting world city Facilitator and enablers of meeting world city governance challenges in Hong Kong were many and governance challenges in Hong Kong were many and varied:varied:““The government shall demonstrate strong management The government shall demonstrate strong management capacity after obtaining public consent in bringing out capacity after obtaining public consent in bringing out policies in the aspects of economic stability, regional hub, policies in the aspects of economic stability, regional hub, financial centre and education”financial centre and education”

““The strong fiscal structure as well as the legal system that The strong fiscal structure as well as the legal system that enable Hong Kong to meet these challenges”enable Hong Kong to meet these challenges”

Obstacles to meeting world city governance Obstacles to meeting world city governance challenges in Hong Kong were typically located within challenges in Hong Kong were typically located within government:government:“…“…lack of governmental will, too much lobbying from the lack of governmental will, too much lobbying from the largest and richest HK companies…”largest and richest HK companies…”

“…“…Weak government - lack of a strong mandate from the Weak government - lack of a strong mandate from the people…”people…”

““A political leadership which is too short sighted, only A political leadership which is too short sighted, only looking for immediate popularity without listening to looking for immediate popularity without listening to feedback and professional advices”feedback and professional advices”

Though the environmental shocks were also seen as Though the environmental shocks were also seen as important:important:““Unknown external forces, e.g. US financial stability…”Unknown external forces, e.g. US financial stability…”

Challenges/Priorities: LondonChallenges/Priorities: London

Biggest challenges: Human Capital with Biggest challenges: Human Capital with other items such as Transport, Economic other items such as Transport, Economic Stability and CrimeStability and Crime

Current main priorities: Economic Current main priorities: Economic Stability, Crime and Financial centreStability, Crime and Financial centre

Challenges outstrip priorities in 14/26 Challenges outstrip priorities in 14/26 cases and in the areas of Human Capital, cases and in the areas of Human Capital, Policy Processes, Quality of Life, Policy Processes, Quality of Life, Sustainable Development and some Sustainable Development and some Governance topicsGovernance topics

Sub-sectors priorities include:Sub-sectors priorities include: Economic Stability – fear of recessionEconomic Stability – fear of recession Crime – particularly among the youthCrime – particularly among the youth ImmigrationImmigration

Enablers and Blocks: Enablers and Blocks: LondonLondon

Many respondents offered multifaceted answers to Many respondents offered multifaceted answers to questions about enablers. For example:questions about enablers. For example:““Economic - political and economic stability. Health - Economic - political and economic stability. Health - general awareness raising, attempts to join up general awareness raising, attempts to join up Government. Education - levels of national investment. Government. Education - levels of national investment. Environment - general awareness and political Environment - general awareness and political commitment. Transport - recognition of the need for commitment. Transport - recognition of the need for change”change”

Factors inhibiting managing world city governance Factors inhibiting managing world city governance issues were the opposite side of the coin:issues were the opposite side of the coin:““Transport: Funding constraints. Environment: Transport: Funding constraints. Environment: Reluctance to invest in the short term for long term Reluctance to invest in the short term for long term benefits. Economic stability: International openness of benefits. Economic stability: International openness of the UK economy could import instability from elsewhere. the UK economy could import instability from elsewhere. Governance capacity: Different agendas and objectives of Governance capacity: Different agendas and objectives of diverse stakeholders. Inequality: Poor skills base of some diverse stakeholders. Inequality: Poor skills base of some section of the community” section of the community”

And concerns about political leaders and And concerns about political leaders and governancegovernance““Boris Johnson! Fragmented government across national, Boris Johnson! Fragmented government across national, regional, city and local scales. Lack of political consensus regional, city and local scales. Lack of political consensus and public support. Major recession leading to major and public support. Major recession leading to major public spending cuts.”public spending cuts.”

Challenges/Priorities: New Challenges/Priorities: New YorkYork

Biggest challenges: Human Capital, Biggest challenges: Human Capital, Quality of Life, Sustainable Development, Quality of Life, Sustainable Development, Financial Centre and Economic StabilityFinancial Centre and Economic Stability

Current main priorities: Education, Current main priorities: Education, Financial Centre, Crisis/Emergency Financial Centre, Crisis/Emergency Management and CrimeManagement and Crime

Challenges outstrip priorities in 13/26 Challenges outstrip priorities in 13/26 cases and in the areas of Human Capital, cases and in the areas of Human Capital, Policy Processes, Quality of Life and Policy Processes, Quality of Life and Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

Sub-sectors priorities include:Sub-sectors priorities include: Inequality between upper and middle classesInequality between upper and middle classes Financial Crisis – dependence on finance Financial Crisis – dependence on finance

industryindustry Education – particularly primary and secondary Education – particularly primary and secondary

Enablers and Blocks: Enablers and Blocks: New YorkNew York

Many enablers focused on the people, Many enablers focused on the people, resources and experiences of the city:resources and experiences of the city:““NYC is a city of resources, both monetary and human. NYC is a city of resources, both monetary and human. For each issue that we decide is a priority we have all For each issue that we decide is a priority we have all the tools that we need to facilitate and enable the city to the tools that we need to facilitate and enable the city to meet these challenges”meet these challenges”

““New York is blessed with world-class institutions of New York is blessed with world-class institutions of higher education. The City should draw on these higher education. The City should draw on these institutions to create solutions to its challenges.”institutions to create solutions to its challenges.”

Obstacles were often seen to be located in city Obstacles were often seen to be located in city government: government: ““I believe that there are often bureaucratic barriers that I believe that there are often bureaucratic barriers that get in the way of governments at different levels get in the way of governments at different levels working together. I am also concerned that the current working together. I am also concerned that the current crisis in the markets will affect our ability to deal with crisis in the markets will affect our ability to deal with services that cost money - like affordable housing. It services that cost money - like affordable housing. It seems like we are already making cuts to many of our seems like we are already making cuts to many of our social services and that there are more to come”social services and that there are more to come”

““Rapidly declining revenue and a complex political Rapidly declining revenue and a complex political system with a multitude of entrenched stakeholders”system with a multitude of entrenched stakeholders”

Top Challenges Next 3-5 Top Challenges Next 3-5 yearsyears

1.1. EducationEducation

2.2. EnvironmentEnvironment

3.3. Economic Economic StabilityStability

4.4. Regional HubRegional Hub

5.5. Financial Financial CentreCentre

6.6. Government Government CapacityCapacity

7.7. Strong Strong GovernmentGovernment

Hong Hong KongKong

New New YorkYork

LondonLondon1.1. EducationEducation

2.2. Economic Economic StabilityStability

3.3. EnergyEnergy

4.4. InequalityInequality

5.5. TransportTransport

6.6. HealthHealth

7.7. Crisis Crisis ManagementManagement

1.1. HealthHealth

2.2. Economic Economic StabilityStability

3.3. EducationEducation

4.4. EnvironmentEnvironment

5.5. TransportTransport

6.6. Crisis Crisis ManagementManagement

7.7. Financial Financial CentreCentre

Future Directions: Future Directions: QuestionsQuestions

How do these challenges and priorities How do these challenges and priorities compare to your expectations?compare to your expectations?

Are Education and Economic Stability Are Education and Economic Stability what matter?what matter?

Would you expect strong or weaker Would you expect strong or weaker relationships between challenges and relationships between challenges and priorities?priorities?

What interconnections do you see What interconnections do you see between these challenges and priorities?between these challenges and priorities?

What blocks and enablers do you see as What blocks and enablers do you see as critical to meeting the challenges and critical to meeting the challenges and priorities?priorities?