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WorldTables

1991 Update

Published for the World BankThe Johns Hopkins University Press

Baltimore and London

Copyright i 1991 by The International Bankfor Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.

All rights reservedManufactured in the United States of AmericaFirst printing December 1991

The Johns Hopkins University PressBaltimore, Maryland 21211-2190, U.S.A.

This publication has been compiled by the Socio-Economic Data Division of the WorldBank's International Economics Department. The World Bank does not accept responsibilityfor the accuracy or completeness of this publication. Any judgments expressed are those ofWorld Bank staff or consultants and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board ofExecutive Directors or the governments they represent.

The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduceportions of it should be sent to the Director, Publications Department, at the address in thecopyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and willnormally give permission promptly and, when reproduction is for noncommercial pur-poses, without asking a fee. Permission to photocopy portions for classroom use is notrequired, though notification of such use having been made will be appreciated.

The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index ofPublications, which contains an alphabetical title list and indexes of subjects, authors, andcountries and regions. The latest edition is available free of charge from the PublicationsSales Unit, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or fromPublications, The World Bank, 66 avenue d'Iena, 75116 Paris, France.

ISBN 0-8018-4286-7ISSN 0257-4403

Library of Congress Catalog No.: 89-647121Library of Congress Call No.: HC59.W62

Contents

Symbols and Conventions ........................................................... iv

Introduction ........................................................... vSources and Methods ............................................................. viiiGlossary of Terms .............................................................. xii

Topical PagesTable 1. Gross national product per capita ............................................... 2Table 2. Gross national income per capita. 6Table 3. Private consumption per capita .10Table 4. Gross domestic investment per capita .14Table 5. Gross national income .18Table 6. Gross domestic product .22Table 7. Agriculture: contribution to growth of gross domestic product ....................... 26Table 8. Industry: contribution to growth of gross domestic product ......................... 30Table 9. Services: contribution to growth of gross domestic product ......................... 34Table 10. Total consumption: contribution to growth of gross domestic product ................. 38Table 11. Gross domestic investment: contribution to growth of gross domestic product ..... ..... 42Table 12. Resource balance: contribution to growth of gross domestic product ................. 46Table 13. Gross domestic investment: percentage of gross domestic product ................... 50Table 14. Gross domestic savings: percentage of gross domestic product ...................... 54Table 15. Private consumption: percentage of gross domestic product ......................... 58Table 16. Current account balance before official transfers .................................. 62Table 17. Merchandise exports (BoP): percentage of gross domestic product ................... 66Table 18. Merchandise imports (BoP): percentage of gross domestic product .................. 70

Sample Country Pages ........................................................... 75Codes for General and Country Notes .................................................... 80Country Notes ........................................................... 81

National Accounts ........................................................... 82Balance of Payments ........................................................... 87

Country List and Base Years for National Accounts ......................................... 90Country Conversion Factors ........................................................... 91

iii

Symbols andConventions

data not available, or nonexistent

Scientific notation data with insignificant digits, using unitse.g. .63E-2 appropriate for the latest year

0,0.0, .OE-O zero, or less than half the unit shown and not known more precisely

A, B, C, etc. general issue of methodology; see Codes for General and Country Notes

f country specific issue of methodology; see Country Notes

Billion 1,000,000,000

1987 is the base year for constant price series data.

The cutoff date for all data is September 12, 1991.

The data in this book are also available on diskette,using the World Bank's *STARS* compressionand retrieval system. For information about orderingcopies of *STARS* data, see the Introduction.

iv

Introduction

This print edition of World Tables 1991 Update con- measure trends in groups of economies, notably for thetains 18 topical tables, a sample country table, and Bank's World DevelopmentReport (WDR) and Worldtechnical notes. Also available, on diskette, is the elec- DevelopmentIndicators (WDI). The World Tables top-tronic version of the data in the *STARS* retrieval ical pages fill a gap between the country pages andsystem. The diskettes contain all topical and country measures for analytical groupings of countries given indata, and offer easy retrieval of the data into Lotus the WDR and WDI; how group indicators are derived1-2-3, Javelin Plus, or ASCII fornat. from country time series is more evident in the topical

The data cover the period 1970 to 1990. Not in- pages and is explained more fully below.cluded this time are the data on foreign trade (customs World Tables is issued each spring, on diskette andbasis), which are currently under review. The base year magnetic tape as well as in book form, and updated infor constant prices is 1987; see Sources and Methods the fall. The tables report annual time series. The bookfor details of the rebasing and "chain-linking" of the and diskettes have the same time coverage, but the tapeconstant price series. contains earlier data (from 1950) for some countries

Foureconomies (Czechoslovakia, Mongolia,Nami- and series. Information on prices may be obtained bybia and Romania) have been added, maling a total of contacting World Bank Publications, 300 Raritan Cen-143 reported on. The Republic of Yemen, formed by ter Parkway, Edison N.J. 08816-7816, U.S.A., or bythe union of Yemen Arab Republic and People's Dem- calling 908-225-2165.ocratic Republic of Yemen, has not been included asthe compilation of data for the new country is still TopicalPagescontinuing. Similarly, Federal Republic of Germany Topical pages cover two double-page spreads and alsodata do not include those of the former German Dem- report annual data for 1970-90. These tables recastocratic Republic as the data for the unified country are some indicators from country pages as a global back-not yet compiled. drop for analyzing how low- and middle-income econ-

The World Tables disseminates current country es- omies have fared in recent decades. Economies aretimates used by the Bank in analysis of economic and grouped first by geographic region and then by incomesocial trends in developing countries, particularly Bank and other analytical groupings used in the WDI. Theborrowers. To make the volume a more useful resource, last few lines of each table indicate trends for high-in-other economies are covered to the extent that they come economies and for the world.provide internationally comparable measures in readilyusable form; these are not subject to detailed scrutiny Incomegroupsby Bank staff. Most data for high-income OECD econ- For operational and analytical purposes, the Worldomies (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Bank's main criterion for classifying economies isDevelopment) are based on reports from the OECD and gross national product (GNP) per capita. Every econ-the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, in- omy is classified as low- middle- or high-income. Ad-dicators such as GNP and GDP at factor cost in constant ditional analytical groups are based on geographicalprices, for most economies-including OECD mem- regions. In this edition, two additional aggregates arebers-are calculated using the World Bank's own shown in the topical pages: "high-income economies,"methodology. National publications are used for the and "world."remaining economies. Such sources, generally speci- As the latest GNP per capita estimates are used tofied in the Country Notes, should be consulted by classify economies in each new edition, the countryreaders wanting the most timely and complete reports. composition of each group may change from one edi-

Country time series are also used by the Bank to tion to the next. Once the classification is fixed for any

v

publication, all the historical data presented are based timates the numerator and denominator for the groupon the same grouping. The country groups used in this and then calculates the group ratio.edition are defined as follows: World Tables strives for group time series that retain

* Low-income economies are those with a GNP of the same country composition over time and across$610 or less in 1990. topics. It does so by permitting group measures to be

* Middle-income economies are those with a GNP compiled only if the country data available for a givenper capita of more than $610 but less than $7,620 in year account for at least two-thirds of thefull group, as1990. defined by 1987 benchmarks. So long as that criterion

* High-income economies are those with a GNP per is met, uncurrent reporters (and those not providingcapita of more than $7,620 in 1990. ample history) are assumed to behave like the portion

* World comprises all economies, including those of the group that does provide estimates.not listed in the topical pages. The same technique applies to regional groupings in

Low- and middle-income economies are sometimes the main part of the topical pages; for these, however,referred to as "developing economies." The use of the South Africa is omitted from Sub-Saharan Africa.term is convenient; it is not intended to imply that all The benchmarking procedure underlying groupeconomies in the group are experiencing similar devel- measures requires that some weight be assigned to eachopment or that other economies have reached a pre- economy within the group. For an economy reportingferred or final stage of development. Similarly, the use inadequate data in every year, Bank staff must chooseof the term "countries" to refer to economies implies no some arbitrary 1987 base value within a broad range ofjudgment by the Bank about the legal or other status of plausible estimates. Readers should keep in mind thata territory. the purpose is to maintain an appropriate relationship

across topics, despite myriad country problems, andData aggregation thatnothing meaningful can be deduced aboutbehaviorSimple addition is used when a variable is expressed in at the country level by working back from group indi-reasonably comparable units of account. Indicators that cators. In addition, the weighting process may result indo not seem naturally additive, for instance, "value discrepancies between summed subgroup figures andadded in agriculture in local currency," are usually overall totals.combined by a weighting scheme-real dollar valuesof agricultural output in 1987. Fixed (Laspeyres) Contributions to growth of GDPweights are normally used for quantities, with moving Several topical pages express sources and uses of gross(Paasche) weights for prices, to fulfill the expectation domestic production (or expenditure) as "contribu-that [value = price x quantity]. The identity also means tions" to growth of GDP. The term "contribution" com-that one part of the identity can be derived from the bines information about growth rates and percentageother two; the one derived being described as implicit, shares of GDP components. This form of presentation,for example, "implicit deflators in national accounts." sometimes referred to as "percentage points of GDP,"

The weighting scheme has been incorporated into shows by how much GDP would have changed if otherthe indicator by scaling the volume indicator to match GDP components were unchanged.the 1987 weights. The ratio of the sums of agricultural For example, if agriculture has a 9 percent growthoutput in current and constant dollars can then provide rate and accounts for a third of GDP, it contributes 3the implicit deflator for agricultural output. It should be percentage points to GDP growth. If industry and ser-emphasized, however, that use of single base year vices remained unchanged, GDP's growth rate wouldjoined in a chain-linked series raises problems over a have been 3 percent. In practice, contributions areperiod encompassing profound structural changes and obtained by expressing the year-to-year change in asignificant movements in relative prices, as certainly component, forinstance,agriculture,asapercentageofoccurred during 1970-90. The problems exist in indica- GDP in the earlier year.tors for a single country and are simply more apparent National accounts in constant 1987 prices are used.when country indicators are agglomerated. Regional aggregation requires that country estimates be

It is debatable whether an analytical ratio, say, "ag- expressed in 1987 US dollars and then summed. Evenricultural output to GDP," should be a weighted aver- so, regional aggregation raises an index number prob-age of country ratios or a ratio of separately aggregated lem closely related to the partial rebasing issue arisingnumerator and denominator. The results will be differ- at the country level (see Sources and Methods), whichent, sometimes significantly so. World Tables first es- is resolved in a similar manner. Moreover, regional

vi

measures of the contribution to GDP of resource bal- lated data sets drawn from diverse sources. This con-ance are actually the difference between separately ceptual process, perhaps as much as national estimatescompiled measures for exports and imports (of goods obtained by Bank staff, imparts a unique quality to theand nonfactor services); regional measures for private national accounts and international transactions dataconsumption are then derived as a residual (GDP less reported in World Tables. The Bank has devised for itsgovernment consumption, investment, and the net ex- analytical purposes certain methods and concepts suchport of goods and nonfactor services). as partial rebasing, gross domestic income (GDY), and

gross national income (GNY).Coverage of CountryPages The concepts and methods are described in SourcesMost time series selected for the country pages are and Methods and in the Glossary of Terms. It should beconcerned with national accounts and international emphasized, however, that the notes are selective rathertransactions (balance of payments, and external debt). than encyclopedic. Readers interested in more compre-The Bank uses methodologies and historical data files hensive and technically precise descriptions shoulddeveloped by other international organizations, but consult the basic references noted in Sources and Meth-adds information obtained by Bank staff directly from ods.national sources, when it can be fitted to internationallyagreed classification schemes. Statistical Issues

For other data sets (manufacturing, monetary and A concerted effort has been made to standardize datafiscal, and social indicators), World Tables recasts a and to note exceptions to standards. However, fullfew of the time series made available to the Bank by comparability cannot be ensured, and care must beother international agencies, but readers should refer to taken in interpreting the indicators. The data are drawnthe publications of the agencies concerned for fuller from sources thought tobemostauthoritative,butmanyinformation. A more diverse selection of indicators, not of them are subject to considerable margins of error.in time series form, is given in the WDI. This is particularly true for the most recent year or two,

World Tables provides limited time series on exter- sinceconventional statisticalreports take time to digest.nal debt, since the Bank's World Debt Tables is the Moreover, cross-country and cross-time compari-authoritative source. Similarly, a wider range of social sons always involve complex technical problems,indicators is available in the Bank's Social Indicators which have no full and unequivocal solution.of Development. These may also be obtained from In addition, the statistical systems in many develop-World Bank Publications (see above). ing economies are weak, and this affects the availability

A list of countries covered in this update, that also and reliability of the data. Readers are urged to takenotes the original base years for constant price national these limitations into account in interpreting the indi-accounts prior to partial rebasing (see Sources and cators, particularly when making comparisons acrossMethods), appears at the end of the book. economies. World Tables addresses issues of data reli-

ability partly by omitting questionable estimates butBasicConcepts also by flagging methodological issues that can influ-As far as is practicable, the World Tables economic ence analysis.indicators conform to the UN System of National Ac- Country pages for about a dozen Bank memberscounts (SNA), and its social indicators conform to have been omitted for lack of adequate data; some timemethodologies of UN specialized agencies. In some series on other country pages are blank or uncertain.areas of economic statistics, additional guidelines have Unless otherwise stated, data are reported for calen-been developed that are broadly in line with the SNA dar years.but differ in some respects. For example, the IMF has Comments and questions relating to the World Tablesplayed a leading role in helping national compilers should be addressed to:elaborate balance of payments, monetary, and govern- Socio-Economic Data Divisionment finance statistics. While further revision of the International Economics DepartmentSNA, already under study, may reduce definitional and The World Bankclassification differences, few areresolved in the World 1818 H Street. N.W.Tables amalgam of statistical sources. Washington, D.C. 20433

Where possible, however, the Bank harmonizes re-

vii

Sources and Methods

The GNP per capita figures are calculated according further refinements are made by Bank staff (see Coun-to the World Bank Atlas method of converting data in try Conversion Factors for a list of exceptions).national currency to US dollars. In this method, the Where multiple exchange rate practices are offic-conversion factor for any year is the average exchange ially maintained and the spread between rates is analyt-rate for that year and the two preceding years, adjusted ically significant a transactions-weighted average isfor differences in rates of inflation between the country given, if possible. However, no account of unofficialand the United States. This averaging smooths fluctua- parallel market rates is taken in the calculations. Whentions in prices and exchange rates. The resulting esti- the official exchange rate, including any multiple rate,mate of GNP in US dollars is divided by the midyear is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large marginpopulation to obtain the per capita GNP in current US from the rate effectively applied to international trans-dollars. actions, a different conversion factor is used by the

The following formulas describe the procedures for Bank. Where national compilers used an official ex-computing the conversion factor for year t: change rate to assign a national currency value to

international transactions, however, that rate must be1 x (p1 d (Pt pS used to convert the same items to dollars, regardless of

(et-2,1)= [et-2 P p +e,-l 7_/-I +et] whether it was therate actually applied to internationalyPt-2 P-2 I_ transactions. In these cases, country pages report both

the conversion factor underlying the Atlas method ofand for calct ating per capita GNP in US dollars for converting values of intemational transactions, and an-

additional conversion factor underlying the Atlas

method of converting the remaining components of(yf)= (Y1 /Nt + et-2,t) GNP.

Current population estimates and estimates of fer-where tility and mortality are made by the World Bank fromYf = per capita GNP in US$ for year t data provided by the UN Population Division, the UNYt = current GNP Oocal currency) for year t Statistical Office, country statistical offices, and otherPt = GNP deflator for year t sources. In many cases, the data take into account theet = annual average exchange rate (local results of recent population censuses. Refugees not

currencyeUS dotLvs) for permanently settled in the country of asylum are gen-currency/US dollars) for year t Nt = midyear population for year t erally considered to be part of the population of theirN, = US GNP deflator for year I country of origin.Statistical background for the estimates is available

in thieUN annual Population and Vital Statistis ReportThe conversion factor line on each country page and the Bank's series, World Population Projections.

reports the underlying annual observations used for thisAtlas method. As a rule, it is the official exchange rate Use and Origin of Resourcesreported in the IMF'sInternationalFinancialStatistics The time series are based mainly on national sources(IFS), line rf. as collected by World Bank regional country econo-

Exceptions arise where World Tables recasts IFS- mists. They generally accord with the UN System ofstyle measures to report on a fiscal-year basis or to National Accounts (SNA). Most definitions of indi-average multiple exchange rates; in exceptional cases, cators given below are those in UN SNA, series F,

no. 2, revision 3.

viii

For most countries, GDP by industrial origin is the households. For most countries, price indexes are implicitsum of value added measured at producer prices. deflators derived from volume and value estimates.

Data are expressed in national currency units andshown in current prices, and in "chain-linked" 1987 ManufacturingActivityconstant prices. Chain linking describes the process The primary source is the United Nations Industrialwhen, to facilitate international comparisons, constant Development Organization (UNIDO) database. To im-price data for most economies are partially rebased to prove cross-country comparability, UNIDO has stan-three base years and linked together. 1970 is the base dardized the coverage of establishments to those withyear for data from 1960 to 1975,1980 for 1976 to 1982, five or more employees.and 1987 for 1983 and beyond. These three constant The concepts and definitions are in accordance withprice time series are chain-linked to provide long-term the International Recommendationsfor Industrial Sta-trend analysis. tistics, published by the United Nations. The terrn em-

This is accomplished for each of the three sub- ployees refers to two categories defined by the UN:periods by rescaling; this moves the year in which employees and persons engaged. The term employeescurrent and constant price versions of the same time excludes working proprietors, active business partners,series have the same value, without altering the trend and unpaid family workers, whereas the term personsof either. Components of GDP are individually rescaled engaged includes them. Most countries report data onand summed up to provide GDP and its subaggregates. employees, but some, as indicated in the Notes column,In this process, a rescaling deviation may occur be- report data on persons engaged. Both terms excludetween constant price GDP by industrial origin and homeworkers. The number of employees or personsconstant price GDP by expenditure. Such rescaling engaged usually refers to the average numberemployeddeviations are absorbed in private consumption, etc. on throughout the year.the assumption that GDP by industrial origin is a more Real earnings per employee (wages and salaries)reliable estimate than GDP by expenditure. covers all payments in cash or kind made by the em-

This approach takes into account the effects of ployer during the year, in connection with work done.changes in cross-sectoral relative prices between the The payments include (a) all regular and overtime cashoriginal and new base period (original base periods are payments, bonuses, and cost of living allowances; (b)noted in the country list on page 90). Because private wages and salaries paid during vacation and sick leave;consumption is calculated as a residual, the national (c) taxes and social insurance contributions and the like,accounting identities are maintained. This method of payable by the employees and deducted by the em-accounting does, however, involve "burying" in private ployer, and (d) payments in kind.consumption whatever statistical discrepancies arise on The value of gross real output per employee isthe expenditures side in the rebasing and chain linking estimated on the basis of either production or ship-process. Large discrepancies are flagged in the General ments. On the production basis, it consists of (a) theNotes. value of all products of the establishment, (b) the value

Partial rebasing requires constant price estimates by of industrial services rendered to others, (c) the valueindustrial origin at the rather aggregated level shown in of goods shipped in the same condition as received, (d)these tables. If sufficient data are not available for the value of electricity sold, and (e) the net changepartially rebasing to 1987, then 1980 is used, or the between the value of work-in-progress atthebeginningoriginal base year if 1980 data are not available. If only and the end of the reference period. In the case ofGDP or GNP is available, the original constant price estimates compiled on a shipment basis, the net changeestimates of GDP are directly rescaled to 1987 prices. between the beginning and the end of the reference

period in the value of stocks of finished goods is alsoDomesticPrices/Deflators included. Value added is defined as the current valueThese data are based on national accounts data, dis- of gross output less the current cost of (a) materials,cussed above. Overall (GDP) and domestic absorp- fuels, and other supplies consumed; (b) contract andtion prices are implicit deflators; that is, they are ratios commission work done by others; (c) repair and main-of current and constant price estimates of relevant tenance work done by others; and (d) goods shipped inaggregates. Domestic prices for agriculture, industry, the same condition as received.and manufacturing are, in principle, price indexes ofvalue added; the consumer price index reflects prices MonetaryHoldingsof goods and services used for private consumption of The primary source is the IMF's International Finan-

cial Statistics (IFS) database. The concepts and defini-

ix

tions are from the Fund's A Guide to Money andBank- general and country notes indicate classification anding Statistics in IFS. coverage issues that produce discrepancies. The Coun-

For most countries, the money supply broadly de- try Pages report related time series on internationalrmed comprises money (IFS line 34) and quasi-money transactions in each section in order to help readers(IFS line 35), the normal forms of financial liquidity make their own judgments about how such discrepan-that economic transactors hold in the monetary system. cies may affect the analytical purpose at hand.By definition, holdings of nonresidents and the centralgovernment are excluded. ExternalDebt(total)

In some countries, other (nonmonetary) financial External debt statistics are presented by type of bor-institutions may also incur quasi-monetary liabilities, rower, rather than by type of creditor.that is, they may issue financial instruments on terms The source of debt data is the DRS, supplementedsimilar to those for quasi-money. Where these are sig- by World Bank estimates. The DRS is concerned solelynificant, money supply broadly dermed is a measure with low- and middle-income economies and does notof liquid liabilities comprising the monetary and quasi- collect data on extemal debt for other groups of bor-monetary liabilities of both monetary and nonmonetary rowers, nor from economies that are not members offinancial institutions. the World Bank. The figures on debt refer to amounts

disbursed and outstanding, expressed in US dollarsGovernmentDeficitorSurplus converted at official exchange rates. Total disburse-The primary source is the IMF's Government Finance ments and total repayments are also reported as sepa-Statistics Yearbook (GFSY). GFSY data are reported rate items of the balance of payments. Valuationby countries using the system of common definitions adjustments explain differences between the change inand classifications found in the IMF Manual on Gov- debt outstanding and the net movements shown in theernment Finance Statistics (1986). balance of payment items.

The inadequate statistical coverage of state, provin- Data on international reserves and gold holdingscial, and local governments has dictated the use of are from the IFS data files.central government data only. This may seriously un-derstate or distort the role of government, especially in SocialIndicatorslarge countries where lower levels of government are The primary sources of social indicators data are theimportant. A general note (E) indicates instances where data files and publications of specialized internationalthis is thought to be likely. agencies, such as Food and Agriculture Organization,

Grants, reported separately in GFSY, are here in- International LabourOrganisation, UnitedNations Ed-cluded in current revenue; government lending oper- ucational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, theations (GFSY lending minus repayments) are classified UN Statistical Office, and World Health Organization.as capital payments. Supplementary sources are the Population Council, UN

Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD),Balance of Payments and World Bank data files. Some demographic andThe primary sources are the files from the IMF's Bal- labor force indicators are estimated by interpolatingance of Payments Statistics Yearbook. The methodol- census observations.ogy is described in the its Balance of PaymentsManual The index of food production per capita shows the(fourth edition). Supplementary data, usually most re- average annual quantity of food produced per capita.cent estimates, are obtained from national sources or For this index, food is defined as comprising nuts,estimated by World Bank staff. fruits, pulses, cereals, vegetables, starchy roots, sugar

For long-term loans (net disbursements, gross dis- beet, sugar cane, edible oils, livestock, and livestockbursements, and repayments), data are reported to the products. Quantities of foodaremeasurednetofanimalWorld Bank's Debtor Reporting System (DRS). Any feed, seeds for use in agriculture, and food lost indifference between the IMF balance of payments long- processing and distribution.term capital and those in the DRS is shown as other The data on primary school enrollment are esti-long-term capital. mates of children of all ages enrolled in primary school.

It is not yet possible to reconcile related measures in Figures are expressed as the ratio of pupils to thethe sections on balance of payments, foreign trade, and population of children in the country's school-agenational accounts. This reflects differences in defini- group. While many countries consider primary schooltions used, timing, recording, and valuation of transac- age to be6 to 11 years, others do not For some countriestions as well as the nature of basic data sources. Both with universal primary education, the gross enroUment

x

ratios may exceed 100 percent because some pupils are ondary school age also differs among countries. It isyounger or older than the country's standard primary- most commonly considered to be 12 to 17 years.school age. Many indicators are based on census or household

The data on secondary school enrollment are cal- surveys, which occur infrequently. Thus some reportedculated in the same manner, and the definition of sec- figures are interpolated or extrapolated estimates.

xi

Glossary of Tenns

Current GNP per capita Domestic absorptionGNP per capita estimates at current purchaser values Equals private consumption, and general government(market prices), in US dollars, are calculated accord- consumption, plus gross domestic investment.ing to World Bank Atlas methodology. Private consumption

Population Equals the market value of all goods and servicesTotal population-midyear estimates. purchased or received as income in kind by individu-

als and nonprofit institutions. It excludes purchases ofdwellings, but includes the imputed rent of owner-oc-

USE AND ORIGIN OF RESOURCES cupied dwellings. The line is called Private con-(current and constant prices) sumption, etc. because it includes any statistical

discrepancy in the use of resources. At constantGross national product (GNP) prices, it also includes the rescaling deviation fromComprises gross domestic product (GDP) at pur- partial rebasing (see Sources and Methods).chaser values (market prices) plus net factor income General govenment consumptionfrorn abroad. Equals the sum of (i) purchases, less sales, of con-

Net factor income from abroad (current prices) sumer goods and services, reduced by the value of theIncludes the net compensation of employees (with own-account production of fixed assets, (ii) compen-

sation of employees, (iii) consumption of fixed assets,less than one year of residence in the host country) an'i)aypyetso niettxsand the net property and entrepreneurial income com- and (iv) any payments of indirect taxes.ponents of the System of National Accounts (SNA). Gross domestic investmentThe major components of the latter are investment The sum of gross domestic fixed investment and theincome and interest on short- and long-term capital. change in stocks.

Gross domestic product (GDP) Fixed investmentGross domestic product at purchaser values (market Made up of all outlays (purchases and own-accountprices) is the sum of GDP at factor cost and indirect production) of industries, producers of governmenttaxes, less subsidies. services, and producers of private nonprofit services

on additions of new and imported durable goods toResource balance their stocks of fixed assets, reduced by the proceedsEquals exports of goods and nonfactor services less of net sales (sales less purchases) of similar second-imports of goods and nonfactor services. hand and scrapped goods. Excluded is the outlay of

producers of government services on durable goodsExports /imports of goods and nonfactor primarily for military purposes, which is classified byservices the SNA as current consumption.Consists of transactions of residents of a given coun- Indirecttaxes,nettry with the rest of the world, and covers insurance, Equals total indirect taxes less subsidies.merchandise, transportation, travel, and other nonfac-tor services such as government transactions and var- GDP at factor cost (producer prices)ious fees but excludes dividends, interest, and other Derived as the sum of the value added in the agricul-investment income receipts or payments, as well as ture, industry, and services sectors. If the value addedlabor income. of these sectors is calculated at purchaser values (mar-

xii

ket prices), GDP at factor cost is derived by subtract- Domestic absorptioning the net indirect taxes from the GDP at purchaser The deflator is derived by dividing current price do-values (market prices). mestic absorption estimates by constant price esti-

Agriculture (value added) mates.Comprises agricultural and livestock production and Agriculture, industry, manufacturingservices, fishing, hunting, logging, and forestry. Price indexes are mostly implicit deflators derived

from volume and value estimates.Industry (value added)Comprises mining and quarrying; manufacturing; Consumerprice indexconstruction; and electricity, gas, and water. Comprises the price index of goods and services used

for private final consumption of households.Services (value added)Includes all service activities, that is, transport, stor- MANUFACTURING ACTIVIage, and communications; wholesale and retail trade;banking, insurance, and real estate; ownership of Employmentdwellings; public administration and defense; and The average number of employees or persons en-other services. The line is called Services, etc., be- gaged during the year. For further information aboutcause it includes any statistical discrepancy in the these classifications, see Sources and Methods.origin of resources.

Real earnings per employeeGross domestic saving (at current prices) Derived by deflating nominal earnings per employeeEquals gross domestic product minus total consump- data from UNIDO by the consumer price index.tion, etc. (or gross domestic investment plus the re-source balance). Gross Domestic Saving (at constant Real output per employeeprices) equals gross domestic income minus total Obtained as UNIDO data on gross output per em-consumption, etc. (or gross domestic investment plus ployee in current prices deflated by price indexes ofthe resource balance plus the terms of trade adjust- value added in manufacturing, where available, or inment). industry, where not.

Gross national saving (at current prices) Earnings as % of value addedEquals gross domestic saving plus net factor income Derived by dividing total nominal earnings of em.and net current transfers from abroad. ployees by nominal value added, to show labor's

share in income generated in the manufacturing sec.-Capacitytoimport tor.Value of exports of goods and nonfactor servicesdeflated by the import price index. MONETARY HOLDINGS

Terms of trade adjustment Moneysupply,broadlydefinedEquals capacity to import less exports of goods and Comprises the monetary and quasi-monetary liabili-nonfactor services in constant prices. ties of a country's financial institutions to residents

Gross domestic income (constant prices) other than the central government.Derived as the sum of GDP and the terms of trade Moneyadjustment. The sum of currency outside banks plus demand de-

Grossnationalincome posits held in the financial system by the rest of theDerived as the sum of GNP and the terms of trade domestic economy, other than central government.adjustment. Currency outside banks

Comprises bank notes and coin accepted as legalDOMESTIC PRICES /DEFLATORS tender in the domestic economy, excluding amounts

held by the monetary system, central government, andOverall (GDP) . nonresidents.The deflator is derived by dividing current price esti-mates of GDP at purchaser values (market prices) by Demand depositsconstant price estimates; also called the implicit GDP Deposits payable on demand. Typically comprisesdeflator. accounts transferable by checks and any alternative

xiii

instruments, forms, and mechanisms for transferring BALANCE OF PAYMENTSmoney.

Exports /imports of goods and servicesQuasi-money Comprises all transactions involving a change ofComprises time and savings deposits, and similar ownership of goods and services between residents ofbank accounts that the issuer will readily exchange for a country and the rest of the world. It includes mer-money. Where nonmonetary financial institutions are chandise, nonfactor services, and factor services.important issuers of quasi-monetary liabilities, theseare also included in the measure of monetary hold- Merchandise,fobings. Comprises the market value of movable goods, in-

cluding nonmonetary gold. It also includes the marketGOVERNMENT DEFICIT OR SURPLUS value of related distributive services up to the customsGoverunment deficit or surplus frontier of the exporting economy, that is, fob (free onDefined as the sum of current and capital revenue and board) value. The few types of goods that are notall grants received, less the sum of current and capital covered by the merchandise account include

expenditure and govemmen lendingminusretravellers' purchases abroad, which are included inexpenditure and government lendng mius repay- travel, and purchases of goods by diplomatic and

military personnel, which are classified under otherCurrentrevenue official goods, services, and income.Comprises tax revenue and nontax revenue. Capitalreceipts are excluded. Tax revenue covers tax on Nonfactor servicesincome, profits, social security contributions, taxes Comprises shipment, passenger and other transporton property, domestic taxes on goods and services, services, and travel, as well as current account trans-etc. Nontax revenue consists of grants, property in- actions not separately reported (e.g., not classified ascome and operating surpluses of departmental enter- merchandise, nonfactor services, or transfers). Theseprises, receipts from public enterprises, include transactions with nonresidents by govern-administrative fees and charges, fines, etc. ment agencies and their personnel abroad, and also

transactions by private residents with foreign govern-Currentexpenditure ments and government personnel stationed in the re-Expenditure for goods and services, interest pay- porting country.ments, and subsidies and other current transfers. Ex-cludes capital payments. Factor services

Currentbudget balance Comprises services of labor and capital, thus coveringThe excess of current revenue over current expendi- income from direct investment abroad, interest, divi-ture. dends, and property and labor income.

Capital receipts Long-term interestProceeds from the sale of nonfinancial capital assets, Comprises interest on the disbursed portion of out-including land, intangible assets, stocks, and fixed standing public and private loans repayable in foreigncapital assets of buildings, construction, and equip- currencies, goods, or services. It may include commit-ment of more than a minimum value and usable for ment charges on undisbursed loans.more than one year in the process of production, and Private current transfers, netreceipts of unrequited transfers for capital purposes Comprises net transfer payments-between prvatefrom nongovernmental sources.fro nongovemmental sources. persons and nonofficial organizations of the reportingCapital payments country and the rest of the world-that carry no pro-Expenditure for acquisition of land, intangible assets, visions for repayments. Included are workers' remit-government stocks, and nonmilitary and nonfinancial tances; transfers by migrants; gifts, dowries, andassets; also for capital grants and lending minus re- inheritances; and alimony and other support remit-payments. tances.

Workers' remittancesComprises remittances of income by migrants whohave come to an economy to stay for a year or moreand who are employed by their new economy, wherethey are considered to be residents.

xiv

Current account balance before official Other capital, nettransfers Comprises the sum of short-term capital, net errorsComprises the sum of the net exports of goods and and omissions, and capital transactions not includednonfactor services, net factor service income, and net elsewhere.private transfers. Change in reserves

Net official transfers Comprises the net change in a country's holdings ofComprises net transfer payment between govern- international reserves resulting from transactions onments of the reporting country and the rest of the the current and capital accounts. These includeworld. changes in holdings of monetary gold, SDRs, reserve

position in the Fund, foreign exchange assets, andCurrent accountbalance after official other claims on nonresidents that are available to thetransfers central authority. The measure is net of liabilitiesComprises the sum of the net exports of goods and constituting foreign authorities' reserves, and coun-nonfactor services, net factor service income, and net terpart items for valuation of monetary gold andtransfers; official capital grants are always included. SDRs, which are reported separately in IMF sources.

Long-term capital, net Conversion factor (annual average)Comprises changes, apart from valuation adjustments Is the annual average of market exchange rates forin residents' long-term foreign liabilities less their countries quoting rates in units of national currencyper US dollar. (See Sources and Methods for detailslong-term assets, excluding any long-term items clas- of dotio. conersio actors.)

sified as reserves. ~~~~~Of additional conversion factors.sified as reserves.

Directinvestment EXTERNALDEBTComprises all capital transactions that are made to Long-term debt (by debtor)acquire a lasting interest in an enterprise operating in Is all external obligation of both public and privatean economy other than that of the investor, where the debtors with maturity of more than one year. It com-investor's purpose is to have an effective voice in the prises both publicly guaranteed and nonguaranteedmanagement of the enterprise. Direct investment in- debt.cludes items such as equity capital, reinvestment ofearnings, and other long- and short-term capital. Central government

Is the borrower when the name of the republic, king-Long-term loans dom, etc., or any agencies and departments of centralComprises all public, publicly guaranteed, and pri- govemment, appears as the obligor in the contract.vate nonguaranteed loans that have an original orextended maturity of more than a year and that are Rest of genrrer whentment

repaabl in oregn crTecie, gods,or srvies. Is the boffower when the name of the state, province,repayable in foreign currencies, goods, or services, iy t. rayaecesaddprmnso oaThese data are as reported in the Bank's Debtor Re- city, etc., or any agencies and departments of localporting System and accord with the stock data on govemment, appears as the obligor in the contract.external debt, discussed below. Nonfinancial public enterprises

Are those described in the SNA definition of "nonfi-Disbursements nancial public enterprises."Comprises the total amounts drawn on public, pub-licly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed loans, net Private sector, including non-guaranteedof commitment cancellations. Private sector borrowers are other than those listed

above.Repayments Short-term debtComprises repayments (amortization) of the principal Is the sum of public and private extemal obligationsof public, publicly guaranteed, and private non- with original or extended maturity of a year or less.guaranteed loans.

Inteznational reserves excluding goldOther long-term capital Comprises a country's monetary authorities' (centralComprises the difference between long-term capital, banks, currency boards, exchange stabilization funds,as defined above, and the similar item reported in IMP and treasuries) holdings of SDRs, reserve position inbalance of payments statistics. the Fund, and foreign exchange.

xv

Gold holdings (at market price) Food production per capitaAre official holdings of gold (fine troy ounces) valued Is the index of annual production of all food commod-at year-end London market prices. ities adjusted for population growth. Production ex-

cludes animal feed and seed for agriculture.SOCIAL INDICATORS Labor force, agriculture (%)

Total fertilityrate Is the labor force in farming, forestry, hunting, andIs the average number of children that would be born fishing as a percentage of total labor force, whichalive to a woman during her lifetime if she were to comprises so-called "economically active' persons,bear children at each age in accordance with prevail- including armed forces and unemployed but exclud-ing age-specific fertility rates. ing housewives and students.

Infantmortalityrate Labor force, female (%)Is the number of infants per thousand live births, in a Female labor force as a percentage of total labor force.given year, who die before reaching one year of age. Primaryschoolenrollmentratio

Life expectancy at birth Gross enrollment of all ages at primary level as aIs the number of years a newborn infant would live if percentage of children in the country's primaryprevailing patterns of mortality for all people at the school age group.time of his or her birth were to stay the same through- Primary school enrollmentratio, femaleout his or her life.Prmrshoerlenat,fae

Gross enroDlment of females of all ages at primaryUrbanpopulation, % of total level as a percentage of children in the country'sIs the urban population as a percentage of the total primary school age group.population Secondary school enrollment ratio

Computed in a similar manner to primary enrollment,but includes pupils enrolled in vocational or teacher-training secondary schools.

xvi

Topical Pages

Table 1. Gross national product per capita

US dolanAAd= methodology 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

SUB-SALAR4NAFRICA 160 170 190 210 260 300 360 400 430 490 570

Exddhzg Nigeria 160 170 180 200 230 270 290 310 340 380 420

Benin 110 100 110 130 150 160 180 200 220 260 320Botswana 130 150 190 240 340 350 420 430 490 600 780Burkina Fas 80 80 80 100 120 130 150 160 170 210 240Burundi 70 90 80 80 90 100 120 140 150 170 200Cameroon 180 180 180 210 270 310 360 410 500 600 760Cape Verde 200 230 290 310 350 320 330 360 530Central African Republic 110 100 110 120 150 170 200 230 260 280 320Chad 100 90 100 100 120 150 150 160 170 150 160Comoros 100 110 110 140 150 170 190 200 210 250 340Congo, People's Republic 240 260 290 340 430 530 520 490 530 650 850Cote d'lvoire 270 280 290 310 390 510 560 640 840 1,010 1,180Equatorial Guinea ..

Ethiopia 60 70 70 70 80 90 90 90 100 110 120Gabon 660 690 740 890 1,660 2,730 4,170 3,800 2,870 3,190 3,900Gambia, The 100 120 130 140 200 210 230 250 260 350 350Ghana 250 270 250 260 290 280 280 300 350 380 410Guinea-Bissau 160 160 170 190 170 160 170 170 130Kenya 130 160 180 180 210 230 240 270 310 370 420Lesotho 100 110 110 150 200 230 250 290 330 360 410Liberia 300 310 320 320 370 410 460 500 540 580 580Madagascar 170 170 180 190 230 280 280 300 310 370 430Malawi 60 80 80 90 110 120 120 130 160 170 180Mali 70 70 80 80 90 120 140 170 170 210 240Mauritania 180 170 180 200 260 300 340 360 360 390 440Mauritius 280 300 340 430 590 710 860 930 1,020 1,200 1,180Mozambique ..

Namibia ..

Niger 160 170 160 160 200 230 230 250 300 360 440Nigeria 150 190 230 270 360 440 600 700 730 870 1,030Rwanda 60 60 60 70 70 90 120 160 180 210 240Senegal 220 210 230 240 280 350 400 400 380 460 510Seychelles 580 510 470 580 700 800 870 950 1,120 1,610 2,010Sierra Leone 160 160 160 170 190 220 210 220 220 270 320Somalia 90 90 100 110 110 170 180 180 150 130 130Sudan 130 150 150 150 190 250 320 380 400 390 400Swaziland 270 320 330 370 460 590 580 590 600 720 820Tanzania 100 100 110 130 140 170 180 200 230 260 290Togo 140 140 150 170 210 250 270 300 340 350 410Upgnda 190 200 210 210 220 220 270 280 280 290 280Zaire 250 260 270 330 380 410 410 460 490 580 610Zambia 440 430 430 430 530 550 540 500 500 510 600Zimbabwe 310 330 360 400 530 570 570 540 530 590 710

SOUTH7ASIA 110 120 110 120 140 160 160 170 180 200 230

Bangladesh 100 100 80 80 100 130 130 110 110 120 140Bhutan .. ..

India 110 110 110 130 140 170 160 170 190 200 240Nepal 80 80 80 80 100 110 120 120 120 130 130Pakistan 170 170 160 130 130 130 170 190 220 240 290Sri Lanka 180 190 190 220 250 290 290 300 260 260 260

EASTASL4AND PACIFIC 130 140 140 160 1S8 210 220 250 290 340 400

China 130 130 130 150 160 180 170 190 220 26 30Fiji 400 450 520 660 840 1,030 1,190 1,290 1,350 1,580 1,750Indonesia 80 90 90 110 150 210 270 320 380 400 470Korea, Republic of 270 310 330 390 480 580 740 910 1,190 1,520 1,620Malaysia 390 410 450 550 700 820 920 1,010 1,150 1,400 1,690MongoliaPapua New Guinea 260 280 310 370 450 530 520 540 650 710 760Philippines 230 220 210 250 300 360 420 450 510 600 700Solomon Islands 290 270 300 320 440 400Thailand 210 210 220 250 300 360 410 460 530 590 670TongaVanuatuWestern Samoa . .. .. .

Wstem ~ ~ Samoa .. ....... .. ..... .. . . ... '-.. .. ..

sss,s>sPsxos>Bv 4>S6g_ SSS_ E2

B S:'g ':: ' .g " ' *;i --...................... E_1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

g ~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... .... .f .* ... ... S *'.;.......... ........... . ..' f g :Sf *: ...f:..f'.S

590 590 530 490 480 440 360 340 340 340 SUB-SAIARANAFRIC4

440 430 390 360 340 350 360 370 370 360 Erwdig Nigeia

340 330 280 260 260 280 310 370 380 390 Benin1,040 1,020 1,070 1,080 960 970 1,030 1,200 1,610 2,040 Botswana

250 250 220 190 190 210 240 300 310 330 Burkina Faso250 250 240 230 250 240 240 230 220 210 Burundi900 900 870 820 810 890 910 980 990 940 Cameroon530 510 490 460 450 480 570 700 780 890 Cape Verde330 340 280 280 270 290 310 370 380 390 Central African Republic160 150 140 130 150 150 140 180 190 190 Chad380 350 330 310 300 320 370 440 460 480 Comoros

1,100 1,320 1,240 1,150 1,040 940 960 930 970 1,010 Congo, People's Republic1,150 990 790 690 650 720 770 830 790 730 C6te d'Ivoire

270 310 310 330 Equatorial Guinea120 120 120 120 110 120 120 120 120 120 Ethiopia

4,250 4,370 3,830 3,590 3,560 3,630 2,890 2,780 2,990 3,220 Gabon360 360 290 250 210 170 190 210 240 260 Gambia, The410 380 350 370 370 390 390 400 380 390 Ghana170 190 200 190 180 160 170 170 180 180 Guinea-Bissau430 400 350 320 310 320 340 360 370 370 Kenya480 550 510 480 390 340 340 410 440 470 Lesotho590 550 490 460 470 450 450 .. .. Liberia410 400 380 340 310 290 260 240 220 230 Madagascar180 190 180 180 170 160 150 160 170 200 Malawi240 220 170 160 150 180 200 230 260 270 Mali480 450 470 420 410 430 420 470 500 500 Mauritania

1,260 1,210 1,120 1,080 1,100 1,230 1,500 1,830 2,020 2,200 Mauditius190 160 180 180 220 150 110 80 80 Mozambique

1,210 1,130 1,030 930 840 830 960 1,030 .. Namibia440 380 310 240 230 240 260 300 290 310 Niger

1,090 1,110 980 900 930 710 370 280 250 270 Nigeria260 260 270 260 270 300 310 330 320 310 Rwanda490 510 440 380 380 430 520 650 650 710 Senegal

2,300 2,350 2,370 2,360 2,560 2,710 3,110 3,700 4,230 4,670 Seychelles370 380 380 360 340 330 240 230 210 240 Sierra Leone150 150 140 140 150 160 170 170 170 150 Somalia400 420 390 360 370 490 600 520 .. .. Sudan

1,010 1,010 930 870 800 720 680 800 790 840 Swaziland310 330 330 330 320 280 210 160 140 120 Tanzania400 340 280 260 250 270 300 370 390 410 Togo220 240 220 220 230 230 220 250 230 220 Uganda560 510 440 350 270 250 240 250 240 230 Zaire720 660 560 460 370 260 240 300 410 480 Zambia860 900 850 730 620 560 540 580 650 640 Zimbabwe

260 270 270 270 270 280 290 320 330 330 SOV7JTASL4

170 160 150 140 150 150 160 170 180 200 Bangladesh110 110 130 130 140 180 190 190 190 Bhutan

270 280 280 280 290 290 310 340 350 350 India150 160 160 170 170 160 160 170 180 170 Nepal330 360 350 350 340 340 330 350 370 380 Pakistan290 330 340 350 390 410 410 420 430 470 Sri Lanka

430 440 450 450 44 430 440 54 590 EASTASJAAND PACIFIC

320 320 320 330 320 300 300 330 350 370 China2,000 1,870 1,700 1,770 1,640 1,760 1,610 1,570 1,690 1,770 Fiji

550 610 610 580 540 520 490 480 500 550 Indonesia1,830 1,930 2,110 2,240 2,320 2,570 2,950 3,600 4,400 5,400 Korea, Republic of1,880 1,900 1,900 2,040 1,970 1,840 1,830 1,930 2,140 2,320 Malaysia

Mongolia820 780 760 750 740 740 760 850 890 860 Papua New Guinea780 810 750 640 580 570 600 640 710 760 Philippines500 570 550 620 520 580 550 550 580 580 Solomon Islands750 780 810 840 800 800 860 1,030 1,220 1,420 Thailand

750 760 760 800 910 1,010 Tonga930 900 790 860 980 1,060 Vanuatu620 630 630 670 720 730 Western Samoa

3

Table 1. Gross national product per capita (cont'd)

US doga, AtlasdmethodOV 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

L4TINAMERICA AND CARIBBEAN 590 620 670 780 950 1,120 1,260 1,340 1,460 1,670 1,920

Argentina 910 1,000 1,040 1,240 1,630 1,810 1,680 1,610 1,580 1,800 1,980Bahamas 2,700 2,900 2,900 3,260 2,950 2,730 3,000 3,330 3,670 5,100 5,830Barbados 750 830 910 1,040 1,220 1,520 1,740 1,960 2,250 2,670 3,130Belize 430 470 520 570 660 790 840 870 910 1,090 1,170Bolivia 230 250 270 290 320 360 400 410 440 470 490Brazil 450 500 570 710 880 1,070 1,300 1,470 1,640 1,870 2,070Chile 840 990 1,080 1,090 1,140 860 880 1,030 1,330 1,690 2,100Colombia 340 360 390 430 500 550 600 680 840 1,010 1,180Costa Rica 560 610 660 750 860 950 1,070 1,320 1,560 1,790 1,960Dominican Republic 330 370 430 490 570 660 760 840 900 1,010 1,080Ecuador 290 290 300 370 430 540 680 790 930 1,080 1,260El Salvador 290 300 310 330 380 430 500 580 700 760 750Grenada ..

Guatemala 360 380 390 430 500 570 660 790 900 1,030 1,120Guyana 380 410 400 410 510 640 650 610 610 640 720Haiti 90 100 100 110 130 150 170 180 200 220 250Honduras 270 280 290 310 340 360 400 460 530 600 640Jamaica 720 770 910 960 1,090 1,260 1,330 1,440 1,420 1,280 1,130Mexico 820 800 820 940 1,120 1,360 1,500 1,490 1,580 1,810 2,320Nicaragua 380 390 390 430 560 630 700 780 740 560 650Panama 680 740 770 840 920 1,030 1,080 1,120 1,290 1,420 1,630Paraguay 260 270 300 350 440 550 620 720 830 1,030 1,340Peru 520 580 620 700 850 1,000 1,040 970 840 850 990St. Vincent and the Grenadines .. .

Trinidad and Tobago 810 840 960 1,100 1,340 1,920 2,440 2,770 3,310 3,740 4,690Uruguay 740 870 860 950 1,090 1,330 1,400 1,400 1,580 2,030 2,710Venezuela 1,260 1,270 1,350 1,540 1,920 2,380 2,890 3,150 3,380 3,730 4,070

MIDDLE EASTAND NOR TAFRICA 330 350 380 430 580 790 1040 1,200 1,320 1,520 1,740

Algeria 360 340 430 500 670 870 1,060 1,180 1,380 1,650 1,940Egypt, Arab Republic of 230 250 260 280 280 320 360 410 410 440 500Iran, Islamic Republic of ..

Jordan .. .. .. ..

Morocco 260 280 300 340 410 500 560 600 650 770 930Oman 360 370 390 390 550 1,280 2,840 2,860 2,790 3,080 3,660Saudi Arabia 560 760 980 1,140 2,070 3,290 5,410 7,120 7,720 8,790 10,400Syrian Arab Republic 360 400 480 460 630 860 1,030 1,020 1,120 1,200 1,430Tunisia 280 320 390 430 560 710 800 850 930 1,080 1,280

EUROPE.................. .. .. .. .. _

Bulgarh ..... ... ............Bulgaria ..

Czechoslovakia .. ..

Greece 1,170 1,300 1,460 1,720 L940 2,370 2,650 2,850 3,270 3,860 4,370Hungary .. 1,390 2,440 2,370 1,790Malta 760 830 900 1,030 1,220 1,540 1,700 1,860 2,090 2,500 3,150Poland .. ..

Portugal 700 820 940 1,200 1,430 1,540 1,700 1,830 1,890 2,090 2,370Romania .. .. ..

Turkey 400 400 410 470 630 830 1,000 1,110 1,220 1,370 1,400Yugoslavia 660 740 780 870 1,150 1,380 1,620 1,970 2,400 2,880 3,250

Low- & middle-income economies 220 230 250 280 340 400 450 490 540 620 700

Low-income economies 120 130 130 140 160 190 190 210 240 270 310Low-income Africa 140 160 170 190 240 270 330 370 390 450 520China and India 120 120 120 140 150 180 170 180 210 230 280Other low-income 110 120 110 120 140 170 200 220 240 260 300

Middle-income economies 500 530 580 680 850 1,040 1,230 1,350 1,490 1,700 1,920

High-income economies 3,110 3,370 3,770 4,400 5,030 5,650 6,280 6,920 7,850 9,130 10,320

OECD members 3,220 3,490 3,890 4,550 5,190 5,830 6,460 7,130 8,100 9,410 10,630Japan 1,950 2,140 2540 3,230 3,860 4,530 4,990 5,650 7,000 8,630 9,830United States 4,980 5,350 5,800 6,420 6,900 7,410 8,200 9,050 10,100 11,140 12,000

WORLD 8SO 910 1,000 1,150 1,320 1,490 1,650 1,810 2,020 2,330 2,620

4

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

2,140 2Z119 1,890 1,790 1,730 1,720 1,730 1,8(N 1,950 2,180 LA47JNAMERJCA AND CARIBBEAN

1,960 1,880 1,970 2,150 2,140 2,380 2,400 2,570 2,160 230 Argentina5,650 6,600 7,110 8,190 8,950 9,530 10,360 10,630 11,120 11,510 Bahamas3,510 3,760 4,010 4,420 4,640 5,180 5,350 5,910 6,430 6,540 Barbados1,220 1,140 1,090 1,100 1,140 1,240 1,380 1,56 1,770 2,000 Belize

560 530 490 460 430 450 530 610 630 620 Bolivia2,030 2,070 1,840 1,730 1,670 1,810 1,960 2,120 2,500 2,710 Brazil2,610 2,220 1,910 1,700 1,420 1,330 1,360 1,510 1,780 1,930 Cbile1,320 1,390 1,380 1,370 1,260 1,210 1,180 1,210 1,220 1,250 Colombia1,530 1,150 1,060 1,250 1,400 1,550 1,650 1,680 1,760 1,910 Costa Rica1,180 1,280 1,230 1,010 780 740 750 720 780 820 Dominican Republic1,490 1,490 1,320 1,160 1,170 1,150 1,070 1,060 990 960 Ecuador

750 740 760 82C 840 830 860 960 1,060 1,100 El Salvador1,350 1,500 1,710 1,890 2,120 Girenada

1,200 1,190 1,170 1,180 1,200 1,050 950 89 920 900 Guatemala740 620 550 540 550 510 420 400 410 360 Guyana270 270 280 290 320 340 360 360 360 360 Haiti690 680 690 720 740 760 820 830 740 590 Honduras

1,250 1,320 1,330 1,160 910 850 960 1,150 1,400 1,510 Jamaica3,000 2,770 2,290 2,120 2,180 1,890 1,780 1,770 2,080 2,490 Mexico

760 800 810 790 760 760 810 .. Nicaragua1,820 1,950 1,950 1,990 2,060 2,170 2,210 1,810 1,760 1,830 Panama1,680 1,740 1,660 1,490 1,170 970 920 990 1,030 1,120 Paraguay1,24 1,380 1,150 1,13 980 1,080 1,170 1,040 1,020 1,140 Peru

1,670 St. Vincent and the Grenadines5,890 6,630 6,400 6,400 5,940 4,970 4,060 3,410 3,340 3,440 Trinidad and Tobago3,500 3,340 2,300 1,920 1,580 1,740 2,020 2,270 2,450 2,560 Uruguay4,730 4,920 4,790 4,250 3,830 3,580 3,180 3,120 2,470 2,560 Venezuela

1,980 2,06 1,940 1,750 1,670 1,620 1,580 1,520 1,710 1,400 MIDDLE EASTAND NOR TH AFRICA

2,240 2,420 2,420 2,440 2,570 2,660 2,740 2,500 2,310 2,080 Algeria550 600 620 640 660 670 690 660 640 600 Egypt, Arab Republic or

2,550 2,450 Iran, Islamiic Republic of1,880 2,010 2,080 2,050 1,630 1,240 Jordan

870 860 730 660 620 660 680 830 880 950 Morocco5,830 7,110 7,220 7,280 7,550 6,680 5,820 4,990 5,220 Oman

13,010 14,320 12,810 10,140 8,640 7,830 6,650 6,060 6,020 .. Saudi Arabia1,670 1,770 1,800 1,720 1,750 1,460 1,180 1,070 870 1,010 Syrian Arab Republic1,380 1,310 1,240 1,210 1,170 1,110 1,180 1,230 1,270 1,420 Tunisia

......... :.........EUROPE . ................

3,250 3,230 3,410 3,380 3,220 3,160 2,910 2,660 2,200 Bulgaria2,980 3,000 2,860 2,740 2,790 3,030 3,350 3,450 3,140 Czechoslovakia

4,470 4,320 3,950 3,810 3,610 3,670 3,980 4,780 5,380 6,000 Greece3,190 1,860 1,270 1,790 1,930 2,010 2,240 2,490 2,570 2,890 Hungary3,590 3,790 3,510 3,440 3,390 3,580 4,160 5,180 5,830 Malta

1,54 1,800 2,060 2,080 2,020 1,850 1,850 1,770 1,590 Poland2,490 2,500 2,250 1,990 1,970 2,270 2,830 3,650 4,250 4,890 Portugal

1,720 1,620 Romania1,450 1,300 1,180 1,00 1,080 1,110 1,220 1,280 1,370 1,620 Turkey3,450 3,230 2,640 2,270 2,040 2,290 2,510 2,710 2,940 3,060 Yugoslavia

780 790 760 740 730 720 720 730 790 840 Low- & middle-income economies

340 350 340 340 340 320 310 330 340 350 Low-income economies540 530 480 440 440 380 300 270 260 260 Low-income Africa300 300 300 310 310 300 310 330 350 360 China and India350 370 370 370 360 350 350 350 360 370 Other low-income

2,190 2,210 2,090 2,020 1,950 1,940 1,960 2,040 2,150 2,350 Middle-income economies

11,090 11,070 11,070 11,410 11,730 12,580 14,220 16,90 18,600 - High-income economies

11,410 11,390 11,400 11,760 12,110 13,010 14,720 17,510 19,270 .,OECD members10,350 10,310 10,330 10,570 11,350 13,010 16,020 21,400 24,240 Japan13,310 13,650 14,590 15,960 16,770 17,520 18,450 19,700 20,850 United Stales

2,820 2,810 2,750 2,780 2,00 2,920 3,190 3,670 3,970 .,WORLD

5

Table 2. Gross national income per capita.... ........................... ....... ......... . ....

1987 US dOm 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

SUB-SAL&4RANAFR[C,4 300 310 300 310 380 350 370 390 380 360 400Ewht&WNig&ia 370 370 360 360 390 370 390 410 400 390 400

.............................. ... . . ......... ....... .... .Beum, 440 420 420 450 430 390 380 400 400 410 410

Botswana 290 300 350 440 540 470 520 510 510 640 770Burkina Faso 240 240 230 230 250 250 270 260 250 250 250Burundi 140 190 170 190 180 170 200 230 200 210 200Cameroon 670 650 610 630 700 660 650 740 780 820 910Cape Verde 220 250 230 270 310 320 360 520Central African Republic 470 460 460 460 440 400 460 490 490 450 410Chad 210 200 200 180 190 190 190 180 180 130 130ComorosCongo, People's Republic 710 740 720 840 1,000 860 840 730 710 770 960Ote dIvoire 840 850 830 880 930 930 1,020 1,150 1,170 1,090 1,060Equatorial GuineaEthiopiaGabon 3,130 3,200 3,230 3,260 6,260 6,440 7,830 6,730 4,970 5,250 6,570Gambia, Ile 310 300 330 310 350 360 340 390 320 360 330Ghana 490 460 430 490 510 440 390 430 450 440 440Guinea-Bissau 200 200 200 200 200 200 180 160 170 170 120Kenya 320 350 390 380 370 350 350 410 390 390 380Lesotho 200 210 230 290 320 350 380 430 460 440 420I-ibetiaMadagascar 410 400 390 370 360 340 330 320 300 310 300Malawi iso 170 170 170 180 180 ISO 180 200 180 170MaR 180 ISO 190 180 170 190 210 220 210 230 220Mauritania 550 540 510 480 570 540 580 520 480 480 490Mauritius 750 790 880 920 1,320 1,370 1,300 1,320 1,340 1,370 1,160Mozambique 130Namibia 1,550Niger 430 450 410 310 370 290 290 320 340 400 400Nigeria 160 190 180 210 390 310 350 370 360 320 470Rwanda 300 300 290 290 280 280 290 300 310 340 350Senegg 720 700 720 660 670 690 730 700 640 670 630SeycheUcsSierra Leone 150 150 140 150 150 140 130 140 150 150 150so ISO 160 160 150 120 160 160 200 210 190 170Sudan 690 720 680 600 650 720 820 920 880 770 750SwazilandTanzania 190 190 190 190 190 ISO 190 190 180 170 170Togo 450 360 360 370 520 380 440 460 480 430 450UpndaZaire 320 30D 300 320 320 280 260 260 230 230 240Zambia 740 540 570 640 620 370 400 340 300 340 310Zimbabwe - 740 680 650 630 690

SOLTHASLI 240 240 230 230 230 230 240 250 260 240 250.............

Banglad-h 170 150 130 130 140 140 140 140 150 isoBhutanIndia 250 250 240 240 240 250 250 270 280 250 260NepalPakbtan 250 230 220 230 240 220 230 230 250 250 270Sri Lanka 250 250 240 260 260 250 280 320 330 330 330

FASTASU AND PAOFIC 180 is& 190 200 210 210 220 230 260 270 280

China 110 120 120 120 120 130 120 130 ISO 160 170Fiji 1,250 1,290 1,360 1,490 1,690 1,770 1,750 1,820 1,810 1,940 I'MIndonesia 160 170 170 180 210 220 220 240 260 290 340Korea, Republic of 970 1,040 1,080 1,220 1,7A 1,310 1,500 1,640 1,810 1,900 1,710MaIaysia 950 940 970 1,140 1,210 1,130 1,310 1,400 1,460 1,620 1,740

MOUSOBSPapua New GWnea 910 920 970 1,120 1,070 950 980 990 1,010 1,060 950Philippines sio 520 520 570 580 590 590 620 650 690 700Solomon Islands 490Thailand 510 500 510 570 560 560 590 630 670 690 700

TonpVanuatuWestem Samoa....... ...

6

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

390 370 360 350 340 320~~~~~~~~~......... 310........ 310.. 310..B-........IC.

390 370 380 380 370 370 360 360 350 34UFrSsdAgARNAiRed 4390 390 -3-90 390 37~ ~ ~30 37036- .30 50 40FkfNifa

420 430 410 400 430 0 380 370 390 ~~~~~~~~~Benin730 680 700 730 880 1,000 1,110 1,240 1,600 Botswana260 280 280 270 290 300 300 310 300 300 Burkina Faso210 200 210 200 220 230 220 230 220 220 Burundi990 1,020 1,060 1,090 1,140 1,200 1,110 990 930 870 Cameroon540 550 570 590 610 630 680 690 680 760 Cape Verde390 410 370 400 400 390 370 370 370 350 Central African Republic130 130 150 140 170 160 150 170 170 160 Chad

510 490 490 490 460 Comoros1,090 1,54 1,560 1,670 1,380 960 990 860 970 950 Congo, People's Republic

990 950 910 920 890 870 880 800 700 610 C6te d'Ivoire310 310 300 300 290 290 Equatorial Guinea

Ethiopia6,400 6,070 5,630 5,220 4,930 3,660 3,000 2,680 Gabon

270 290 210 240 220 220 200 240 230 230 Gambia, The410 350 340 360 360 360 360 370 380 GhanLa160 170 160 170 170 170 170 180 190 180 Guinea-Bissu370 350 340 340 330 350 350 360 360 370 Kenya430 470 460 460 430 410 400 420 400 390 Lesotho

Liberia260 250 250 250 240 240 230 230 220 230 Madagasca160 160 160 170 160 150 150 140 Malawi220 230 210 220 210 240 240 230 250 250 Mali510 480 480 440 470 500 460 450 480 440 Mauritania

1,160 1,140 1,180 1,210 1,280 1,510 1,720 1,770 1,770 1,860 Mauritius130 120 100 110 90 90 90 100 100 100 Mozambique

1,220 1,090 970 990 1,110 1,080 970 1,050 1,060 Namibia400 390 380 300 300 320 300 300 270 270 Niger440 370 320 310 300 220 220 200 220 Nigeria360 360 370 350 350 360 330 330 300 270 Rwanda600 650 640 610 620 640 640 650 620 640 Senega

Seychelles160 160 150 150 140 130 140 140 140 140 Sierra Leone190 190 170 160 170 170 170 160 150 Somalia730 800 790 730 660 710 710 650 700 650 Sudan

Swaziland160 150 150 150 150 150 140 150 Tanzania420 390 360 380 380 390 370 380 390 390 Togo

Uganda240 230 230 230 220 230 230 220 210 190 Zaire300 230 240 230 240 220 240 290 320 300 Zambia740 720 700 660 670 620 580 660 700 670 Zimbabwe

260 260 270 280 290 290 300 320 330 330 SOIJ1MASL4

160 160 160 160 160 160 170 170 160 170 BangladeshBhutan

270 270 290 290 300 310'O 32'0 340 350" 360 IndiaNepal

270 280 280 290 300 310 320 330 330 340 Pakistan330 350 380 400 400 410 410 410 410 420 Sri Lanka

290 300 330 350 370 390 420 450 480 500 &,4STASU4 AND PACIFIC

170 180 200 220 240 250 280 300 310 320 China1,870 1,700 1,590 1,690 1,600 1,730 1,560 Fiji

370 360 380 400 410 410 420 430 450 480 Indonesia1,770 1,900 2,110 2,280 2,400 2,740 3,090 3,450 3,730 4,030 Korea, Republic of1,730 1,750 1,8m 1,950 1,830 1,660 1,790 1,950 2,070 2,220 Malaysia

Mongoli840 790 810 820 820 810 820 850 760 690 Papua New Guinea690 680 680 620 570 570 600 640 680 680 Philippines450 460 460 680 480 430 490 550 Solomon lalands710 710 760 790 790 830 890 990 1,090 1,200 Thailand

Tonga860 1,010 990 850 800 820 870 Vanuatu

690 670 680 640 650 660 660 630 WestemrSmo

7

Table 2. Gross national income per capita (cont'd)

19.8 US deEms 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

LATI1NJAERIC4 AND CARIBFM4N 1,350 1,410 1,470 14570 1,630 1,630 1,700) 1,750 1,750 1,810 1,890

Argentina 2,630 2,720 2,730 2,810 2,870 2,800 2,760 2,880 2,740 2,910 2,950Bahamas .. . .5,880 5,990 8,170 8,650Barbados. -

Belize .-

Bolivia 780 790 810 840 910 870 910 910 890 880 860Brazil 1i200 1,300 1,430 1,610 1,690 1,720 1,860 1,920 1,900 1,960 2,060Chile 1,640 1,730 1,640 1,580 1,560 1,130 1,190 1,280 1,360 1,490 1,580Colombia 770 800 840 890 910 900 950 1,000 1,050 1,060 1,090Costa Rica 1,380 1,390 1,440 1,510 1,500 1,500 1,600 1,800 1,800 1,790 1,740Dominica Republic 490 530 620 670 700 700 700 720 710 720 720Ecuador 710 720 750 850 1,010 1,020 1,100 1,180 1,180 1,270 1,310El Salvador 1,080 1,080 1,120 1,160 1,150 1,170 1,320 1,490 1,380 1,350 1,170Grenada.. ....

Guatemala 890 880 900 950 950 940 990 1,110 1,090 1,070 1,060Guyana 620 650 580 520 720 910 690 640 600 540 570Haiti 330 350 340 340 350 340 370 370 380 390 420Honduras 770 760 790 830 8gm 780 860 950 980 980 950Jamaica 1,460 1,430 1,600 1,580 1,590 1,620 1,420 1,420 1,380 1,250 1,100MexioD 1,310 1,320 1,380 1,450 1,500 1,530 1,560 1,56 1,650 1,750 1,920Nicaragua 1,440 1,430 1,370 1,380 1,590 1,20 1,580 1,720 1,470 960 1,080Panama 1,750 1,890 1,940 1,960 1,940 1,940 1,870 1,810 1,990 1,990 2,030Parguay 590 610 640 690 720 710 780 900 930 860 1,100Peru 1,270 1,270 1,260 1,320 1,390 1,340 1,320 1,29 1,230 1,320 1,350St. Vincent and the GrenadinesTrinidad and Tobago 3,600 3,740 3,880 3,900 4,050 4,560 4,890 5,090 5,690 5,790 6,290Uruguay 2,090 2,100 2,070 2,150 2,040 2,110 2,180 2,170 2,280 2,430 2,550Venezuela .. 3,020 3,020 3,210 3,320 3,170 3,180 3,270

MIDDLE EA4STAND NORTH AFRICA 1,040 1,1(8) 1,200 1,350 1,480 1,510 7,700 1,780 1,620 1,590 1,480

Algeria 1,700 1,610 1,850 1,880 2,210 2,170 2,280 2,330 2,420 2,590 2,700Eopt, Arab Republic of 370 370 370 400 410 420 480 520 520 580 640Iran, Islamic Republic of 2,100 2,300 2,54 3,150 3,480 3,530 4,120 4,370 3,56 3,290 2,710Jordan.. . ... ...

Morocco 540 560 550 560 600 630 660 660 660 680 720Oman . . . ..

Saudi Arabia . . . . .

Syrian Arab Republic .. . . . . 1,040 1,110 1,090 1,130 1,160 1,23Tunisia 700 760 890 860 970 990 990 1,000 1,050 1,130 1,210

EUROPE . - - - - ... z... ;............

Bulgaria253Czechoslovakia ... . . . . .3,160

Greeo 3,170 3,400 3,670 3,950 3,760 3,910 4,090 4,200 4,390 4,470 4,520Hunpary .. . . 1,230 1,250 1,290 960 1,250 2,550 3,290 2,650Malta 2,100 2,160 2,250 2,310 2,420 2,850 3,190 3,360 3,530 3,670 3,990Poland ... .. . 1,600Portugal 2,250 2,520 2,760 3,080 3,070 2,700 2,750 2,920 2,980 3,120 3,150RomaniA . . .

Turkey 820 87 920 930 960 1,010 1,080 1,100 1,110 1,070 1,020Yugoslavia 1,780 1,920 1,980 2,020 2,25 2,250 2,350 2,520 2,750 2,840 2,88

Low- & middle-Income economIes 460 470 490 520 540 530 570 600 610 620 640

Low-income economies 180 180 180 190 190 200 200 210 220 220 240Low-income Africa 250 250 250 250 310 280 290 310 300 290 320China andlIndia 170 170 170 170 170 180 170 190 200 200 210Other low-income 190 190 180 190 210 210 220 230 240 260 280

Mkkeid-nwome economies 1,330 1,390 1,460 1,590 1,670 1,670 1,760 1,830 1,840 1,890 1,910

Highi-income economies 11,410 11,60 12430 12720 12,54 12,61 12,870 13,210 13,710 14,040 13,930

OECD members 11,790 12,040 12,30 13,150 12,940 12,820 13,29 13,630 14,150 14,490 14,360Japan 11,820 12,280 13,170 13,970 13,370 13,480 13,920 14,430 15,160 15,640 15,730United States 13,930 14,23 14,740 15,390 14,990 14,690 15,280 15,770 16,390 16,56 16,190

WORLD) 2,870 2,91 3,000 3,120 3,070 3,020 34110 3,130 3,260 3,310 3,28

8

1981 1932 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

~~ 1,730 1,620 ~ ~ ~ 1~.. ................ . ........... ..... .A ~ A E1 ~ ... C..I.....

2,71 2,420 2,4620 2,510 2,360 2,470 2,450 2,350 2,150. A7g7tNAMRCANCRIB N7,60 834 ,50 9,8 1,90 1040.063......Bhaa

1,890 1,830 1,720 1,780 1,890 2,040......... 2,070 2,030 2,08 ... B.zi

2710 7140 7340 7510 2680 2700 7140 7130 7505 0 0rgDomincanRpbi1,890 8,340 1,160 1,150 10,160 100 100102001,020 1,0500Ecadora

1,000 920 900 910 930 970 920 950 940 890 El S~~~~alvador

1,00 930 890 870 830 830 820 830 840 830 Guatmaa5280 4,30 3720 3670 3780 3800 3470 2,39 ,90.BGranal4050 3720 1370 1360 3620 3,60 1350 3,40 3360 163 Chaiti9060 8200 8,00 8060 8100 8010 8,20 8310 810 1750 Hoondbras

1,120 1,1370 1,110 1,080 9350 1,030 1,070 1,6310 1,260 1,230 Josamaica

12,00 1,940 1,760 1,800 1,800 1,590 1,630 1,630 1,680 1,750 MEicuaor1,070 1,20 1,050 990 940 8970 92 01 610 40600 0 ElNialvador

2,100 2,070 2,070 2~~,120 2,150 2,2390 2,170 1,720 1,680 1,6740 Paenada1,140 1,00 1,00 1,00 970 900 930 990 1,00 1,00 Guarealuay1,30 1,33 1,2 110 37 6 1,10 1,0 ,20 110 99009600Peuyn

6430 6,10 5380 4,80 4,40 3,70 3,60 3,480 3,370 3,HaTitiddadTbg

3,20 82,90 2,00 2880 2,70 2,40 82,50 2,50 2,40 2,580 Venezuelas

1,520 1,530 1,65w) 1,690 1,30 1,610 1,620 1,310 1,530 I..:....M....... Ja.....maiDDEcaSTN OTA

2,760 2,760 2,860 2,88 2,980 150 2,8 1,720 2,490 2,5680 2,7510 Alexiao6400 6600 690 710 710 6890 660 670 0 60 64Nicp,arabg epbuco

2,5 3,100 37 ,3070 3,381 ,20 2, 970 2, 950 2,10 1760 2,610 174 Pran,sama cRpblco1,140 1,08 2,10 2,020 1,0 960 2,900 2,30 2,00 1,870 1,520 Poragn

1670 7130 6910 7010 7410 8,00 7720 8310 820 820 MoroucOma VncetateGeaie

1,260 61,20 1,180 1,110 1,150 1,020 3970 1,060 1,000 1,120 Syrinian Aabd Repbagc1,2590 1,210 1,230 1,250 1,250 1,160 1,200 1,170 1,200 1,270 Trunisay

32,61 2,360 2,620 2,740 2,770 2,910 3,100 3,160 3,060 258 Venlgaria

4,510 4,4590 4,380 4,410 4,430 4,520 4,5620 4,5750 4,860 4,860DGEec SAN OR RC

5,980 3,700 2,300 2,320 2,980 2,280 2,3720 2,400 2,330 2,380 HAngera64,10 4,30 4,20 4,30 4,50 4630 4,80 5,30 5,50 640 Malpt,Aabeulco

1,450 31,30 1,410 1,470 1,5420 1,670 1,620 1,7680 1,650 1,70Poandsaieulco3,070 3,080 3~,1040 2,890 3,010 3,300 3,490 3,680 3,900 .20 Portual

ROmana

1,020 1,020 1,030 1,080 1,110 1,0200 1,20 1,280 1,240 1,330 TurkeyAa Rpuh12,80 12180 12,79 12570 1,7250 2,890 12070 2,1700 12070 12,50 Tunislaia

Z240 2050 260g 270 230 280 2950 3100 320 3340 LowinOmE ecnms

3,10 2930 2760 2670 2670 2490 240W 2310 2400 Bu w-incma Arc2100 2210 2410 2510 3270 3280 3030 3240 3350 3420 Czehinloakadnia3050 3040 4310 3240 3240 3,20 3250 3370 3380 3480 Othere owinom

1.,980 3,400 14,190 14,720 15,110 15,570 16,010 16,690 17,1330 230 Hungaryom coome

14,4170 14,310 14,660 15,210 45,60 1,6,30 16,8580 17,290 17,750 OECa meber

16,400 15,340 16,370 170 1,4 17,680 18,6040 18,400 19,0680 19,430 147 Uolntd Sae

3,270 3,2080 3,230 3,320 3,380 3,300 3,500 3,600 3,650 - ORLDu

. . .............~~~~~~~~~~~om ni

1,020 11020 1,030 1,080 1,110 1,200 1,260 112M 1,240 1,330 T.urkey .'.

2,80 286 2,90 Z77 2720 2,90 78 2,00 2,70 ,51 Yoslvi

Table 3. Private consumption per capita....... .... . .................... . ...... . ........... ...... ...... ...... ................ .......................... ...... .. ............ .......... . .. .....

1987 US dmUms 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980.. .............SUB-SAMARANAERTCA 210 220 210 200 220 230 240 250 270 240 250

F-hf&W Niga* 250 270 260 250 260 270 270 280 290 280 290.. .. . ... .. X.."........ ........ . .... .

Benin 350 340 340 350 330 310 310 340 340 330

Botswana 340 310 320 410 430 420 430 410 440 530 570

Burkina Faso 220 220 200 200 210 210 220 240 240 240 250

Burundi 110 170 160 160 150 160 170 180 160 170 170

Cameroon 530 560 540 520 560 550 560 610 600 690 750

Cape Verde

310 250 270 290 310 370 380 470

Central African Republic 300 300 300 290 310 320 350 400 390 360 370Chad

ComorosCongo, People's Republic 590 560 530 500 470 470 570 470 510 440 520

COte d'lvoire 420 460 470 490 480 550 530 510 580 570 370Equatorial Guinea

Gabon 1,530 uso 1,630 1,820 1,640 1,660 1,820 1,900 2,360 2,040 1,990

EthiopiaGambia, ne

280 350 340 340 330 290 400 410 510 380 390

Ghana 380 380 320 360 420 330 310 320 370 350 360

Guinea-Bissau 130 170 200 220 230 190 170 140 120 100 80

Kenya 140 210 240 210 230 230 210 210 230 240 230

Lesotho 170 180 220 260 300 330 360 360 390 380 320liberiaMadagascar 370 380 360 350 320 320 290 300 280 310 310

Malawi 110 140 130 130 120 130 130 130 120 130 130

Mali 140 140 150 150 160 170 190 180 190 200 200

Maurftania 430 420 400 360 400 360 400 360 330 340 340

Mauritius 510 530 520 480 690 790 820 890 920 930 860

Mo-bique

110

Nanubia

650

Niger 370 390 350 240 330 240 230 250 250 310 330

Nigeria 110 130 100 100 150 180 190 200 270 140 220

Rwanda 270 270 260 240 250 230 230 240 260 290 310

SenegM 560 560 540 520 510 540 570 540 520 550 530SeychelksSierm Leone

130 150 150

Somalia 130 140 110 120 90 130 130 210 170 160 160

Sudan 450 490 500 420 450 520 560 680 680 600 550SwazffandTanzania

140 130 160 140 140

Togo 290 190 200 210 230 170 230 220 210 200 240UgandaZaire 230 240 240 260 250 240 220 200 200 180 170

Zambia 240 220 220 170 180 170 170 170 150 190 180

Ziinbabwe

510 480 460 480 500SOVTHASL4

180 170 170 160 160 170 170 180 180 170 180Bangladesh

150 140 130 110 140 130 140 120 130 140 140BhutanIndia 180 180 170 170 160 170 170 180 190 170 180NeWPakidan 220 210 180 180 190 190 190 200 210 220 230

Sri Lanka 200 200 180 200 200 210 210 230 240 240 260

FASTASL4 AND PACIFIC 120 120 130 130 140 140 140 150 160 170 180

China 70 70 70 80 80 80 80 80 90 90 100

Fiji 890 950 1,000 1,160 1,250 1,240 1,260 I'M 1,270 1,290 1,200

Indonesia 150 150 140 140 160 170 170 170 190 200 210

Korea, Republic of 670 740 740 820 850 880 960 990 1,060 1,160 1,110

Malaysia 570 590 610 650 690 670 700 750 810 880 960MongoliaPapua New Guinea 460 470 500 520 520 520 520 560 590 570 590

Phff"ines 360 370 380 380 390 390 380 400 420 440 450

Solomon Islands

400

7bdlaod 360 340 350 380 380 390 410 420 430 480 480Tonp

VanuatuWestern Samoa .. ............

520 520k x"x

10

1981 1982 1983 1984 19 85 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

290 290 270 260 250 240 240 230 230 SUB-SAHAL4RNAFRICA4280 280 280 270 270 270 280 270 270 .. xclding Nigeria

350 370 330 350 . . . .36 '3j 33 330 .. Benin550 560 490 460 570 460 540 640 940 .. Botswana260 260 250 230 240 250 250 260 250 240 Burkina Faso170 180 170 160 180 190 170 190 180 180 Burundi760 740 720 680 720 760 800 780 700 670 Cameroon460 440 470 500 510 520 500 500 500 .. Cape Verde320 350 300 320 320 340 320 330 320 310 Central African Republic

150 130 180 170 150 170 160 150 Chad330 380 380 360 390 .. . .Comoros

550 830 680 700 710 650 630 610 600 570 Congo, People's Republic490 490 490 550 530 580 640 560 550 470 Clte d'Ivoire

210 220 230 230 210 230 Equatorial GuineaEthiopia

1,940 1,950 2,060 1,590 1,520 2,050 1,550 1,370 Gabon280 260 180 220 210 200 170 .210 190 190 Gambia, The330 260 270 290 300 310 310 310 330 Ghana130 140 130 140 150 140 150 150 150 160 Guinea-Bissau210 220 210 210 190 220 230 240 240 260 Kenya350 350 380 370 330 310 320 320 250 250 Lesotho

Liberia260 250 240 230 230 220 210 200 200 200 Madagascar120 110 110 120 120 110 100 110 120 .. Malawi200 210 200 200 210 210 200 190 200 210 Mali360 380 470 400 380 380 380 400 420 430 Mauritarnia830 800 810 830 870 910 1,080 1,150 1,210 1,230 Mauritius110 110 100 100 90 90 100 90 100 90 Mozambique760 750 670 660 610 600 650 600 610 .. Namibia330 350 320 290 270 280 260 250 230 .. Niger360 350 290 240 230 190 160 160 160 .. Nigeria310 310 330 300 290 280 270 260 240 230 Rwanda560 570 550 520 550 530 530 540 510 510 Senegal

Seychelles150 150 130 120 120 110 120 110 120 120 Sierra Leone170 200 180 180 170 160 150 140 150 somai560 600 660 620 620 570 590 550 580 530 Sudan

Swazilarnd120 110 120 120 120 130 130 130 . .. Tanzania250 260 240 260 250 270 260 280 280 280 Togo

Uganda180 180 180 180 170 180 180 180 160 Zaire180 140 150 150 170 150 200 220 240 220 Zambia540 540 540 440 440 370 290 350 430 420 Zimbabwe

180 180 200 200 200 210 210 220 230 240 SOLfl7ASL4

140 140 140 140 150 140 150 150 150 160 BangladeshBhutan

180 180 200 200 200 210 220 230 240 250 IndiaNepal

220 220 230 230 240 230 240 250 240 250" Pakistan270 300 320 300 320 330 320 330 330 .. SriLanka

180 190 200 220 220 220 240 250 270 280 EA4STASM4AND PACIFIC

110 110 120 130 140 140 150 160 170 160 China1,320 1,180 1,090 1,160 1,100 1,110 1,050 Fiji

220 230 250 250 250 250 260 260 270 280 Indonesia1,150 1,220 1,310 1,390 1,460 1,560 1,670 1,810 1,970 2,130 Korea, Republic of

980 990 1,000 1,040 1,020 900 900 1,020 1,140 1,230 MalaysiaMongolia

580 550 550 530 570 540 540 53'0 510" 480 Papua New Guinea450 470 490 480 440 430 450 480 520 550 PhWiipie400 300 330 370 350 340 370 490 .. Solomon Islands470 460 510 510 510 530 580 620 690 740 Thailand

Tonga470 520 540 450 510 520 520 .. Vanuatu

500 480 520 510 580 610 620 650 630 600 Western Samoa

"O,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~............................... ......................................... .......... '.......

Table 3. Private consumption per capita (cont'd)

1987 US dloUans IIY 97 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 18

LATINAMERICA AND CARIBBFAN 900 940 980 1,020 1,060 1,060 1,100 1,130 1,150 1,210 1,270

Bahamas ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~.. 3,890......4,410.....6,170.....5,970...Barbados ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~. ......... .... ...... .. ...

Arenie 1,160 1,28 ,90 1,360 1,25 0 1,01 94 20 967 0 1,020 1,090 1,90 ,160

Colomba 560 580 610 630 6420 650 670 680 720 7480 750

Costa Rica 970 950 990 1,010 1,030 1,020 1,020 1,120 1,190 1,190 1,130Dominican Republic 400 440 480 500 540 490 550 550 550 520 610Ecuador 500 510 530 560 590 630 680 710 720 750 780El Salvador 860 860 880 920 920 930 1,000 1,090 1,100 1,010 900Grenada .... .

Guatemala 720 730 750 770 780 780 830 870 890 890 880Guyana 270 250 300 330 330 280 350 350 270 210 250Haiti 280 30D 300 290 310 290 320 320 320 320 340Honduras 590 570 590 630 590 590 650 710 700 700 710Jamaica 750 800 1,000 770 910 930 920 920 830 780 770Mexidco 940 960 990 1,020 1,050 1,080 1,090 1,070 1,130 1,220 1,300Nicaragua 1,230 1,220 1,190 1,200 1,320 1,310 1,330 1,390 1,280 890 940Panama 1,070 1,100 1,060 1,060 1,160 1,090 1,060 1,120 1,220 1,260 1,310Paragua 450 470 480 490 540 530 570 630 640 560 800Peru 910 910 920 890 900 910 920 910 860 880 850St Vincent and the Grenadines .

Trinidad and Tobago 2,980 2,920 3,040 3,060 3,040 2,960 3,200 3,54 3,790 3,860 3,910Uuguay 1,580 1,570 1,590 1,610 1,570 1,600 1,520 1,480 1,500 1,530 1,660Venezuela 1,240 1,480 1,640 1,750 1,800 1,760 1,850

MIDDLE EASTAND NOR THAFRICA 830 790 890 1,020 960 940 830

Algeria 1,100 1,000 1,130 1,070 1,090 1,080 1,150 1,14 1,090 1,220 1,180Egypt, Arab Republic of 370 360 370 410 430 490 540Iran, Islamic Republic of 1,520 1,490 1,490 1,780 1,560 1,360 1,690 2,190 1,900 1,670 1,180Jordan .

Morocc 420 420 430 440 450 460 490 500 520 540 560Oman .

Saudi Arabia .

Syrian Arab Republic .. 720 740 800 830 800 830Tunisia 380 410 490 510 530 580 600 630 650 670 740

EUROPE .. 1,170Bulgaria.... .. 1,22

Czechoslovakia .. 1,500Greece 1,860 1,990 2,130 2,150 2,160 2,300 2,400 2,480 2,570 2,54 2,530HungSy 990 1,050 1,090 1,140 1,290 1,60 1,280 1,290 1,330 1,350 1,360Malta 1,760 1,760 1,780 1,780 1,890 1,900 2,050 2,300 2,240 2,240 2,370Poland .. 1,000Poitugal 1,290 1,20 1,550 1,760 1,990 1,900 1,940 1,950 1,900 1,880 1,860Roanla .. a

Turkey 580 640 690 660 700 720 770 790 800 '770 720Yugoslavia 870 1,010 940 960 1,29 1,200 1,100 1,300 1,490 1,550 1,480

Low- &middle-income ecovnomies 310 320 320 330 350 350 360 380 390 390 400

Low-income economies 130 130 130 130 130 140 130 140 1I0 150 160Low-incomaeAfrica 170 180 170 160 190 190 200 210 230 190 210China and India 120 110 110 110 110 120 110 120 130 120 130Other low-inomme ... 160 160 170 170 180 200 210

Middle-incoDme economies 870 910 940 90 1,030 1,010 1,060 1,110 1,120 1,160 1,150

High-income economnies 6,730 6,870 7,20 7,540 7,510 7,630 7,880 8,100 3,70 8,600 8,59

OECD members 6,960 7,110 7,450 7,800 7,780 7,900 8,160 8,380 8,670 8,910 8,890Japan 6,640 6,940 7,460 8,000 7,840 8,120 8,320 8,590 8,950 9,400 9,54United States 8,580 8,760 9,230 9,550 9,370 9,450 9,850 10,180 10,510 10,630 10,520

WORLD) 1,720 1,750 1,310 1,870 1,86 1,870 1,910 1,950 2,000 2,040 2,020

12

1981 1982 . 198 194 195 19.18.188 189.9

1,250 1,200 1,160... 1,180 1,10 .119 1,70 1,70 1,90 1,70........ AD APBB

1,90 1,310 1,280 1,320 1,320 1,380 1,340 1,320 1,350 1,290B1,290 1,0.50 980 990 950 980 1,020 1,110 1,190~~~~~~~~~~. 1,18 .................... e...

750 740 730 740 750 760 780 790 800 800~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. C.....l........b........

1,250 1,20 1,10 1,820 8410 1,020 1,160 1,2170 1,3190 1,340 LGreNada A N CRBB

3390 2970 2970 240 2981 00 340....~an330 300 310 29~~~~~~~0 2970 30 300 720 2,80 ArgHantin.....

7550 7640 7530 7780 7020 7120 7420 82a80hamasc

830 760 710 660 590 540 510 490' 4500 420 Noiiarau1,260 1,280 1,340 1,450 1,450 1,370 1,340 1,090 1,240 1,300 Branama

790 780 650 720 730 720 760 790 700 730 Paraguay

860 840 780 800 810 870 910 830 730 680 Perucn eubi

4,140 4,10 3,80 3,10 2,80 2,70 2,20 2,10 2,10 1,80 TriSadvandTobag1,710 1,550 1,360 1,33~80 1,30 1,480 1,1690 1,660 1,640 1,590 Grenuaya

1890 1,900 1770 1740 1,60 1690 71,70 1790 1,60 71,60 Genezemla

330 990 2960 1,00 1,10 31,00 13070 1,00 1,6GuyL- ATADNRh'F

1,30 1,20 31,30 1,30 1,290 1,00 1300 1,209 ,0 2 1,36 Haleiai

7540 540 550 580 600 590 580 5820 58050 Jamp,Arcab eulco1,220 1,900 1,700 2,150 12,10 1,810 1,920 1,880 1,830 1,6 eira,Ilcco eulco

1,260 1,2M 1,600 1,4500 1,550 1,3720 1,610 1,650 1,530 1,290 Joraan590 540 6530 52 30 530 5 60 54 790 580 5730 Morocc

860 770 720 620 750 620 780 830 730 6850 Syriau rbRpbi7700 7700 780S810 810n810t810n820 830G850nTuniei

1,17 1,15 1,160 1,180 1,190 1,250 1,280 21,20 21,30 1,390 ETrinddPE Tbg

1,510 1,470 1,520 1,540 1,550 1,570 1,600 1,660 1,690 1,7590 Czecosloay i

1,420 1,420 1,420 1,440 1,480 1,490 1,560 1,500 1,550 1,490 Veeuelai

950 830 860 880 9510 9900 1,010 1,030 1,070 1,00DPLand TAf NRHARC1,890 1,910 1,950 1,920 1,930 2,030~.. 2,350.. 2,40 2,80Potua

............. ..... R mani690 700 730 780 770~~~~~~~~~~....... 83 870.870 890.99.Turke

1,450 1,400 1,370 1,330 ~~~1,4260 1,380 1,220 1,1602 0 1, 1,30lgerlaia

2540 240 230 210 216 00 19 50 18 5819 590Low-Incomab epAfricao

210220 220 170 2305 0 219 2380 2309 20 18 240 20 IrOtherami Reulow income

1,160 1,170 ~~1,140 1,190 1,190 1,190 1,200 1,210 1,240 1,6Midencmeoois

8,90 8,71,20 9432,00 9900020 060J080orCdan mbr9,70 1000 10370 10590 10,90 11,20 11590 12,00 12,40 JapMorcc

1,860 10,40 10,90 11280 11,60 11,90 12,20 12,60 12770 Uyinitrb edpStles

2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,10 2,10 2170 82,20 2,20 -5 TuOisi

1,170 1,150 1,160 1,180 1,190 1,250 132 ,9 30 130ERP

Table 4. Gross domestic investment per capita.. . .........

1987 US dollms 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979

SUB-UHARANAFRICA 60 70 70 80 90 90 110 IM 90 80 90Erchm'bw Nigeria 70 80 70 80 90 90 100 im 90 80 90....... .. . ... .......... .......... ........ ..%.. ........ ........ I . .... ...... .... . ..... ........... ...... . ..... ...Bemn 50 'Q 60 60 90 80 90 70 70 100 130Botswana 90 130 160 2DO 190 160 150 110 140 170 210Burkina Faso 20 30 40 50 50 50 50 40 40 40 40Burundi 10 20 10 10 20 10 20 30 40 40 30Cameroon 80 100 100 110 100 110 i(O 130 190 170 190Cape Verde 80 80 70 110 150 130 170 210Central Aftican Republic 90 90 90 90 50 40 50 50 40 40 20ChadComorosCongo, People's Republic 270 310 360 410 470 530 40D 310 240 250 350CUe d1voire 250 240 220 270 250 250 300 420 470 420 480Equatorial GuineaEthiopiaGabon 890 970 1,110 1,220 3,260 3,840 5,240 3,910 1,430 1,690 1,650Gambia,The 10 10 10 10 10 30 30 40 70 50 60rybana 80 so 40 50 so 60 50 70 50 50 40Guinea-BLqsau 190 m 130 100 so 70 70 80 100 110 80Kenya 140 140 120 140 130 90 90 120 150 110 140Lesotho 20 30 30 40 40 50 80 110 90 110 130LiberiaMadagas-r 40 50 40 40 40 40 30 30 30 40 40Malawi 60 50 70 50 60 70 60 60 90 70 50Mali 30 30 30 30 20 30 30 40 40 40 40Mauritania 40 40 60 40 130 190 230 200 140 110 160Mauritius 130 190 210 350 410 420 400 390 410 430 240Mozambique

30Namibia 490Niger 60 40 60 80 70 60 60 60 80 90 80Nigeria 50 70 70 so 80 120 150 170 120 100 110Rwanda 10 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 20 30Senegal 120 120 130 130 130 120 130 120 110 90 90

SeychellesSierra Leone 40 20 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 20 20Somalia 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 40 so 40 70Sudan 90 80 60 70 110 120 180 140 120 90 100SwazilandTanzania 50 60 50 50 50 50 50 60 50 50 soTogo 90 100 110 110 110 150 120 210 250 230 140UpndaZaire 30 40 40 40 40 40 30 50 20 40 50Zambia 250 270 280 250 310 260 130 120 110 60 100Zimbabwe 150 170 180 190 250 220 150 120 70 80 120

SOVTHASL4 50 50 40 50 50 50 50 50 60 60 60BangMesh 30 20 10 20 10 10 10 20 20 20 30Bhutan

40India 50 50 50 60 60 60 60 60 70 60 60NepalPakbtan 50 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 50Sri T Anka 40 40 40 30 50 40 50 50 70 100 110

FASTASIA AND PACIFIC 40 so 40 so 50 60 60 70 80 90 80�-- ---..:. , , , ". --- -, ,- , , ; . .: v j:,..China 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 so 50 soFiji 310 3.40 370 400 350 370 370 360 390 510 540Indonesia 20 30 30 40 50 50 50 60 70 70 70Koma, Republic of 220 240 220 270 340 330 370 460 590 670 520Malaysia 230 230 240 300 380 290 320 380 400 450 520mongonaPapua New Gumea 520 550 360 220 230 220 200 210 210 250 250PhiHppines 110 110 110 120 140 170 190 190 200 210 220Solomon Islands

160ThaBand 140 130 120 160 150 150 140 170 200 190 190TonpVanuatuWestern Samoa

430 29�........ . ... �.. . .. . . . I

. ;. . 1. . . ..

..... .

. ...

........ . . . ..... . .... ..

14

1981 192 19813 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

90 90 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 SUB-SAHARANAFRICA90 -90 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 E-krldklNig-na

140 150 70 50 60 50 50 50 50 Benin210 190 130 120 190 140 80 130 260 Botswana40 40 40 40 70 80 60 70 70 60 Burkina Faso40 30 50 40 40 30 50 30 40 40 Burundi

260 250 260 240 250 390 280 160 110 100 Cameroon230 270 260 250 250 290 300 310 300 310 Cape Verde30 40 60 60 60 50 50 40 30 40 Central African Republic

0 10 10 10 20 10 20 20 Chad160 210 140 130 110 70 60 70 Comoros

620 820 670 570 530 330 220 180 150 150 Congo, People's Republic360 300 270 120 170 130 120 140 70 50 C6te d'Ivoire

30 40 70 60 60 70 Equatorial GuineaEthiopia

2,230 1,940 1,740 1,780 1,910 1,580 910 930 .. Gabon60 50 40 40 40 50 40 40 50 50 Gambia,The40 30 30 30 40 30 40 40 50 50 Ghana60 80 80 80 90 80 60 70 100 60 Guinea-Bissau

130 90 80 80 100 80 90 90 100 80 Kenya130 140 80 100 120 100 100 120 120 120 Lesotho

Liberia30 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 40 Madagascar40 40 SO 30 40 20 20 30 30 40 Malawi40 40 30 30 40 50 60 60 70 60 Mali

190 230 90 120 120 120 110 100 90 80 Mauritania290 240 230 280 300 360 450 540 500 580 Mauritius30 30 20 20 10 20 20 30 30 30 Mozambique

410 270 190 190 160 140 160 240 170 Namibiaso 60 60 0 40 30 30 40 30 30 Niger

110 80 60 30 40 40 30 30 30 Nigeria30 40 30 40 50 70 50 50 40 10 Rwanda60 70 80 70 60 70 80 80 70 80 Senega

Seychelles30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Sierra Leone50 60 50 50 50 50 50 30 40 Somalia

100 170 120 100 30 90 80 60 60 60 SudanSwaziland

40 50 30 40 40 40 30 40 .. Tanzania140 110 80 80 110 90 80 80 80 80 Togo

Uganda40 30 30 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 Zaire80 60 40 50 50 70 40 40 30 60 Zambia

180 150 100 110 120 110 110 120 120 120 Zimbabwe

70 60 60 60 70 70 70 70 70 70 SOUl lASMA

30 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Bangladesh

60 60 70 60 80 70 60 90 Bhutan70 70 70 70 80 70 70 80 80 80 India

Nepal50 50 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Pakistan

100 100 100 100 90 90 100 110 100 100 Sri Lanka

90 90 100 110 130 130 140 150 170 180 PA4STASI4 AND PACIFIC

50 50 60 70 100 100 110 120 120 130 China560 400 340 300 280 320 240 .. Fiji130 120 120 120 140 140 140 130 140 160 Indonesia530 560 630 710 730 810 920 1,030 1,310 1,54 Korea, Republic of590 660 690 710 550 470 440 530 630 730 Malaysia

Mongolia240 260 270 240 170 170 180 240 180 170 Papua New Guinea220 200 190 110 80 70 90 110 120 120 Philippines150 130 140 140 150 140 140 160 Solomon Islands200 180 210 220 210 190 220 290 330 400 'Thailand

Tonps240 260 290 320 300 260 300 Vanuatu

300 200 190 210 190 190 230 190 190 230 Westemn Samoa

Table 4. Gross domestic Investment per capita (cont'd)

1917 US do4w 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

LA TINAAEPJCA AND CARIBBEA4N 340 350 370 410 470 480 480 500 500 500 550

Argentina 720 780 780 730 720 730 760 910 750 810 870

Bahamas ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ * * . . 810 770 1,060 1,580

Barbados . ..

Belize . . . . .

Bolivia 300 320 380 330 320 450 390 400 390 330 240Brazil 310 340 390 470 540 580 570 550 560 550 600Chile 310 300 210 190 330 150 150 180 210 270 350Colombia 180 190 180 190 220 180 190 220 230 220 240Costa Rica 290 350 320 370 390 350 430 510 500 530 560Dominican Republic 90 110 120 150 170 180 160 170 170 180 190Ecuador 210 250 210 230 310 350 320 380 410 390 410El Salvador 120 150 130 170 210 180 200 280 280 210 140Grenada .. .. .

Guatemaka 130 140 1.20 140 180 150 200 220 230 190 160Guyana 300 260 210 310 270 460 390 270 190 260 250Haiti 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 70 70Honduras 160 120 120 140 190 140 150 190 230 230 210Jamaica 710 700 610 810 590 650 450 300 340 320 240MeidoD 360 330 350 390 450 450 430 420 460 530 630Nicargua 190 190 130 250 340 190 190 310 130 -50 150Panama 480 570 640 640 590 560 540 370 450 470 540Parguay 90 90 100 140 150 160 190 200 250 280 380Peru 220 250 210 320 430 400 340 280 260 290 390St. Vincent and the Grenadines . ..

Trinidad and Tobago 410 640 560 500 720 870 980 1,000 1,260 1,280 1,550Uruguy 320 340 290 270 280 360 430 500 570 700 730Venezuela .. 880 1,050 1,220 1,00 1,430 1,100 890

MIDDLE EASTrAND NOR7IJAFRICA 240 240 270 300 370 500 520 540 430 420 480

Algeria 490 460 530 630 850 890 890 1,020 1,180 1070 1,060Egipt AmabRepublk of 50 40 40 50 80 120 120 130 140 150 150Iran, Islamic Republic of 470 480 580 630 750 1,140 1,210 1,150 720 710 9,50Jordan . . . . .

Morocco 120 130 110 110 130 200 230 260 190 190 190Oman ... 1,130 1,280 1,270Saudi Arabia.. . .. . ..

Syrian Arab Republic 240 310 3.40 280 280 330Tunisia 260 260 320 290 330 340 360 360 380 400 390

EUROPE ........ u...... ................ .- 680

Bulgari .. .. 760

Czechoslovakia .. . . . . 1,090Greece 1,040 1,100 1,220 1,540 1,180 1,150 1,160 1,160 1,230 1,340 1,270Hungar 370 480 420 420 470 610 610 670 810 690 670Malta 770 690 620 550 610 610 750 780 790 850 930Poland . .570

Postugal 880 960 1,090 1,260 1,140 790 860 1,030 1,090 1,170 1,29Romania . . 680 810 820 940 920 890Turkey 200 190 200 220 270 320 330 360 260 260 280Yugoslavia 370 400 360 400 430 470 480 560 540 660 630

Low. & middle-income ecoaomlies 120 120 120 140 150 160 160 170 170 180 190

Low-incme economies 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 so 60 60 60Low-income Africa 50 60 50 60 60 7.0 80 90 70 60 70China and India 40 40 40 40 40 50 40 50 60 60 60Other low-income 30 30 30 30 40 40 40 50 50 60 60

Middle-income economies 360 370 380 430 480 520 530 550 540 550 590

High-income economnies 2,60 2,65 2,770 3,020 2,89 2,530 2,750 2,840 2,94 3,060 2,960

OECD members Z,680 2,730 2,850 3,110 2,980 2,610 2,830 2,920 3,030 3,140 3,050Japan 3,950 3,910 4,210 4,690 4,330 4,000 4,110 4,210 4,440 4,740 4,660United States 2,310 2,500 2,660 2,860 2,650 2,200 Z,480 2,780 3,010 2,930 2,610

WORLD) 670 670 690 750 730 660 700 720 740 760 740

16

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

510 430 320 320 340 360 370 360 340 330 LAT7NAMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

660 520 460 400 320 370 430 390 260 Argentina1,570 1,860 1,830 1,640 2,070 2,010 2,130 Bahamas

BarbadosBelize

230 170 100 70 80 50 70 70 70 70 Bolivia510 460 350 350 410 490 470 430 450 420 Brazil420 140 120 200 180 210 260 270 360 340 Chile260 270 260 240 210 220 230 250 230 220 Colombia340 250 320 350 370 470 470 430 450 470 Costa Rica170 130 140 150 140 140 190 200 210 170 Dominican Republic350 380 250 240 260 260 240 230 240 230 Ecuador130 120 110 110 100 120 120 130 180 120 El Salvador

350 390 560 550 .540 530 500 Grenada180 140 110 120 90 90 120 110 110 110 Guatemala230 150 130 150 160 180 140 130 .. Guyan70 60 60 60 50 40 50 40 40 .. Haiti

170 100 110 160 150 120 130 120 110 110 Honduras300 310 310 280 270 230 290 330 390 380 Jamaica700 520 370 390 420 320 330 360 380 420 Mexico220 170 180 180 170 160 150 150 130 110 Nicaragua600 560 420 370 380 410 410 150 60 270 Panama420 330 240 230 230 230 240 240 260 240 Paraguay460 410 250 220 190 250 310 270 180 190 Peru

St. Vincent and the Grenadines1,270 1,320 1,160 1,130 1,150 990 780 640 620 670 Trinidad and Tobago

670 540 340 280 250 290 340 320 280 270 Uruguay860 900 430 560 570 580 650 730 340 300 Venezuela

510 390 500 440 440 450 400 340 350 - MIDDLE EA4STAND NORTHAFRICA

1,060 1,030 1,060 1,050 1,010 930 840 770 760 720 Algeria150 170 170 180 190 160 130 140 130 130 Egypt, Arab Republic of

1,070 490 1,000 710 690 800 700 490 570 .. Iran, Islamic Republic of640 550 470 510 490 380 310 280 Jordan

190 220 170 180 190 190 170 180 200 210 Morocco1,510 1,960 2,030 2,930 3,010 2,200 1,080 Omian

Saudi Arabia320 320 330 320 330 280 180 170 130 130 Syrian Arab Republic440 420 400 430 360 290 260 200 270 340 Tunisia

630 610 590 580 590 620 610 610 600 510 EUROPE

860 840 850 910 900 1,060 1,030 1,130 990 900 Bulgaria1,000 970 920 890 910 970 980 940 990 1,030 Czechoslovakia1,080 1,000 990 930 1,010 910 790 960 950 940 Greece

650 630 610 600 580 630 660 640 630 570 Hungary1,120 1,500 1,300 1,260 1,270 1,170 1,260 1,550 1,580 Malta

440 420 440 460 470 490 490 530 490 340 Poland1,310 1,380 1,080 870 870 990 . 990 990 1,080 Portugal

770 780 800 830 810 860 810 730 700 Romania290 270 260 260 290 320 330 300 280 320 Turkey630 610 600 610 590 580 600 570 620 280 Yugoskavia

190 170 160 160 170 180 170 180 180 1SO Low- & middle.-income economies

60 60 60 70 80 80 80 90 90 90 Low-income economies70 60 so 40 40 40 40 40 40 Low-income Africa60 60 60 70 90 90 90 100 110 110 China and India80 80 80 80 80 80 80 70 80 80 Other low-income

570 490 470 450 450 460 460 450 460 Middle-income economies

2,910 2,730 2,770 3,060 3,140 3,22 3,380 3,65 3,86 High-income economies

2,990 2800 2,840 3,170 3,240 3,320 3,490 3,770 4,000 OECD members4,730 4,680 4,54 4,770 5,060 5,240 5,650 6,410 6,970 Japan2,770 2,320 2,500 3,190 3,180 3,170 3,26 3,330 3,440 .. United States

720 670 660 720 730 740 760 810 840 -WORLD

17

Table S. Gross national income.*.. . .3~ ...

Amqe avwdy.wlht (prWh) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

STJB.W 1L4AFR1CA 5.7 48 0.5 5.6 2510 -5.8 9.3 *3 -9 -1.3 15.0ErebiW Nigeia 3.5 1.7 1.6 2.7 10.2 -1.5 &I Z6 -0. 1.0 4.

Benin 4.3 -0.7 2.7 8.5 -2.2 -5.7 027 7.5 1.8 5.1 4.9Botswana 3.6 7.2 20.4 30.0 28.7 48.6 12.8 2.9 2.2 31.7 24.0Burkina Faso .0.9 1.2 1.1 1.7 9.5 -0.5 11.3 1.3 -2.6 3.1 3.1Burundi 38.9 36.6 -6.8 10.4 -2.5 -1.8 17.3 20.0 -11.0 3.9 -2.0Camer~oon 5.1 .0.8 -2.4 5.2 14.4 -2.8 2.1 16.4 9.7 7.4 14.6Cape Verde .. . . . 2 4.3 15.0 13.9 4.4 15.5 47.2Central African Republic 4.4 -0.1 1.1 0.8 -2.6 -8.3 18.0 9.8 2.1 -4.5 -5.6Chad 2.4 -2A 3.4 -7.0 7.9 0.2 1.5 0.0 0.2 -25.1 -1.8Comoius.. .... .....

Congo, Peoples Republic 4.0 7.2 0.2 19.1 22.1 -11.4 1.2 -10.4 0.8 12.4 28.1Cf8te d'Iyoire 8.9 4.9 2.5 9.8 9.8 4.4 14.4 17.1 5.5 -2.9 0.8Equatoria Guinea . ... .

Gabon 19.4 6.5 5.6 6.0 101.6 8.0 27.5 -10.2 -22.9 10.3 31.0Gambia, Thke -5.0 1.7 12.8 -5.9 19.5 4.9 -2.0 17.0 -13.4 14.5 -3.7Ghana 1.6 -2.8 -3.7 16.0 7.0 -11.6 -8.5 10.5 7.4 -1.6 3.3Guinea-Bissau . 0.8 4.4 1.9 4.0 3.8 -3.8 -5.9 14.2 4.3 -25.7Kena 0.4 13.6 16.2 1.5 1.4 -3.8 6.1 18.9 -1.0 4.2 3.1Lesotho 14.3 10.0 9.5 29.9 14.2 11.0 12.0 15.5 10.0 -1.1 -1.3

Madapaca 7.8 0.6 -0.8 -3.1 .0.9 -0.7 -2.4 1.9 -3.7 6.3 -1.1Mailawi 5.7 17.5 2.8 1.2 9.8 5.6 1.0 4.6 9.2 .6.0 -3.2Mali 4.9 1.3 5.0 -3.5 -4.5 13.6 16.7 7.2 -2.8 9.0 -2.2Maurtania 14.6 .1.3 -2.0 -3.5 20.6 -2.2 9.0 -7.4 -4.9 0.8 5.0Mauritius 3.7 4.7 14.0 6.5 44.2 5.9 -3.8 3.1 3.9 3.8 -13.3

Niger 1.8 6.3 -6.1 -22.0 22.5 -18.9 2.9 12.9 10.7 19.3 3.3Nigeria 19.6 21.9 -4.7 19.7 87.7 -16.5 12.6 104 .0.8 .7.9 485Rwanda 6.1 1.6 -0.2 3.8 -0.2 3.1 7.5 9.1 5.1 13.3 6.4Senegal 12.5 0.3 4.9 -5.2 5.2 5.9 8.0 -1.6 -5.6 8.2 -4.1

Sierra Leone 13.1 -1.2 -4.5 12.8 2.3 -64 -5.3 13.4 6.3 6.8 2.2SomalIa 6.2 4.2 5.2 -1.0 -19.7 38.2 1.5 30.1 6.2 -6.7 -8.0Sudan 4.5 7.0 -2.3 -9.4 11.7 13.0 17.6 16.6 -1.4 -10.3 -OASwaziland . . . . . . ...

Tanzania 72 3.0 3.6 4.4 -0.4 -04 10.3 2.1 -4.1 1.5 -0ATogo 2.3 -17.1 2.6 3.9 45.3 -25.8 18.8 7.7 6.6 -7.7 6Uganda. .. .. ..

Zaire 2.0 -1.8 0.2 10.7 2.0 48.6 -42 2.3 -8.4 2.7 8.3Zambia -21.1 -23.9 8.1 15.9 0.3 -38.7 10.4 -11.7 -9.6 15.9 .4.8Zimbabwe .. .. .. .. . .. -6.0 -1.8 1.0 12.3

SOIfl7L45L 14 1.1 -0.8 2.3 1.3 6.4 3.7 7. 6.0 -4.3 5.8

Bangladesh 0.5 -4.7 -12.0 -1.3 16.7 -2.4 4.4 1.5 7.2 6.3 2.5

India 54~ 1.9 0.1 1.'9 -0.2 8.3 3.2' 8.2 5.7 -6.6 5.5'

Pakistan 9.5 -2.0 -1.3 8.1 4.4 -2.1 54 6.0 7.9 4.9 10.1Sri L Anka 5.9 1.3 -4.1 94 2.4 0.3 11.9 14.9 5.1 2.3 2.9

E.1'SL4ANU AD PACIFIC 14.7 6.3 4.6 11.2 57 4.6 .16 9.4 11.3 *6 5.4

China 24.7 7.2 3.8 8.0 1.1 7.4 -4.6 8.8 14.2 8.1 8&1F4qi 13.7 5.3 7.9 11.8 15.3 7.0 0.7 6.3 0.9 9.5 -0.5Indonesia 7.2 6.9 3.7 94 22.5 2.8 5.7 112 8.7 14.6 20.0Korea, Republic of 8.7 9.5 6.0 15.0 7.2 4.8 15.9 114 11.8 64 -8.5Malaysa 3.9 1.6 5.0 20.8 8.8 .4.5 18.5 9.9 6.3 13.9 10.1

Papua New Guinea 8.4 3.6 7.9 17.6 -1.5 -9.6 6.3 3.4 3.7 7.7" -7.9Phfippi-e 5.6 4.5 4.4 12.0 4.6 34 3.9 7.2 6-5 8.9 3.3Solomon Idands. . . . . . .

Talandw 6.6 0-5 6.5 15.6 1.0 1.9 8.8 8.3 9.7 5.2 4.5Tonga. . . ..

Vanuatu . . . ... ..

Wester Samoa

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 ......

0.2 -1.6 -1.6 0.3 1.6 -27 0.5 0.4 4.1 . SUB-SAHAR4ANAFRJCA1.7 31 1.1i 1.2 1.2 3.6 0.7 1.3 27 -1.3 ErdudingNigena

3.9 6.6 -2.2 1.3 9.6 -1.5 -4.2 2A4 7.7 .. Benin-1.2 -4.6 7.6 7.9 23.8 17.3 15.5 15.3 32.6 .. Botswana3.7 10.6 2.4 -0.7 9.4 8.6 1.0 7.7 -1.7 1.6 Burkina Faso8.6 -1.3 5.2 1.5 10.1 6.3 0.7 6.8 -0.8 1.2 Burundi

12.9 5.7 7.9 5.6 7.7 9.4 -5.1 -7.4 -3.5 -3.0 Cameroon3.9 4.6 7.3 4.8 6.8 5.7 11.0 3.8 2.6 14.0 Cape Verde

-3.0 7.4 -7.9 10.4 3.0 2.4 -4.4 4.0 2.4 -2.6 Central African Republic1.1 7.8 13.0 1.1 22.6 -4.5 -3.5 17.6 0.9 -2A4 Chad

-1.0 5.2 3.1 -2.0 .. . .Comoros

17.7 46.7 5.3 10.5 -14.6 -28.2 6.4 -10.4 16.8 1.0 Congo, People's Republic-3.0 0.0 -0.6 5.1 0.0 2.3 5.2 -4.5 -8.7 -10.3 C8te d'lvoire

2.7 -1.7 5.0 .1.8 1.7 Equatorial GuineaEthiopia

2.0 .0.6 -2.9 -3.2 -1.6 -23.7 -15.9 -8.5 . .. Gabon-16.6 13.3 -25.5 19.0 .5.1 3.0 -7.7 25.4 -2.3 4.6 Gambia, The-4.7 -13.2 1.5 8.1 4.5 4.6 4.5 5.8 5.5 .. Ghana36.5 3.8 -1.6 7.0 4.1 0.2 3.9 6.6 5.4 -3.6 Guinea-Bisaau0.0 -0.6 0.9 4.3 1.1 10.0 3.1 6.5 4.8 5.9 Kenya5.0 12.2 -1.4 3.9 -3.5 -2.3 0.8 7.7 -2.5 -0.5 Lesotho

Liberia-11.0 -0.5 1.5 1.0 0.7 2.6 -3.3 3.2 0.9 5.5 Madagascar

0.7 2.4 2.3 9.4 0.2 -5.1 1.0 1.8 . .Malawi

3.4 7.6 -4.3 4.3 -2.0 16.0 4.4 -2.5 11.2 5.0 Mali7.5 -4.5 2.5 -5.7 8.7 7.6 -5.7 lA 9.2 -4.9 Mauritania1.2 0.1 4.0 3.6 6.2 19.3 15.1 3.8 0.9 6A4 Maur-itius2.7 -9.2 -11.3 7.8 -9.8 2.1 -5.3 15.4 1.0 2.9 Mozambique

-19.2 -8.0 -8A4 5.6 15.9 -0.1 -6.6 11.8 3.9 .. Namibia4.0 1.9 -0.1 -17.1 2.8 8.3 -2.6 2.9 -6.7 4.4 Niger

-3.2 -1.3.3 -9.4 -2.5 2.9 -23.6 -0.3 -3.8 10.3 .. Nigeria7.5 2.9 6.1 -1.8 1.7 6.1 .4.0 1.2 -6.0 -4.7 Rwanda

-0.8 11.0 1.5 -2.2 4.5 6.8 3.0 4.5 -2.0 6-5 SenepalSeycheiles

8A -1.8 -2.8 2.6 -3.2 -3.5 9.6 -2.5 6.8 2.8 Siefra Leone11.8 7.0 -11.3 -4.6 10.5 2.5 4.0 -1.7 -1.1 .. Somalia0.9 12.3 1.3 -5.2 -6.9 9.9 3.3 -5.9 10.2 -4.5 Sudan

Swaziland-4.5 0.7 0.2 5.1 0.0 6.8 -1.4 5.5 . .Tanzania

-2.9 -3.9 -5.6 9.3 2.9 6A4 -1.7 6.8 5.7 3.6 TogoUganda

2.6 -0.5 1.1 2.1 -1.4 7.4 3.7 1.3 -5.2 -5.4 Zaire-0.4 -20.1 8.3 -0.6 9.1 -6.3 14.6 23.8 17.0 -5.2 Zambia10.7 1.5 1.3 -2.0 4.9 -4.4 -4A 18.0 9.8 -1.5 Zimbabwe

6.5 3.3 7.3 .18 5.9 4.4 4.1 &I 4.7 44 SOUl IfASL4

8.3 2.6 5.2 3.6 3.9 2.2 5.2 2.6 1.7 3A4 BangladeshBhutan

6.7 3.0 7.6 3.5 6.2 4.8 4.1 9.4 4.9 4.3 IndiaNepal

4.2 5.1 6.2 6.0 7.0 4.6 7.3 7.8 4.5 5.3 Pakistan1.9 7.7 10.0 5A 2.1 3A4 1.6 2.7 0.8 4.8 Sri Lanka

52 5.5 &5 9.5 6.4 6.8 10.8 9.9 6.8 6.9 FASTASL4 A.ND PACIFIC

4.7 8.3 8.8 13.6 10.8 7.0 11.8 9.8 4.5 5.3 China0.5 -7.2 -4.3 8A4 -3.5 9.4 -8.4A . . Fiji

12.9 -0.7 6.8 7.0 4.8 1.3 6.0 2.8 7.7 8.2 Indonesia52 8.8 12.6 9.5 6.4 15.3 13.7 12.8 9.3 9.0 Korea, Republic of2.1 3.7 5.3 11.7 -3.8 -7.0 11.0 11A 8.9 9.6 Malaysia

-. .. .. ~~~Mongolia-10.1 -3.3 5.6 3.8 1.5 2.0 3.1 6.2 -8.7 -6.'7 Papua New Guinea

2.2 0.1 2.6 -7.1 -4.9 3.1 6.2 10.4 8.8 1.3 Philippines-4.7 6.8 2.5 53.1 -26.3 -7.5 17.3 15.3 . .. Solomon Islands2.5 2.3 10.1 6.1 1.4 7.0 9.4 12.7 12.0 11.3 Thailand

Tongp20.8 1.2 -12.1 -3.7 6.8 8.0 .. Vanuatu

~~. ... :.......... ~~-.4.2 0.1 -5.9 3.3 2.6 1.0 -3.0 Westemn Samoa

19

Table 5. Gross national income (cont'd)

Averag -wmu graih (peren) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

LA427NAUFR[CA4AND CARIBBEAN 127 68 7.4 9.6 6.2 23 6.8 5.4 23 6.1 21

Argentina 3.0 5.2 1.8 4.8 4.1 .0.8 0.1 6.0 -32' 7.9 2.9Bahamas . .. . .. . .. ... 4.0 39.7 8.0Barbados.. ..........

Bolivia 5.7 3.1 5-5 6.2 10.9 -1.4 7.1 2.6 0.1 1.7 -0.4Brazil 10.6 11.0 12.6 15.5 7.3 4.5 10.4 5.4 1.5 5.6 7.6Chile .0.8 7.6 -3.4 -2.4 0.7 -26.4 6.9 8.8 7.9 11.6 7.2Colombia 10.0 5.4 8.7 8.4 4.5 1.0 8.3 7.2 7.4 3.3 4.9Costa Rica 9.3 3.6 5.9 8.1 1.6 2.8 94 14.7 2.4 1.9 -0.2Dominican Republic 11.7 11.2 19.9 11.2 7.0 3.6 1.4 6.2 1.0 4.1 1.5Ecamdor 9.6 3.6 7.1 17.2 23.2 3.4 10.8 11.2 2.7 10.9 6.1El Salvador 9.5 3.0 6.9 6.3 1.8 3.5 15.9 15.6 -5.4 -0.6 -11.8Grenada.. . .. . .. . . .

Guatemala 9.3 2.0 4.9 8.1 3.5 1.0 8.5 15.7 0.6 1.4 1.5Guyana -3.1 6.0 .8.1 .82, 40.6 27.2 -23.4 -6.0 -5.4 -10.5 8.0Haiti 1.0 8.1 0.5 0.1 4.9 -1.3 11.0 2.5 4.2 4.8 7.8Honduras 1.6 1.7 6.6 8.7 0.2 -0.2 144 14.8 6.3 3.7 0.9Jamaica 13.8 .0.8 13.2 0.5 2.1 3.7 -11.7 1.1 -1.6 -8.3 -10.7Mexico 41.8 4.1 8.1 8.2 6.7 5.2 4.5 2.7 8.6 9.0 12.3Nicaragua 0.9 2.6 .0.8 3.8 19.0 -1.6 7.4 11.5 -12.0 -33.1 16.0Panama 6.7 11.1 5.5 4.0 1.5 2.4 -1.0 -1.0 12.2 2.2 4.0Paraguay 5.7 6.7 7.1 11.8 7.1 1.3 13.6 18.0 7.3 -4.0 31.8Peru 5.0 2.7 1.7 7.5 8.3 -0.3 1.0 0.2 -1.7 10.0 5.1St. Vincent and the Grenadines . . . .. . .. . .. 9.3 -2.5 3.6Trinida and Tobago 5.2 5.0 4.6 1.3 4.4 13.6 8.4 5.4 13.4 3.4 10.3Uruguy 3.1 0.7 -1.4 3.9 -5.1 3.5 4.0 0.3 5.7 7.1 5.4Venezuela .. . . . . 3.6 10.1 7.2 -1.1 3.9 6.1

MIDDLE EASFAND NORTHAFRICA 7.3 5.2 ILS 1.5.6 12.6 4.8 1.5.0 7.6 -65 019 -318

Algeria 9.5 -2.3 18.4 4.7 21.2 1.1 8.6 5.3 6.8 10.3 7.5Egpt, Arab Republic of 54 3.2 1.3 8.8 3.7 5.8 15.9 12.2 2.1 13.2 13.4Iran, hIlamic Republic of 8.6 12.9 13.7 28.1 13.8 4.7 20.7 9.5 -15.8 -4.5 -14.7Jordan.. ..........

Morocco 3.7 64 1.1 3.7 9.7 8.5 5.9 3.4 1.9 5.8 8.2

Saudi Arabia.. . .. . .. . ...

S~yrian Arab Republic. . .. . . . 95 2.0 7.3 6.1 94Tunisia 8.7 10.9 18.7 -1.6 14.6 4.3 2.1 4.1 7.7 10.8 9.5

BulgariaCzechoslovakia.. . .. . .. . ...

Greece 7.8 7.6 8.7 8.1 -4A 4.8 6.1 4.1 6.1 3.0 2.1Hungry . .. . .. 2.1 3.9 -25.2 31.0 104.7 28.9 -19.3Malta 5.6 1.9 3.6 3.0 5.4 19.1 14.2 7.9 8.2 6.0 10.0

Portugal 7.1 7.2 9.3 11.7 0.9 -8.5 4.8 7.1 3.3 5.7 2.0Romania.. ..........

Turkey 4.7 9.5 7.9 4.2 6.3 7.3 8.9 4.1 2.8 -1.7 -2.8Yugoslwava 3.8 9.2 4.0 2.8 12.5 1.1 5.6 8.2 9.9 4.2 2.0

Low- & middle-Income economies 94 6.0 5.5 9.2 7.3 2.7 66 6.9 3.8 4.1 4.9

Low-income economies 9.7 3.8 0.9 5.0 6.5 3.7 2.8 8.8 6.9 1.4 9.7Low-income Africa 4.9 54 0.0 5.5 25.6 -8.0 8.6 9.9 -0.9 -3.3 17.0China and India 12.3 4.0 1.6 4.4 04 7.9 -0.2 8.4 9.3 0.02 6.7Other low-income 5.6 1.8 -0.6 6.5 11.2 1.7 7.7 8.9 6.5 9.9 12.7

NIhiddie-income economies 9.5 7.1 7.8 11.1 7.6 2.3 8.1 6.1 2.6 5.3 3.0

High-iacome economies 4.0 33 5.0 5.8 -0.5 -0.2 44 33 4.5 3.3 0.0

OECD members 4.0 3.2 5.0 5.8 -0.7 -0.2 4.3 32 4.6 3.1 .0.1Japan 11.0 5.3 8.8 7.0 -2.5 2.5 4.0 4.7 6.0 4.1 14United States 0.2 34 4.8 54 -1.7 -1.0 5.0 4.3 5.0 2.1 -1.1

WORLD 4.6 346 5.1 6.2 0.4 0.2 4.7 3.8 4.4 34 0.7

20

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1I86 1987 1988 1989 1990

-LI -315 -4.0 4.8 28 12 16 0.6 21 -L.AYTNA"ER rC.4 ANI D CA4RJBBEA N

-6.6 -9.3 2.9 3.4 -4.5 5.8 0.6 -2.7 -7.4 .. Aigetina-7.4 8.5 4.8 13-5 8.9 3.9 3.8 .. . .Bahamas

BarbadosBelize

0.9 -7.6 -3.9 0.0 -3.1 4.9 3.0 1.8 2.9 1.8 Bolivia-6.3 -0.7 -4.0 6.0 8.1 10.7 3.2 0.4 4.5 .. Brazil1.4 -19.1 -0.3 2.3 -0.5 6.4 10.7 13.5 9.9 0.0 Chile-0.1 0.8 1.5 3.5 0.2 10.6 1.5 4.1 2.0 3.6 Colombia-9.1 -9A 7.1 9.6 24 12.4 -1.3 2.7 3.5 3.5 Costa Rica2.1 2.1 5.1 -0.2 -3.0 6.0 4.1 1.8 7.6 -11.0 Dominican Republic1.0 -2.6 -2.2 1.5 4.0 -6.7 -2.9 4.5 2.3 5.9 Ecuador

-13.6 -6.8 -1.4 2.1 2.9 6.9 -3-5 5.0 1.4 -3.6 El Salvador6.1 17.2 17.4 6.0 -0.4 0.2 Grenada

-2.0 -4.8 -2.2 0.6 -1.5 2.2 1.9 4-5 3.6 2.0 Guatemala-8.6 -17.5 -1.2.6 -1.0 3.7 1.1 -94 16.2 . .. Guyana-3.2 -4.7 1.3 0.4 0.7 1.9 -0.6 -2.0 -04A. Haiti-1.8 -5.9 1.6 3.5 4.3 2.5 5.6 4.4 0.7 -4.3 Honduras314 2.4 -0.2 -1.5 -12.3 11.9 4.6 22.8 -2.6 -2.6 Jamaica8.8 -3.1 -7.3 4.4 2.3 -9.8 4.5 1.7 4.9 6.2 Mexico2.9 -1.4 6.5 -2.8 -1.9 -2.0 5.7 -30.9 1.9 .. Nicaagua5.8 1.1 2.0 4.5 3.7 6.2 -0.7 -19.4 0.1 5.8 Panama7.1 -2.6 -2.7 2.0 -0.6 -3.7 6.7 8.8 7.8 0.1 Paraguay2.9 0.0 -13.7 4.1 -02 104 9.9 -9.6 -11.5 -0.2 Peru9.9 11.1 7.5 5.1 12.4 8.8 6.6 .. . .St Vincent and the Grenadines3.8 -2.7 -11.1 -8.7 -6.7 -14.2 0.9 -42 -14 8.2 Trinidad and Tobago24 -10.9 -154 2.0 -3.7 13.0 10.5 0.2 -0.5 -0.2 Uruguay2.1 -6.6 -5.6 9.8 -2.1 -8.4 7.1 2.7 -24 8.9 Venezuela

7.5Z 72 5.2 ......Y.. -42 15 -4.4 0.0 .. MIDDLE F.ASTAND NOR THAFR11CA

5.8 3.1 6.9 4.1 6.6 -7.4 4.5 -5.9 5.5 0.5 Algeria3.5 5.5 7.9 5.0 2.8 -2.3 -0.9 4.1 1.5 -1.5 Egypt, Arab Republic of8.7 12.6 10.1 6.0 4.6 -102 3.2 -3.3 -2.1 .. Iran, Islamic Republic of

-. -- ~~~0.0 1.1 15.5 0.4 1.6 -7.1 -15.8 Jordank-5.4 9.6 -0.8 4.0 8.2 12.1 -1.2 11.1 0.6 2.4 Morocco

-. .- -. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~Saudi Arabia6.3 0.9 -04 -3.3 8.2 -8.7 -0.9 12.7 -1.5 15.8 Syrin Arab Republic5.9 -0.4 4.8 3.9 2.8 -5.4 64 -0.1 4.4 84 Tunisia

49 -7.9 -Lu 23 26 5.1 26 29 0.5 -L6 EUROPE34 -94 10.9 5.0 1.4 4.9 6.8 2.0 -28 Blugaria

-1.4 0.6 1.4 13 2.3 1.7 1.5 3.5 2.0 -1.9 Czechoslovakia0.5 -0.6 -1.0 1.0 2.3 1.0 1.0 4.6 2.5 0.0 Greece

126.0 -43.1 -32.4 0.4 -1.8 -0.1 3.6 1.3 -3.2 2.0 Hungary4.5 4.4 -5.4 2.2 2.2 2.1 5.1 10.9 5.0 -. malta

-11.8 -3.5 5.8 5.5 5.7 4.4 1.9 4.6 -1.8 -11.0 Poland-1.6 1.2 -0.6 4.2 5.0 10.0 6.3 5.8 6.5 .. Portugal

Romania24 3.3 3.2 7.4 5.7 10.0 7-5 3.8 -0.8 10.1 Turkey04 0.6 -1.7 0.0 -1.3 7.0 -1.3 -2.0 0.9 -7.0 Yugoslavia

3.7 -0.5 2.9 s.c 4.0 2.8 439 4.1 3.2 .. Low- & middle-income economies

5.0 3.2 6.1 6.5 6.6 3.7 6.4 7.3 4.8 4.5 Low-income economies-1.0 -4.0 -3.1 -0.7 0.9 -3.7 1.2 0.8 5.6 .. Low-incme Africa5.8 5.5 8.2 8.4 8.6 6.0 8.2 9.6 4.7 4.9 Chins and India7.5 2.2 6.5 5.7 4.3 1.2 3.8 32 4.9 4.9 Other low-income

3.1 -2.1 0.1 4.4 2.9 2.3 42 2.6 2.3 .. Mddle-income economies

LO0 -03 2.9 44 3.3 3.7 3.5 439 3.4 High-Income economies

1.0 -0.1 2.9 4.4 3.4 3.8 3.4 4.9 3.3 .. OECD members3.2 3.2 2.8 4.3 5.2 5.3 4.4 6.2 4.3 .. Japan2.4 -24 4.0 6.8 34 3.0 3.0 4.6 2.9 .. United States

2.4 -032 2.7 435 34 335 3.7 4.8 33 WORLD

21

Table 6. Gross domestic product

Aver wueualn9wth 0edt) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

SUB-S LRANAFRICA g3 Z5 28 25 Z5 L2 6.9 4.0 Ql 2.4 3.1Lua:hdirzNigcn 5.7 65 3.2 Li 64 25 6.2 3.5 L.7 L2 3.0

Fc:l : di :Ni:euia .................................f:..f... f:....-:... .S . f.::....3.2..1.1.64.25.62 .. 5.1.7.1.2..Benin 2.1 -1.4 6.3 3.8 3.0 -5.0 1.4 4.7 1.7 6.4 65Botswana 4.2 18.7 32.3 21.9 19.9 -1.3 15.0 22 18.6 12.0 15.3Burkina Faso 0.1 1.2 3.2 -0.1 9.1 22 82 1.4 4.7 5.1 0.1Burundi 26.6 44.6 -7.0 7.9 -0.7 0.7 7.9 115 -0.9 1.7 1.0Cameroon 2.9 3.8 2.3 5.5 10.7 -0.8 4.3 8.5 14.7 13.3 15.6Cape Verde .. -7.0 4.6 -0.7 -2.8 32 0.0 0.7 10.6 11.0 37.7Central African Republic 3.1 0.9 2.4 2.2 5.9 0.3 4.7 3.6 2.5 -2.7 4.6Chad 2.0 -22 1.1 -8.1 5.0 9.0 3.0 2.2 -05 -21.4 -6.0Comoros .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Congo, People's Republic 6.3 7.9 8.7 8.3 9.9 10.3 2.3 -10.8 6.1 12.0 18.8C8te d'lvoire 9.6 11.6 6.4 4.3 62 10.2 5.8 -02 13.9 2.9 -0.8Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Ethiopia 6.5 42 5.1 3.3 1.3 02 2.7 2.7 -1.1 6.4 4.4Gabon 8.7 10.3 11.3 102 39.5 192 35.6 -12.6 -24.1 05 25Gambia, The -9.9 115 72 4.6 19.8 -2.1 9.9 3.0 -5.6 17.3 -9.8Ghana 9.7 54 -3.0 2.9 7.3 -13.4 -35 1.8 9.8 -1.7 0.6Guinea-Bissau .. 1.1 4.3 4.0 4.3 6.9 4.8 -7.7 13.6 05 -18.9Kenya -4.7 225 18.3 5.8 3.6 1.3 22 9.4 6.8 75 5.4Lesotho 22 6.1 9.6 29.9 11.0 -135 11.0 21.8 18.3 2.9 -3.0Liberia 6.6 4.9 4.2 -2.3 45 -2.3 5.9 2.6 5.1 32 -45Madagascar 5.3 4.7 -15 -3.0 2.0 1.3 -3.1 2.4 -2.6 9.9 0.8Malawi 0.4 16.4 6.1 2.4 7.1 62 4.8 5.0 10.0 45 05Mali 62 3.4 52 -25 -2A 13.9 13.6 6.8 -2.7 10.9 -1.3Mauritania 102 1.0 1.3 -6.2 10.3 -6.4 8.0 -1.3 -. 4 4.6 4.0Mauritius -0.4 3.8 8.0 13.3 8.8 OA 12.3 7.8 5.7 5.6 -10AMozambique .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Namibia . . . . . . . . . . .

Niger 3.1 5.7 -52 -17.0 8.8 -2.8 0.7 7.8 13.5 7.1 4.8Nigeria 19.8 11.6 1.3 7.7 11A -3.3 95 6.1 -55 72 3.4Rwanda 6.0 12 0.3 34 0.8 2.7 7.0 5.0 92 10.0 102Senegal 8.6 02 6.1 -5.4 3.8 7.6 8.8 -2.6 -5.9 9.3 -2.7Seychelles 8.9 15.9 6.3 9.1 1.3 32 11.3 7A 6.8 165 -25Sierra Leone 105 3.0 -0.9 2.8 5.3 2.6 4.3 0.6 -3.1 8.0 3.1Somalia 4.6 2.6 10.1 -1.9 -20.4 34.6 -0.4 252 5.1 -3.6 42Sudan 4.9 6.9 -2.1 -8.1 10.1 12.7 18.4 152 -1.6 -1OA 1.0Swaziland 25 13.6 4.4 11.3 3.3 2.9 -2.3 1.3 132 -0.3 -4.8Tanzania 7.1 3.9 7.1 62 2.1 4.0 3.3 0.0 2.1 25 2.7Togo 0.8 0.1 8.1 4.2 4.7 25 -2.0 65 11.1 -5.1 14.7Uganda 1.3 6.4 -1.1 -3.0 1.6 -5.3 2.6 15 46.6 -14.8 -4.8Zaire 35 65 0.0 8.7 3.4 -5.0 -5.8 0.6 -5.6 -02 2.4Zambia 2.7 05 10.3 -0.4 6.6 -2.3 6.0 -4.7 0.8 -3.1 3.0Zimbabwe 22.6 8.9 8.3 2.6 6.4 -2.1 0.3 -7.1 -2.8 3.6 10.6

SOUTHASL4 17 1.1 -1.2 3.6 23 Z8 24 6.5 60 -3.2 65

Bangladesh 6.0 -5.0 -13.6 2.1 13.4 -1.3 45 1.0 7.3 5.9 1.4Bhutan ..

India 52 1.6 -0.6 3.4 12 92 1.8 72 5.8 -52 65Nepal 2.6 -12 3.1 -05 6.3 1.5 4.4 3.0 4.4 2.4 -2.3Pakistan 11.3 05 0.8 7.1 3.4 4.1 5.3 4.0 8.1 3.7 104Sri Laka 3.1 2.3 -2.3 95 3.8 6.5 3.5 5.1 54 6.4 5.8

F.4YSTASL4 AND PACFIC 15.1 7Z3 4.9 9.8 44 67 .1 &6 10.3 69 5.0

China 25.3 7.6 3.5 8.3 1.1 8.3 -5.4 7.9 12.5 7.2 7.9Fiji 12.8 72 7.4 11.3 2.6 05 2.7 5.9 1.9 122 -1.6Indonesia 7.4 7.0 6.3 8.7 7.7 5.0 6.9 9.0 7.7 62 7.9Korea, Republic of 8.9 10.0 5.8 152 8.9 7.7 13.5 11.0 10.9 7A -3.3Malaysia 6.0 5.5 9.7 11.9 82 0.8 11.7 7.8 6.8 95 7.4Mongolia .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Papua New Guinea 10.9 6.3 5.6 65 2.6 -0.9 -3A O . 85 1.8 -2.3Philippis 4.6 4.9 5.6 8.5 5.0 6.6 7.8 62 55 6.3 5.3Solomon Islands 5.1 2A -28.3 11.6 26.3 -11.9 13.8 144 8.9 24.8 -6.0Thailand 9.6 4.9 42 9.8 4.3 4.8 9.3 9.6 10.6 5.0 4.7Tongp .. .. .. .. .. ..Vanuatu .. ... ,. . . . . 1A.Western Samoa .. .. .. .. .. .. . 10.9 -62

22

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

1.5 3.1 0.1 -0.6 3.2 5.0 0.3 25 3.2 0.1 SU)B-SAHAPRANAFRJCA4315 39 1.6 0.8 21 5.7 1.3 20 26 0.1 EreladinNigejia

9.0 6.8 -2.0% 2.0 64 -1.7 -3.9 1.2 2.4 0.7 Bni7.4 -1.1 24.0 19.1 8.4 8.1 10.3 9.2 13.4A Botswana4.5 10.0 0.8 -1.9 8.5 9.5 0.9 6.5 -0.5 1.0 Burkina Faso

1.2.2 -1.1 3.7 0.3 11.7 3.2 5.6 4.8 1.6 3.4 Burundi12.9 2.6 7.8 5.8 7.6 8.0 -6.5 -7.7 -3.4 -2.5 Cameroon8.5 2.8 9.5 3.8 8.7 2.9 7.0 3.2 5.5 4.0 Cape Verde

-2.2 7-5 -6.7 9.3 3.9 1.3 -3.4 2.8 2.7 0.7 Central African Republic1.0 5.3 15.7 2.0 21.8 -4.1 -3.4 17.6 0.9 -3.2 Chad

4.3 2.8 2.1 1.9 0.7 0.2 1-5 Comoros13.9 26.1 7.7 7.0 -1.2 -6.9 0.2 1.8 3.1 0.5 Conago, People's Republic4.3 1.6 -1.2 -1.0 3.6 3.5 -0.1 -1.7 -0.7 -3.3 C8te d'Ivoire

-04 4.3 5.1 -0.6 3.1 Equatorial Guinea2.1 1.6 5.1 -2.1 -6.8 6.7 9.1 3.8 2.3 2.25 Ethiopia

-4.0 2.7 0.9 6.4 6.3 11.4 -18.4 0.1 4.0 5.5 Gabon10.2 12.7 -5.3 3.0 0.6 2.8 6.0 7.8 5.0 4.5 Gambia, The-2.9 -6.5 -4.4 8.8 5.1 5.1 4.6 5.5 5.0 2.6 Ghana18.9 4.4 -3.2 5.5 4.3 -1.0 6.0 6.8 5.0 3.0 Guinea-Bissau4.1 1.9 1,5 1.7 4.3 7.1 5.9 6.0 4.6 5.0 Kenya1.1 3.7 -5.7 7.6 3.2 -0.9 7.3 12.3 8.0 7.3 Lesotho

-1.2 -2.0 -1.6 -2.1 -0.8 -1.7 -1.0 .. . .Liberia

-9.8 -1.9 0.9 1.7 1.1 2.0 1.2 3.4 4.1 3.5 Madagasa-5.3 2.5 3.8 5.6 4.6 -0.6 1.7 2.9 5.2 4.7 Malawi4.6 6.7 -45 1.3 -0.4 17.9 1.4 -1.1 11.5 2.4 Mali3.8 -2.1 4.9 -7.2 2.9 5.6 3.1 3.7 3.4 -1.5 Mauritania54 5.8 0.3 4.8 7.3 10.1 9.9 6.6 3.4 5.6 Mauritius0.5 -3.4 -12.8 2.6 -8.8 1.3 5.7 5.4 5.5 1.9 Mozanmbique2.0 -4.7 -3.1 -2.0 5.7 5.9 0.2 5.0 -2.5 .. Namibia1.2 -1.2 -1.8 -16.9 3.1 6.4 -2.4 5.0 -3.5 3.1 Niger

-5.7 -0.2 -6.2 -7.3 8.7 2.0 -4.6 4.8 5.8 .. Nigeria8.8 1.7 6.3 -4.6 3.0 5.2 -0.4 0.1 -5.9 -1.7 Rwanda

-1.1 15.1 2.2 4.45 4.1 4.6 3.8 4.9 -1.9 4.7 Senegal.6.3 -2.3 -1.4 7.7 1027 0.7 5.1 4.2 5.7 6.7 Seychelles8.7 0.0 -3.1 2.3 -3.4 -1.9 5.4 1.2 4.3 3.0 Sierra Leone8.0 3.6 -9.2 34 8.1 3.5 5.1 -0.7 0.0 -2.7 Somialia2.1 12.7 2.1 -5.0 -6.3 9.7 1.1 -1.9 7.4 -5.8 Sudan6.7 1.2 -0.8 3.8 14.4 3.7 -1.3 8.9 4.1 2.1 Swaziland

-1.0 -0.3 -0.5 4.6 1.5 5.4 4.1 5.2 . .. Tanzania-3.4 -3.7 -527 5.9 3.2 3.4 1.5 5.0 3.9 -0.5 Togo7.5 11.7 9.6 -8.5 -1.9 -1.5 5.7 6.1 6.4 5.7 Uganda2.2 -0.7 1.6 5.5 0.5 4.7 2.7 0.6 -2.0 -1.9 Zaire6.1 -2.7 -2.1 -1.0 1.8 0.2 3.1 5.6 0.2 0.6 Zambia

12.5 2.6 1.6 -2.5 6.7 2.7 -1.4 -1.5 13.4 _3.0 Zimbabwe

6.8 4.1 6.9 4.0 6.1 4.6 4.3 &1 4~9 4.9 SOI.TTASL4

9.5 3.8 4.5 4.9 3.9 4.4 4.1 2.8 2.5 6.2 Bangladesh10.1 5.3 8.4 7.1 3.2 10.0 19.4 3.2 3.8 4.4 Bhutan6.5 3.7 7.4 3.8 6.2 4.7 4.5 9.5 5.0 4.7 India8.3 3.8 -3.0 9.7 6.1 4.3 3.9 7.8 2.3 2.0 Nepal7.9 6.5 6.8 5.1 7.6 5.5 6.5 7.6 4.9 5.3 Pakistan5.6 7.5 3.9 -0.3 9.8 4.4 0.7 2.7 2.1 6.3 Sri Lanka

5.6 .5.9 9.0 9.6 7.0 7.3 69 9.3 5.6 6.2 EASTASLA AND PACIFIC

4.5 8.7 10.1 14.4 12.3 8.3 10.9 9§.7 3.4 4.7 China6.3 -6.0 -4.2 8-5 -3.2 7.9 -6.5 1.1 12.7 4.8 Fiji7.4 -0.4 8.8 6.8 2.6 5.8 4.9 5.8 7.3 7.0 Indonesia6.9 7A 12.1 9.2 6.9 12.3 11.6 11.3 6.4 9.3 Korea, Republic of6.9 6.0 6.4 7.8 -1.1 1.2 5.4 8.9 8.8 9.4 Malaysia

Mongolia0.2 0.3 3.0 -0.5 4.3 3.3 3.5 3.0 -1.8 -1.5 Puapu New Guinea3.8 2.9 1.1 -6.5 -4.6 1.4 5.0 6.4 5.7 2.6 Philppines

13.4 2.9 13.9 1.2 0.8 19.8 1.7 4.3 5.7 Solomon Islands6.3 4.0 7.2 7.2 34 5.1 9.6 13A 12.4 10.3 Thaland

2.4 5.6 3.2 34 -2.2 3.6 2.5 Tonga4.2 10.7 5.6 6.8 LI1 -2.0 0.3 0-5 4.4 Vanuatu

-9.0 -1.0 0.4 1.3 4.0 5.4 0.5 0.0 2.2 -4.5 Western Samoa

23

Table 6. Gross domestic product (cont'd)

Awre .uu alyoh )ea1 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 197S8 99 18

147ANAIERtCANDC.4RlBBFAN 6.0 63 7.0 &6 65 3...................... ...3 5.9 4 3.6 6. 1 ...

..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f ...... .. ... :f .... sf .,g ..... ......

Argentina 5.1 3.8 2.1 3.7 5.5 -0.5 -0.2 6.5 -3.4 7.2 1.9Bahamas -5.6 1.6 -3.5 7.6 -16.8 -14.8 5.2 9.2 14.2 26.1 6.5Barbados 9.7 4.5 1.9 1.3 -4.7 4.0 0.0 4.3 6.1 7.7 4.7Belize 4.8 4.0 102 5A 13.6 3.6 0.0 65 7.9 6.3 3.6Bolivia -0.3 4.9 5.4 5.3 5.1 6.6 6.1 4.2 3.4 0.0 -0.9Brazil 8.7 11.3 12.3 14.4 9.0 5.2 9.8 4.6 32 6.8 9.3Chile 2.0 9.1 -1.1 -5.5 0.8 -13.2 3.6 9.8 8.4 8.3 7.8Colombia 7.1 6.0 7.6 6.7 5.7 2.1 4.8 4.1 8.4 5A 4.1Costa Rica 7.6 6.8 8.2 7.7 54 2.0 5A 8.9 6.2 5.0 0.7Dominican Republic 18.1 10.9 10.4 12.9 5.8 4.8 6.7 4.9 2.3 4.3 6.1Ecuador 6.5 6.6 16.6 28A 5.8 5.3 9.7 6.4 7.0 54 4.6El Salvador 3.1 4.8 5A 4.9 6.5 5.3 3.7 5.8 6.7 -1.6 -8.5Grenada .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Guatemala 5.7 5.6 7.3 6.8 6.4 2.0 7.4 7.8 5.0 4.7 3.7Guyana 4.6 3.0 -2.8 1.5 7.9 7.9 1.4 -2.7 -1.5 -2.1 1.8Haiti -0.3 8.4 1.4 1.2 6.3 -2.3 8.6 0.5 4.8 7.3 7.6Honduras 3.8 3.9 5.9 7.9 -0.9 2.5 10.5 10.5 8.3 6.3 1.3Jamaica 11.9 3.1 9.1 0.4 -3.3 -0.8 -7.1 -2.8 0.4 -2.1 -6.2Mexico 7.3 4.2 8.5 8.2 6.1 5.7 4.2 32 8.2 9.3 8.4Nicaragua -0.2 3.3 2.0 6.5 14.2 -02 4.8 8.8 -7.9 -26.5 4.6Panama 7.0 9.6 4.6 5A 2.6 1.7 1.6 1.1 9.8 4.6 15.4Paraguay 4.8 5A 6A 7.2 83 6.4 6.8 10.7 10.9 11.1 14.5Peru 5.5 4.2 2.6 5.2 9.3 3.5 1.9 OA 0.2 5.8 4.5St. Vincent and the Grenadines 10.7 3.0 25.8 -11.1 -8.8 -7.6 5.5 5.1 10.7 3.1 2.1Trinidad and Tobago 3.5 1.0 5.8 1.7 3.6 0.7 8.3 6.7 10.9 2A 7.6Uruguay 2.5 -0.3 -1.6 0.4 2.9 6.1 3.9 1.5 4.9 6.0 6.2Venezuela 7.7 _15 1.3 7.1 2.1 2.9 7.7 6.3 2.4 0.8 4.5

MIDDLE EASTAAD NORTHAFRCA U6 LI as &3 3.5 5.3 14.9 64 -60 -. 8 -62

Algeria 8.8 -7.6 19.8 3.0 7.4 5.1 8.4 5.3 9.2 7.4 0.9Egypt, Arab Republc of 6.0 4.2 2.6 5.1 3.9 10.1 154 13.1 7.7 7.9 10.8Iran, Islamic Republic of 12.2 2.2 12.9 15.0 3.8 2.4 17.5 6.7 -17.1 -9.2 -19.3Jordan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Morocco 4.9 5.6 2.4 3.5 5.4 6.7 11.0 4.9 2.9 4.6 9.1Oman 13.9 0.9 9.8 -14.3 115 24.4 20.5 1.0 -3.7 1.1 3.8Saudi Arabia 9.4 14.4 154 19.7 15.6 -0.4 74 152 4.3 5.5 9ASyrian Arab Republic -2.6 10.1 23.0 -6.7 22.7 20.4 10.7 -0.8 7.9 4.5 10.6Tunisia 6.8 11.0 18.7 -4A 8.1 7.1 7.9 3A 6.4 6.6 7.4

EUROPE .. . . . . . Z2 6.1 6.3 3.7 21

Bulpria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Czechoslovakia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Greece 8.0 7.1 8.9 73 -3.2 6.0 6.0 3.0 6.8 3A 2.1Hungary 4.5 6.4 6.4 7.5 5.8 6.3 3.6 6.8 4.7 1.6 0.0Malta 12.6 2.5 5.8 9.8 9.9 19.6 17.0 12.2 11.2 10.5 7.0Poland . . . . . . . . .. .Portugat 9.1 6.6 8.0 11.2 1.2 -4.3 6.9 5.6 3A 5.7 4.6Romanla .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.4 7.5 8.0 6.6 3.3Turkey 4.8 9.2 6.6 4.2 8.6 8.9 8.8 4.7 3.3 -0.9 -0.7Yugoslavia 4.8 8.8 3.5 2.6 14.8 0.7 5.3 &3 9.2 5.3 2.6

LAw- & mlddle-income economkes 8.2 5.0 53 7.3 5.0 4.5 6.6 5.9 3.2 3A 3.2

Low-income economies 10A 4.5 1.2 5.0 3.3 6.2 1.9 7.2 6.6 1.6 6.4Low-income Africa 7.9 7.6 1.7 2.0 6.7 -0.3 6.2 6.1 -0.9 1.1 2.3China and India 12.5 4.0 1.1 5.5 1.1 8.8 -1A 7.5 8.6 02 7.1Other low-income 6.9 3.0 1.3 6.2 64 4.6 7.5 7.3 7.4 5.9 7.7

Middle-income economies 7A 5.6 7A 8.7 6.2 3.6 8A 5.8 2.1 42 24

HlhlaW oiueeconomies 3.8 3.0 4.9 5.8 0.9 -0.2 4A 3.5 4.2 3.5 Li

OECD members 3.8 3.0 4.9 5.8 0.9 -02 44 3.5 4.1 3.3 1.0Japan 10.7 43 8.3 7.8 -0.7 2.8 42 4.6 4.9 5.6 3.6United States 0.0 3.3 5.0 4.7 -0.7 -1.0 4.9 4.4 5.1 2.0 -0.1

WORLD 4A 3A 5L0 6.1 L5 0.5 4.8 3.9 4.0 3.5 L4

24

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

-0.3 -1.3 -28 3.7 36 44 11 0Q6 1.4 -46 L4A7NAMBERICAAND CARIBBEAN

4,.9 -5.5 2.9 2.5 -4.4 5.4 2.3 -2.7 -3.8 -2.0 Argentina-92 6.7 3.6 14.2 4.8 1.8 3.0 -1.2 0.2 0.2 Bahamas-3.2 -5.0 0.2 3.3 0.3 10.4 0.6 6.9 3.6 .. Barbados14 -1.7 -0.6 5.6 2.0 3.8 14.6 9.9 14.2 12.2 Belize0.9 -4.4 4.5 1.0 -0.7 -3.2 2.6 3.8 2.8 3.1 Bolivia

-4.4 0.6 -3.5 52 8.2 8.1 3.3 0.0 3.6 4.3 Brazil5.6 -142 -0.7 6.3 2.4 5.7 5.7 7.4 10.0 2.2 Chile2.1 1.0 1.6 3.6 3.3 6.1 5A 4.1 3.2 4.2 Colombia-2.3 -7.0 2.8 7.9 0.8 5.5 4.8 3.5 5.7 3.8 Costa Rica0.0 6.0 4.4 0.3 -2.5 3.0 6.8 1.1 4.2 -5.0 Dominican Republic4.1 1.1 -2.1 4.1 4.2 3.0 -6.3 10.7 0.5 2.3 Ecuador

-8.2 -5.5 0.6 2.2 2A 1.1 2.7 3.1 1.0 3.0 El Salvador7.2 3.3 7.9 6.7 5.0 5.6 Grenada

0.7 -3.5 -2.6 0.5 -0.6 0.1 3.6 3.9 4.0 3.5 Guatemala1.8 -13.6 -6.6 0.1 1.0 1.6 -0.1 -1.4 -3.5 16.1 Guyana

-2.7 -3A 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.6 -OA -1.5 -0.6 -1.2 Haiti1.5 -2.0 -0.3 2.7 3.6 2.9 5.3 5A 2.3 -1.1 Honduras2A 0.9 2A -14A -4.8 2.0 6A 1.9 6.3 4.2 Jamaica8.8 -0.6 -4.2 3.7 2.7 -3.9 1.9 1.5 3.2 4.0 Mexico5A -0.8 4.6 -2.1 -4.3 -2.0 -0.8 -13.7 -2.1 -4.3 Nicaragua4.2 5.6 0.4 -0.5 4.7 3.4 2.3 -15.7 -0.9 3.5 Panama8.6 -1.5 -5.0 3.1 4.0 -0.1 4A 6.5 5.8 3.5 Paraguay4.5 0.2 -12.5 4.6 2.2 9.3 8.3 -8.4 -11.6 -4.8 Peru8.1 9.4 5.6 5.9 6.1 4.0 12.3 9.2 6A 5.8 St. Vmcent and the Grenadines3.8 4.7 -7.1 -6.8 -7.5 -3.1 -6.1 -3.9 -0.1 -0.6 Trinidad and Tobago17 -9.7 -9.9 -1A 2.0 8.0 8.0 0.0 0.4 0.9 Uruguay

-0.3 -2.1 -3.8 IA 02 6.5 3.6 5.8 -8.6 5.3 Venezuela

23 &6 64 38 4.4 -L6 L -0.7 24 66 MIDDLE .ASTAND NOR7'HAFRICA

3.0 6.4 5.4 4.1 5.3 2.0 2.2 -1.5 5.5 0.6 Algeria4.0 10.7 7.7 6.1 6.6 2.6 2.5 3.9 2.4 1.3 Egypt, Arab Republic of8.2 15.0 10.1 5.0 5.2 -7.9 -1.6 -6.5 2.9 10.1 Iran, Islamic Republic of

2.1 1.5 9.5 4.3 1.3 -5.8 -7.8 Jordan-2.8 9.6 -0.6 4.2 6.3 7.8 -2.3 10.2 1.3 2.9 Morocco16.7 10.6 18.1 15.7 15.6 6.3 1A .. .. .. Oman7.2 4.9 -7.6 -8.2 4A 5.3 -1.8 7.0 0.3 .. Saudi Arabia9.6 2.5 1.6 4.4 6.1 -4.1 0.8 13.5 -5.6 14.0 Syrian Arab Republic5.5 -0.5 4.7 5.8 5.8 -1.5 6.1 1.0 3.7 7.3 Tunisia

-42 1.2 24 14 23 16 21 2.1 Q5 -28 EUROPE

4.9 1.9 4.0 3.3 2.5 4.2 6.0 2.6 -0.3 -11.8 Bulgaria0.1 0.7 2A 2.1 2.1 1.8 0.7 2.6 1.3 -3.5 Czechoslovakia0.0 0.5 0.1 2.8 3.1 1A -0.6 4.1 2.8 0.3 Greece3.9 1.9 0.7 2.6 -0.1 1.5 4.5 -0.3 0.8 -4.3 Hungary3.3 2.3 -0.6 0.9 2.6 4.0 4.2 8.7 5.0 .. Malta

-10.0 4.8 5.6 5.6 5.1 4.2 2.1 4.1 0.5 -12.0 Poland1.0 3.1 -0.1 -1.6 3.3 4.3 4.3 4.5 5.0 4.4 Portugal0.1 3.9 6.0 6.1 -0.1 2.1 0.5 -0.3 -5.8 .. Romania4.2 4.9 3.8 5.9 5.1 8.3 7.5 3.7 1.3 8.8 Turkey12 0.6 -1.1 1.7 -0.6 3.6 -2.0 -1.6 0.6 -7.6 Yugoslavia

2.3 2.6 2.9 4.6 4A 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.0 2.6 low- & middle-income economies

4.8 4.9 6.7 6.5 7.1 5.7 5.9 7.6 4A 4.3 Low-income economies-0.3 2.6 -1.1 -2.5 2.1 4.6 1.0 3.3 4.1 .. Low-income Africa5.6 6.0 8.7 8.9 9.2 6.6 7.9 9.6 4.1 4.7 China and India6.6 3.7 6.8 5.7 4.8 4.1 3.5 4.6 52 4.6 Other low-income

1.6 1A 0.9 3.3 2.8 3.1 2.7 22 2.2 1.6 Middle-income economies

1.5 401 2.7 4.5 3A 2.8 3A 4. 3A _ High-income economies

1.5 -0.1 2.7 4.5 3.5 2.8 3.3 4.8 34 .. OECD members3.6 32 2.7 4.3 5.0 2.7 4.1 62 4.6 .. Japan2.3 -2.6 3.9 6.9 3.7 3.3 3.6 4.5 2.8 .. United States

L6 03 2.7 4A 3.5 3.0 3A 4.7 3.3 WORLD

25

Table 7. Agriculture: contribution to growth of gross domestic product,.... . ... .... '.,.................... ....

Pe,c1Jlqp0M& 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

SUB-SAMARL4RNAFR[CA .14 1.8 0.4 0.0 22 -9.9 0.8 1. 0.1 -0.5 0.4ErcIud,,gNiger'ia 22 1.6 1.3 -119 1.7 10 1.2 1.2 0.9 -0.4 0.2

Benin .. -1.6 15 0.7 -1.7 -2.0 4.1 -0.2) 4.1 2.0 1.3Botswana -5.6 4.5 7.9 5.3 9.5 -3.1 0.3 1.0 -1.5 0.0 -0.6Burkina Faso .. 0.6 -0.1 -2.5 6.4 -0.4 1.7 -2.4 2.2 -2.5 0.9Burundi 23.3 31.4 -6.4 7.6 -2.6 2.9 2.4 2.6 -1.7 0.9 0.8Cameroon 1.8 0.5 2.1 1.5 1.8 0.4 0.5 0.5 1.2 4.4 2.5Cape Verde.. . .. . .. ....

Central African Republic 0.7 1.3 0.2 0.3 1.7 0.9 1.3 0.7 1.2 -0.6 -0.6Chad -0.3 -1.1 1.5 -6.2 1.4 3.8 -0.5 0.5 0.6 -4.3 2.0Comoros. . . - . . * .-

Congo, People's Republic 1.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 -0.8 0.6 -0.1 1.1 1.2C6te d'Ivoire 2.3 4.0 0.3 2.8 -5.0 3.7 2.3 -1.8 4.1 0.2 4.7Equatorial Guinea . . . . .. . ...

Ethiopia 1.4 1.1 2.0 0.4 -0.3 -1.0 1.4 -02 -0.7 1.2 2.4

Gambia, The -3.5 4.1 2.5 1.7 7.0 -2.2 0.5 -0.1 -4.6 1.6 -1.8Ghana 6.0 2.6 2.1 -1.1 4.8 -11.1 -0.8 -2.8 9.2 2.0 1.2Guinea-Bissau .. -5.2 5.0 -0.5 2.1 0.8 4.4 -7.5 7.9 -4.4 -18.9Kenya -3.3 6.5 4.4 1.0 -0.9 2.6 0.7 3.6 1.4 1.0 0.4Lesotho .. 2.2 -14.4 8.7 10.9 -12.9 -2.5 10.1 4.7 1.4 -15.2

Madagasca . -0.6 0.6 0.3 2.9 -0.2 -2.9 1.0 -2.1 2.2 0.7Malawi -0.6 7.3 4.2 -2.8 0.8 0.4 4.4 4.4 127 1.2 -2.6Mali 5.1 1.5 1.0 -6.9 -3.7 13.6 8.7 4.9 -4.7 9.4 -2.0Mauritania -1.8 -5.0 13.7 -8.6 -0.1 -6.0 0.9 1.8 -0.9 0.6 3.6Mauritius .. 2.8 4.8 1.7 -0.5 -9.4 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.8 -6.7Mozabique.. . .. . .. . .

Niger 2.6 2.4 4.4 -14.5 7.7 -7.9 -2.9 4.6 4.4 -1.9 1.5Nigeria 8.0 2.3 -3.0 3.4 3.9 -3.8 -0.5 2.1 -2.7 -0.9 1.3Rwanda 3.6 1.1 -2.2 1.9 7.3 -2.7 12.6 0.4 1.4 10.3 -0.8Senegal 1.7 -4.6 5.5 4.3 5.5 1.1 4.1 -2.0 -6.5 6.1 -4.8Seychefles. . . . . . -0.5 -0.5 0.9 0.0Sierra L.eone 0.0 0.6 -0.3 0.5 -0.2 1.1 1.4 1.5 9.6 3.7 -1.2Somalia .. -0.9 3.4 -2.3 -18.2 32.4 1.9 19.5 2.2 -3.6 2.5Sudan 10.0 4.3 -0.7 -4.4 8.0 2.5 1.7 7.4 0.8 -6.9 -2.4Swaziland . . . . .. ...

Tanzania 2.7 -0.8 5.3 0.6 -2.7 5.1 -3.2 0.7 -1.0 0.4 2.1Togo -2.3 -0.2 1.7 0.9 0.4 0.8 -1.4 -1.6 4.1 -1.2 4.2Uganda 0.8 -1.6 2.3 3.3 -0.7 -0.2 0.5 1.9 -0.3 -10.5 -45Zaire -4.1 0.7 0.4 0.9 0.5 -0.3 1.3 -0.9 0.0 0.9 0.8Zamnbia 0.4 0.2 0.4 -0.1 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.1 -0.6 -027Zimbabwe -1.4 3.8 2.2 -3.3 2.5 -0.9 1.6 -3.4 1.4 0.0 0.2

SOErFHASL4 3.0 -0.8 -1.9 22 0.0 4.0 -1.5 .12 1.3 -3.7 .19

Bangkdesh ~~~~2.8 -2.3 -5.6 0.1 3.9 -2.7 2.9 -1.8 4.9 0.5 0.4

India 3.1 -0.8 -2.2 3.0 -0.6 5.3 -2.5 4.0 0.9 -5.0 4.5

Pa~istan~ 3.6 -1.1 1.2 0.6 1.5 -0.7 1.4 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.9Sri L anka 1.4 -0.9 1.1 -0.3 1.9 -0.8 0.4 3.3 1.8 0.6 1.0

FASTASIAANDPACFIRC 27 1.2 -0.1 29 1.4 0.8 1.2 10 L.e 1.6 -0.6

China 5.4 1.0 -0.6 3.7 1.7 0.9 0.4 -0.9 2.2 24 -0.7Fiji 25 -1.5 -0.2 1.5 -0.8 0.1 0.8 3.3 -0.3 3.8 -1.5Indonesia 1.8 2.1 0.5 3.1 1.2 0.0 1.4 04 1.4 1.8 1.9Korea, Republic of -0.5 1.0 0.6 2.0 1.9 1.1 2.5 0.7 -2.2 1.3 -3.6MalayMala. .. . . . .

Papua New Guinea 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.5 1.2 1.1 0.4 0.2 1.2 0.5 L3PhmiJpnes 0.6 1.2 1.0 1.5 0.7 0.9 1.9 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.1Solomon Islands . . . . . . ..

Thailand 1.1 1.1 -0.5 2.3 0.7 1.0 1.4 0.5 2.6 -0.4 0.4

26

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 198 1989 1990

-0.6 21 -0.8 -0.6 0.6 25 0.0 0.8 1.7 -i17 SUJB-SAHA4RANAFRJCA

0.5 2.4 -1.0 -0.3 -0.1 25 0.5 0.6 1.7 -0.7 Ewludin Nigeria

-2.8 0.6 0.3 05 . .5 3.9 -2.0 6.0 . .. Benin-1.3 -0.5 -1.8 -1.1 -0.4 0.6 -0.2 0.7 0.0 .. Botswana2.9 1.0 0.1 -0.4 2.4 3.7 -1.4 4.5 .1.0 -1.1 Burkina Faso8.3 -4.5 2.4 -2.0 7.1 2.3 2.9 0.9 -1.2 2.8 Burundi3.7 1.1 -2.1 2.1 -2.8 3.0 1.2 -0.8 -0.5 OS Cameroon

-1.1 -3.6 -0.1 0.2 3.2 1.0 1.7 0.6 0.6 .. Cape Verde-0.7 0.6 -1.6 3.7 1.4 3.1 -0.7 2.1 0.5 0.0 Central African Republic-5.9 2.4 5.6 -6.6 14.5 -7.6 -1.3 11A -4.9 3.2 Chad

1.2 1.7 1.1 3.1. 11 0.9 .. Comoroa0.6 0.7 0.5 -0.2 0.1 0.1 1.1 0.8 0.7 0-5 Congo, People's Republic0.9 -0.5 -4.3 1.0 3.5 4.3 -1.2 5.0 1.9 0.0 C8te d'Ivoire

2.2 3.4 0.1 0.3 1.7 Equatorial Guinea1.2 -0.6 2.3 -4.7 -7.3 3.7 5.9 -0.3 2.4 -0.5 Ethiopia

Gabon11.3 7.2 -7.9 2.2 1.4 3.9 1.2 0.1 2.2 1.4 Gambia, The-1.5 -3.1 -4.0 5.4 0.4 1.8 0.0 1.8 2.1 -1.2 Ghana11.0 2.4 -0.8 1.4 2.8 1.9 4.9 1.5 3.6 1.2 Guinea-Bissau1.9 2.4 0.6 -1.2 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.1 Kenya1.7 -5.6 7.4 -5.9 -1.0 -1.0 1.1 5.2 0.0 0.0 Lesoho

Liberia-1.4 1.3 0.9 1.1 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.9 1.9 0.5 Madagascar-3.0 2.3 1.7 2.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.0 Malawi-1.0 4.4 -7.1 -4.2 -2.8 14.3 -0.9 -0.3 9.1 -0.1 Mali3.0 0.6 5.7 -7.6 0.9 3.3 1.1 -0.3 0.6 -5.1 Mauritania3.2 3.3 -2.4 0.1 1.8 1.7 -0.5 -0.8 .1.1 1.2 Mauritius0.0 0.0 -9.2 5.0 0.5 04 3.6 4.6 3.5 0.8 Mozambique0.5 -1.4 -2.9 -1.2 0. 0.0 2.8 0.2 0.5 .. Namibia

-0.2 -0.7 3.1 -3.1 5.0 2.9 -5.0 .. . .Niger

.4.6 0.8 0.0 -1.8 3.9 2.6 -2.4 1.6 1.2 .. Nigeria-2.9 5.8 2.2 -4.0 -2.4 1.1 -0.6 -0.9 -4.3 1.9 Rwanda-1.3 5.2 1.1 -4.1 1.6 2.1 0.6 2.1 -1.9 2.2 Senegal1.6 -1.7 1.5 -1.1 0.0 0.4 -0.3 -0.3 0.4 .. Seychelles0.3 1.2 -0.3 0.1 3.8 -1.2 2.8 3.0 -2.0 0.7 Sierra Leone8.5 1.8 -7.7 8.0 6.1 -0.8 5.2 2.2 -1.8 0.9 Somalia

-1.5 13.3 -3.5 -1.6 -4.2 6.6 0.2 -4.8 8.3 -6.9 SudanSwaziland

0.5 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.6 3.5 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.4 Tanzania0.1 -2.3 0.2 8.0 1.3 1.6 0.5 2.1 2.5 -0.4 Togo4.7 4.1 5.6 -7.5 1.7 0.4 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.1 Upanda0.6 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.8 .. Zaire0.8 -1.1 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.9 -0.3 2.1 -0.2 -0.7 Zambia1.9 -1.0 -2.0 2.6 3.3 -1.0 -2.6 3.1 0.2 04 Zimbabwe

2.3 0.0 3.4 0.1 0.5 -0.2 0.1 3.8 1.0 0.4 SOUFTHASL4

1.4 2.9 1.9 2.2 0.4 1.4 0.2 -0.3 0.04 2.9 Bangladesh1.3 4.6 3.9 4.6 1.8 3.1 2.6 0.7 1.6 .. Bhutan2.2 -0.6 3.9 0.0 0.1 -0.6 0.2 5.1 0.8 0.2 India

Nepal3.1 1.4 1.3 -1.4 2.9 1.6 0.9 0.7 1.7 0.7 Pakistan2.1 0.8 1.5 -0.1 2.5 0.8 -1.7 0.6 -0.3 2.3 Sri Lanka

1.9 22 1.7 23 &7 0.9 a.6 1.0 7 1.0 E~4STASL4 AND PACIFIC

2.4 4.1 3.0 4.6 0.6 1.2 14 0.9 0.9 1.8 China2.8 0.4 -4.4 5.3 -3.3 4.1 -1.7 -0.5 2.7 0.6 Fiji1.3 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.5 1.1 1.0 0.6 Indonesia2.1 12 1.2 -0.2 0.5 0.6 -0.9 0.9 -0.2 -0.1 Korea, Republic of

MalayiaMongolia

24 -0.5 0.3 0.9 -0.9 0.5 1.6 1.1 0.5 -02 Papua New Guinea0.8 0.7 -0.4 04 0.8 0.8 -0.3 0.9 1.0 05 Philipines

Solomon Islands1.0 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.1 0.0 1.7 1.0 -.02 Thailand

Tongp4.6 -2.8 7.4 1.7 -0.5 -2.1 -1.4 -2.1 1.8 .. Vanuatu

27

Table 7. Agriculture: contribution to growth of gross domestic product (cont'd)

P-reuiaepobwt 197 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

LATINAMERIC, AND CAR11BEFAN 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.3

Argentina -1.4 0.2 0.2 1.4 0.4 -0.4 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.4 -0.7Bahamas .

Barbados 0.9 -1.5 -2.1 0.5 -0.6 -0.4 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.8 0.6Berbze . .. . .. 2.0 0.8 -2.3 7.2 1.4 -0.4 0.2Boliva 0.9 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.0 2.0 1.3 -0.2 0.5 0.8 0.4Brazil 0.1 1.2 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.2 1.0 -0.2 0.4 0.8ChileColombia 0.8 0.2 1.6 0.5 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.6 1.6 0.9 0.4Costa Rica 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 -0.4 0.6 0.1 0.4 1.2 0.1 .0.1Dominican Republic 8.8 1.5 1.0 2.1 0.0 -0.6 1.5 0.4 0.9 0.2 1.0Ecuador 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.2 1.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 -0.6 0A 0.7El Salvador 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.3 15 0.9 -1.2 0.5 1.8 0.5 .0.8Grenada.. ..........

Guatemala. . . . . . ..

Guyana .0 2 1.6 .2.5 0.0 4.0 -1.0 0.9 .0.8 2.1 -1.9 0.1HaitiHonduras -1.3 2.4 0.5 1.5 -2.3 -1.6 2.5 1.3 1.5 1.7 .0.2Jamaka 0.3 0.7 0.1 .0.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.6 -07 4.27Mexico 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.6 -0.2 0.6Nicaragua 2.9 1.2 0.0 2.8 3.2 0.5 0.5 1.7 2.0 -5.2 -7.5Panama -0.1 1.1 -0.4 0.1 -0.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 1.0 -0.5 .0.5Paraguay 2.0 0.5 1.2 2.0 3.1 2.6 1.2 2.1 1.5 1.9 2.3Peru 1.4 .0.3 .0.8 .0.1 0.6 .0.1 0.2 .0.1 0.0 0.5 .0.7St. Vincent and the Grenadines . .. . . . .. ... 3.3 -3.2 -2.3Trinidad and Tobago 0.9 -0.3 0.7 -0.6 -0.1 0.2 -.02 0.0 -02 .0. .0.3Uruguay 1.7 -1.1 -1.6 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.5 -1.0 .0.1 2.0Venezuela 0.3 0.1 -0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 -0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1

MIDDLE EASTAND NORTIJAFR[C.4 1. 1.1 -0.5 13 1.2 0.9 -0.7 0.7 0.6 0.9

Algeria . 0.4 0.0 -0.7 2.3 3.0 -0.3 .0.9 1.2 1.0 1.3Egypt, Arab Republic of 1.1 0.6 3.5 1.4 0.1 2.5 0.5 -1.0 1.7 1.2 1.0Iran, Islamic Republic of 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 -0.5 0.2 1.0 0.2Jordan.. ..........

Morocco 1.0 2.4 .0.6 -2.2 0.4 -1.3 2.7 -2.2 2.7 -0.3 2.3Oman .. . . . . . .. . 0.8 0.7Saudi Arabia 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1Syrian Arab Republic -7.1 3.0 20.0 -16.3 13.9 1.6 5.6 -4.0 6.2 -4.5 10.3Tunisia 1.3 4.2 5.0 -2.3 3.0 1.0 1.4 -2.1 1.1 -0.9 1.7

EUROPE -

Czechoslov. . .. . . . .-

Greece 2.0 0.7 1.2 -0.1 0.9 1.1 -0.3 -1.4 1.7 -1.1 2.0Hungaiy -2.4 1.2 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.4 -0.6 1.8 0.1 -0.2 0.5

Portuga .. . .. . ..

Romania . .. . .. . .. , .. 1.1 -2.1 -3.8Turkey 0.6 3.3 -0.4 -2.5 2.2 2.3 1.6 .0.2 0.5 0.5 0.4Yugoslvia -1.1 1.1 0.7 1.5 1.0 -0.4 1.1 1.0 -0.9 0.5 0.0

Low- & middle-Income ecoomIes 1.3 0.7 0.1 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.6 -0.1 0.5

Low-income economies 3.6 0.5 .0.9 2.3 1l.1 1.7 -0.3 1.5 1.3 -0.9 1.6Low-income Aftica 4.1 2.0 -0.1 0.0 2.7 -1.4 0.6 2.3 0.0 -1.4 0.3China and India 4.0 0.0 -1.5 3.3 0.4 3.3 -1.1 1.8 1.5 -1.6 2.0Other low-income 2.2 0.7 0.2 1.3 1.6 0.0 1.6 0.2 2.0 1.5 1.7

Middle-income economies 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1

Hlgh-inconweceonomnies - 0.1 0.2 0.3 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0A 0.1 0.1 -0.1

OECD members .. 0.1 0.2 0.2 -0.1 .0.1 -0.1 -04 0.1 0.1 -0.1Japan -0.7 -0.3 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 -04UJnited States 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

WORLD - 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0. 0. -0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0

28

1961 196 1963 1964 1965 1966 1987 1968 1969 1990

0.5 0.1 AO0 0.3 0.5 4&3 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 LATJNAMEPJCA AND CARIBBEA4N

02 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.2 -0.4 0.3 0.2 -0.2 -. ArgentinaBahamas

-1.8 -0.2 0.3 0.9 -0.1 0.4 -1.1 -0.5 -0.7 .. Barbados-0.1 1.1 -1.4 0.6 -0.3 -1.0 4.8 0.3 0.6 .. Belize.0.2 1.8 -4.9 4.7 2.3 -1.1 1.1 0.8 -0.5 0.5 Bolivia0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.9 -0.8 1.2 0.1 0.2 -0.3 Brazil

Chile0.6 -0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 1.1 0.5 0.8 1.2 Colombia0.9 -0.9 0.8 1.9 -1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.3 0.7 Costa Rica

-3.0 5.0 0.6 0.0 -0.7 -0.1 0.6 -0.3 0.4 -1.1 Dominkcan Republic0.9 0.3 -1.8 1.2 1.2 1.3 04 1.2 0.5 0.6 Ecuador

-1.0 -0.7 -0.5 0.5 -0.2 -0.4 0.3 -0.1 0.1 1.0 El Salvador1.6 -2.7 OS 3.1 -1.6 -0.1 1.8 0.5 0.5 -0.2 Grenada

OA 0.1 -0.2 1.3 1.2 0.9 0.9 Guatemala0.6 -0.4 -1.0 1.0 0.0 1.1 -1.8 -2.4 . .. GUYan

0.8 -0.1 -0.1 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.1 Honduras0.1 -0.5 0.4 0.6 -0.2 -0.1 0.3 -0.3 -0.2 0.6 Jamaica0.5 -0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 -0.1 0.1 -0.3 -0O4 0.3 Mexdco2.9 0.9 1.9 -1.8 -1.5 -2.8 -1.0 -3.0 0.8 -1.1 Nicaragua0.8 -0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 -0.2 0.7 -0.5 0.3 0.2 Panama2.6 0.1 -0.7 1.6 1.3 -1.7 1.9 3.3 2.2 .. Parguay0.8 0.3 -1.1 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.8 -0.6 -1.1 Peru5.8 1.0 1.5 12 1.6 0.8 -0.9 4.2 0.3 2.9 St. Vincent and the Grenadines0.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 -2.0 -0.7 0.3 -0.3 1.5 0.7 Trinidad and Tobago0.7 -1.0 0.3 -2.1 1.8 0.04 0.6 -0.2 0.2 0.3 Uruguay-0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.3 -0.3 0.0 Venezuela

0.7 1 0.2 0.8 1.4 L.O 0.2 403 0.1 AS8 MIDDLE EASTAND NOR7HAFRICA

0.0 -0.9 -0.2 0.7 2.6 0.6 0.8 -0.6 1.5 -0.6 A.lgeria0O4 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.7 OA 0.4 0.5 0O4 0.3 EUrpt, Arab Republic of2.2 2.0 0.7 1.4 1.6 0.9 0.6 -2.5 1.3 1.0 Iran, Islamic Republic of

-1.4 0.7 0.2 1.7 1.6 -1.1 0.5 Jordan-4.9 4.4 -1.6 0.5 2.6 5.7 .4.6 4.8 0.5 -1.3 Morocco0.1 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.6 -0.4 -0.4 0.3 . .. Oman0.1 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.5 .. Saudi Arabia1.0 -0.9 -0.1 -2.4 1.6 1.7 -4.1 8.4 -9.3 4.5 Syrian Arab Republic1.1 -1.8 OA 1.9 _2.8_ -2.2 2.8 -4.2 0.8 3.6 Tunisia

0A0 AS 44 0.8 402 0.6 45 0.5 -43 - EUROPE

0.8 1.0 -3.0 1.7 -3.3 2.8 -2.1 .0.2 -0.2 -0.7 Bulgaria.0.8 0.6 0.0 0.6 -0.5 0.1 -0.2 0.0 0.1 .. Czechoslovakia-0.3 0.4 -1.5 1L1 0.3 0O4 -0.7 0.9 0.6 -0.8 Greeoe0.6 1.7 0.0 0.8 -0.7 0.6 -0.5 1.2 0.1 OS5 Hungar

-. -. -. -- .. .. -. -. .. ~ ~~~~~~~~~~ Malta0.8 0.7 -0.8 0.2 . .Poland

Poitugal-0.1 0.5 -0.2 1.3 0.2 -1.0 -1.3 1.1 -0.8 .. Romankia0.0 1.3 0.0 0.7 0.5 1.5 0.4 1.5 -2.1 1.9 Turkey04 1.0 -0.1 0.3 -1.0 0.9 0.2 -0.5 0.6 -1.1 Yugoslavia

0.6 0.6 0.6 0. 0.6 0.5 0.3 0. 04 064 Low- & middle-income ecoaomlcs

1.6 1.7 2.3 1.5 0.6 0.8 0.6 2.0 1.1 0.9 Low-income economiea-1.3 2.7 -0.4 -1.1 0.7 2.9 0.0 0.7 2.5 .. Low-income Africa2.3 1.7 3.5 2.3 0.4 0.4 0.9 2.7 0.8 1.1 China and India1.7 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.3 0.9 0.3 0.3 1.2 0.9 Other low-income

0.5 0.5 -0.1 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 Middle-income economies

0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 .. High-income economies

0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 .. OECD membem0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.1 .. Japan0.3 0.0 -0OA 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 .. - .United States

0.3 0.3 0. 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 -WORLD

29

Table 8. Industry: contribution to growth of gross domestic product

P-tqzkzepoakw 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980.. *. .. *. *.~~~~......... ....

SVJB-SA HARAN AFRIC4 4.6 .17 2 6 0.6 2.7 -1.3 3.0 1.1 -0.3 29 1.1Ercldi.egNige,!a 1.7 1.4 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.2 1.0 20

Benin. -0.9 1.5 -0. 2.8 -1.7 -1.1 1.2 -0.6 1.1 0.0Botswana 26.2 4.6 10.3 7.0 5.8 0.6 7.9 -1.3 16.4 2.4 5.8Burkina Faso .. 1.1 0.6 3.6 -3.7 5.4 3.3 -5.3 2.0 .0.8 1.0Burundi 0.7 10.3 .0.3 0.2 0.4 0.1 1.2 2.8 1.6 0.1 1.5Cameroon -0.2 2.0 -0.6 0.7 0.9 0.6 1.3 3.1 1.9 7.7 7.5Cape Verde.. . . . . . . .

Central African Republic 1.0 -0.1 1.6 0.5 1.3 -0.1 .0.7 1.2 1.8 -0.8 0.2Chad 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.9 1.4 1.5 0.2 -0.7 -6.5 -2.8Comoros.. . .. . .. ....

Congo, People's Republic 3.6 0.3 1.6 3.4 6.2 7.4 3.2 -6.9 1.4 7.5 8.4COte d'Ivoire 6.1 4.9 1.7 .0.9 -0.4 3.0 3.2 2.5 5.7 2.3 2.6Equatorial Guinea . . . . .. . ...

Ethiopia 1.6 1.4 0.7 0.4 .0.1 -0.2 .0.6 0.2 -OS5 2.0 1.4

Gambia, The -1.1 1.3 0.8 0.5 2.2 .0.7 0.1 0.3 3.2 -0.9 1.9Ghana iS5 0.3 -2.2 4.0 -0.1 .0.2 -0.7 1.0 -1.9 -3.1 0.1Guinea-Bimsu .1.6 1.5 -0.6 0.2 3.2 7.73 3.6 5.9 0.0 -2.5Kenya -0.8 3.9 7.1 1.5 0.2 0.1 -0.1 2.4 2.0 0.7 1.0Lesotho .. -2.4 5.4 4.7 2.4 -0.8 5.2 10.0 3.7 427 5.6

Madapascar . -1.4 0.1 -0.3 1.0 0.0 -1.4 0.4 0.6 2.0 -0.4Malawi 0.7 1.0 3.0 0.02 1.4 3.2 -0.6 0.9 2.3 0.1 0.3Mali 1.2 -2.7 1.3 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.6 1.2 -0.2 -1.7 .0.1Mauritania 2.0 1.2 -2.1 -0.6 3.1 -2.1 2.4 -2.3 0.8 2.0 -1.3Mauritius .. 1.2 2.5 3.7 5.7 -0.1 5.5 2.5 1.9 0.3 -2.6Mozambique.. . . . .. . ...

Niger -1.9 1.8 0.1 1.9 -2.1 2.3 2.3 1.9 3.6 7.0 1.0Nigeria 16.1 12.1 8.6 -0.6 8.1 -6.7 10.3 2.5 -1.8 9.4 1.42Rwanda .. . . . . . . 2.1 1.3 0.4 5.1

Senegal 1.3 0.4 0.4 -0.6 1.7 1.0 1.2 2.9 -1.7 0.1 1.0Seychelles .. . . . . . . 0.1 1.3 3.6 0.02

Sierra L.eone 7.3 .1.1 .1.9 0.1 0.0 1.4 -3.7 -2.8 .4.4 1.5 3.8Somalia .. 0.7 0.3 -33 0.3 .0.8 1.8 1.5 -5.4 1.9 0.5Sudan -0.6 -0.1 -0.7 .1.1 2.0 1.7 2.8 1.0 -1.3 .0.4 1.2Swaziland.. . .. . .. - ..

Tanzaniia 0.5 1.7 0.6 0.3 0.1 -0.2 1.2 .0.3 .0.1 0.7 0.Togo -1.3 0.4 3.0 2.0 1.7 0.5 1.8 3.5 0.1 -0.1 3.8Uganda -0.2 0.2 -0.6 -1.0 0.1 -1.6 -0.6 -0.2 -1.6 .2.0 -1.3Zaire 4.8 2.1 0.1 2.7 1.9 -1.3 -2.7 .0.6 -2.3 -1.9 1.3Zambia -1.0 0.9 5.9 0.4 4.3 -1.4 1.3 -3.1 2.0 -2.4 1.0Zimbabwe 5.2 2.5 4.2 4.3 1.0 -0.3 -1.9 -3.1 -1.7 2.2 3.8

SOUTHASL4 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.9 as 1.1 1.8 1.6 20 -0.2 0.9

Bangladesh 0.1 -3.0 -6.0 5.5 4.5 -1.0 -0.6 1.8 0.3 3.0 -0.9

India 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.5 1.3 2.1 1.7 2.2 -0.8 0.8

Pakistan 2.8 0.7 -1.0 2.3 2.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.1 1.7 2.5Sri Lankra 2.5 0.1 -0.3 1.7 .1.0 0.5 2.0 -1.1 3.8 2.7 1.4

EASTASM4AND PACIFIC 6... 3.0 i? 26 4.1 1.S .11 19 4. U........A. 2 24

China 9.9 4.0 1.7 2.8 0.3 4.4 -1.3 4.7 5.8 3.0 4.1

Fiji 2.8 0.0 2.0 2.5 -1.1 -1.2 0.7 2.6 0.0 3.8 0.3Indonesia 4.5 1.3 6.4 7.3 2.7 0.3 4.7 5.1 1.3 1.5 2.9Korea, Republic ot 3.3 2.7 2.1 6.2 3.8 3.3 5.8 52 7.0 2.9 -0.3

Mongolia . . . . . .. .

Papua New Guinea . . . . . . .

Philippines 2.0 2.4 3.4 4.2 1.8 3.0 3.7 2.9 22 2.8 1.7Solomon slans . . . . . . ..

ThaIland 2.7 2.4 2-5 3.1 1.3 1l4 4.9 5.0 3.8 2.2 1.2

Vanuatu ... .

Western Samoa . v<..: ... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~..:..:.: ..~~~~~~.... -:~~~~~ . ..........................

30

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

-0.5 0.1 -0.3 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.1 1.2 1.6 .. SUB-SAHARANAFRICA

1.0 0.4 1.5 1.1 0.1 1.2 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.0 ExcluiagNigeria

2.0 3.2 0.1 1.2 0.7 -1.2 0.2 -0.1 . .Benin

7.2 -3.0 19.9 16.2 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.1 7.1 .. Botswana-0.4 1.9 0.2 0.4 1.3 2.5 2.0 0.8 -0.6 1.0 Burkina Faso1.5 1.4 0.6 0.3 1.6 027 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.8 Burundi7.9 4.9 7.0 1.6 -2.7 3.3 -6.2 -2.3 5.6 -1.9 Cameroon1.8 0.0 2.7 -0.1 2.4 0.3 1.0 0.9 1.4 .. Cape Verde

-1.2 .0.1 1.2 0.4 0.5 .0.6 0.7 0.3 2.1 0.8 Central African Republic4.0 1.7 3.6 3.0 04 1.6 -1.2 1.8 2.9 -6.3 Chad

1.2 -0.6 0.1 -1.8 -1.6 -0.8 .. Comoros-1.4 12.3 5.9 3.2 -1.8 -3.1 0.6 1.1 3.4 0.3 Congo, People's Republic3.2 -5.0 0.9 0.8 -1.2 .1.5 1.8 -1.9 -1.2 -2.5 C6te d'Ivoire

-1.4 0.9 1.5 0.3 0.4 Equatorial Guinea0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.7 0.8 0. 0.3 -0.6 Ethiopia

Gabon-2.9 .1.3 1.6 -0.3 0.0 1.4 0.8 -0.4 1.9 0.6 Gamnbia,The-3.0 .2.8 -1.7 1.2 2.3 1.1 1.7 1.2 0.7 0.7 Ghana.0.8 1.5 -0.3 5.4 1.1 -2.5 -3.3 1.5 0.6 0.5 Guinea-Bissau0.8 0.3 0.1 0.4 1.1 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 Kenya

-4.7 8.7 -16.6 7.8 5.1 -1.7 3.7 5.1 9.4 7.1 LesothoLiberia

.3.5 -1.9 0.2 1.4 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.8 Madagascar-0.6 0.0 0.6 -0.1 1.4 -0.3 0.3 1.3 1.5 1.9 Malawi2.3 0.5 0.6 2.1 0.8 1.3 -0.7 -0.1 0.6 1.3 Mali0.0 -0.7 -1.0 5.3 0.9 0.8 -0.2 1.0 2.6 -1.2 Mauritania1.0 1.2 0.1 2.5 3.8 4.9 3.9 3.1 2.8 2.6 Mauritius0.1 -2.2 -1.8 -2.7 -2.6 14 0.1 0.7 0.8 -0.5 Mozambique

-3.4 -2.8 -0.9 -1.2 -1.0 1.6 -0.5 0.4 -14A. Namibia1.1 -0.9 -2.6 -1.4 -0.7 0.2 1.0 .. . .Niger

-5.4 -1.1 -7.4 -2.8 4.3 -1.3 -1.6 3.3 4.0 .. Nigeria0.6 -0.5 3.5 -017 -0.7 1.0 0.2 0.1 -0.2 -1.4 Rwanda

-1.0 1.6 0.4 -0.1 0.4 0.8 1.1 1.5 0.0 0.5 Senegal-1.3 -1.8 -1.5 5.0 2.7 0.6 -0.6 0.6 1.3 .. Seychelles-2.3 -2.2 -2.9 2.1 -3.5 1.5 0.1 -1.3 2.3 2.4 Sierra Leone.1.8 1.3 -1.6 0.3 0.2 2.4 0.5 -0.9 -LI1 -0.1 Somalia1.2 1.6 1.8 .0.9 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 -0.1 0.2 Sudan

Swaziland-0.9 -0.1 -1.7 0.6 -.04 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.8 Tanzania-3.8 0.6 -1.5 -2.1 1.3 0.4 0.9 2.1 0.7 -14 Togo-0.2 &.8 0.7 -0.2 -0.6 -0.5 1.1 1.4 1.0 0.8 Uganda0.1 .0.9 1.0 3.3 0.1 1.4 0.3 -0.5 -1.4 .. Zaire2.3 -0.3 -1.4 -1.3 0.8 -0.2 1.9 3.0 0.2 -0.2 Zambia2.8 -0.3 -0.9 -1.1 2.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 2.5 1.8 Zimbabwe

1.6 1.2 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.7 2 0 SOUTH ASIA

0.5 0.2 0.0 1.7 0.4 0.4 1.2 0.8 0.7 1.1 Bangladesh6.7 2.7 2.6 .0.1 0.1 2.3 13.6 -0.1 1.8 .. Bhutan2.0 1.2 2.4 1.6 1.9 2.1 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.2 India

Nepal0.0 2.4 1.1 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.4 1.2 1.6 Pakistan0.7 0.7 0.5 1.8 0.9 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.0 2.1 Sri Lanka

1.4 1.3 3.8 40 316 17 5.0 62 .13 (0o EASTASI4 AND PACIFIC~

0.7 2.2 3.6 5.4 7.2 3.7 5.6 8.4 3.4 3.9 China1.6 -1.5 -1.8 0.5 -1.5 2.5 -2.8 .1.0 3.1 1.0 Fiji1.9 -2.9 5.4 3.5 -0.1 2.4 1.9 1.9 2.9 3.0 Indonesia2.5 3.0 6.2 5.7 2.8 6.5 6.9 5.1 2.9 5.2 Korea, Republic of

Malaysia-. .. ~~Mongolia

-3.6 0.2 2.6 -1.8 4.0 3.6 -0.4 2.0 -3.6 0.8 Papua New Guinea1.8 0.7 0.3 -3.8 -3.6 -0.7 2.5 2.8 2.3 0.7 Philippines

-. Solomon Islands1.9 1.0 2.7 2.9 -0.1 2.6 4.3 6.1 6.1 5.8 Thailand

Tonga1.2 0.3 0.7 2.3 1.7 1.3 .. Vanuatu

.. c.. .y< ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Western Samoa.. .. .. . .. . .. - . . ...... ... ....

........... -:>..:.: ...:........ ~ ~

31

Table 8. Industry: contribution to growth of gross domestic product (cont'd)..................... . . . .............. ..... . *** ***.~. .

Pezc-auepoiau 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

LATINAMERJC4 AND CARIBBEiAN 28 23 3.3 4.3 23 0it 28 L.5 26 28 23

Argentin -0.5 2.5 1.4 0.5 2.3 -0.3 0.2 3.3 -3.1 3.0 -0.5Bahamas . . .. .. . ...

Barbados Li1 0.2 1.0 1A -1.1 -0.2 3.5 -1.2 1.3 3.0 1.0Belize . .. . .. 2.8 1.2 0.5 2.5 1.9 0.9 24Bolivia -1.1 2.2 3.8 7.4 -0.2 0.4 1.9 1.1 -1.1 -2.7 0.1Brazil 3.7 4.9 5.9 7.2 3.6 2.0 5.0 1.3 4.8 3.1 4.3ChiIeColombia 1.7 2.3 3.3 3.2 1.8 0.0 1.5 0.5 2.5 1.7 1.1Costa Rica 2.0 2.3 2.9 2.1 2.8 0.9 2.3 2.9 2.1 1.7 0.3Dominca Republic 4.3 4.2 4.2 5.5 1.5 2.3 2.2 1.4 -0.4 2.2 0.8Ecuador 1.4 3.0 12.6 21.0 -0.9 -0.3 5.3 0.8 3.5 2.5 .0.2El Salvador 0.8 1.6 1.7 1.0 1.3 2.3 1.3 2.4 0.8 .0.7 -2.7Grmnada.. . .. . .. . ...

Guatemala.. . .. . .. . . .

Guyana 2.0 1.5 -2.9 -1.1 3.7 4.0 -1.8 -1.4 -3.1 .0.7 1.3aigti

Honduras 0.9 0.6 1.6 3.0 1.2 0.1 1.2 3.0 3.1 3.9 -1.8amica7A IA 3.1 -0.2 -0.6 -2.1 -5.7 -2.8 .0.5 -lA4 4.2

Mexico 3.2 0.6 3.4 3.8 2.5 1.9 1.9 0.8 3.8 4.2 3.5Nicaragua 2.6 0.7 1.2 0.9 3.8 .0.2 1.1 3.0 -2.5 -7A 3.3Panama 2.0 2.8 0.9 2.5 -0.7 0.7 0.8 -1.8 2.7 1.6 2.3Paraguy 1.7 1.6 iS5 2.2 1.8 0.6 1.9 4.2 3.7 3.7 7.8Peru 2.9 1.2 14 2.2 3.3 0.3 1.2 0.4 1.1 2.9 2.0St. Vincent and the Grenadines . .. . .. . ... .. 2.3 4.1 1.5Trinidad and Tobago 1.5 1.5 3.2 1.0 3.2 -0.3 6.1 1.1 6.6 14 2.3Uruguay 0.4 -0.7 0.6 -0.7 0.8 3.2 1.4 1.8 3.3 3.0 1.2Venezuela 6.5 .0.7 -1.1 3.5 -2.0 -3.2 2.2 1.6 1.4 1.0 -2.1

MIDDLE PA STAND NOR THAFRICA . -3.1 6.8 3.6 -O4 4.2 42 1.0 -33 -25 -4.6

Algeria .. -8.5 17.9 2.7 -9.7 -2.3 5.1 3.4 4.5 1.7 0.6Egypt, Arab Republic of 2.0 1. 0.4A -0.5 -1.1 4.2 3.9 5.7 4.6 2.7 4.3Iran, Islamic Republic of 6.1 -3.5 54 3.9 0.8 -1.5 3.7 -0.7 -6.9 -5.1 -8.9Jordan ..... .. ..

Morocco 1.1 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.4 3.9 3.5 3.0 -0.4 2.9 -0.5Oman .. . . . . . . . . -3A4 -0.2Saudi Arabia 6.7 10.2 11.6 14.0 9.8 -0.7 3.4 9.1 1.3 2.1 4.8Syrian Arab Republic 3.1 3.0 2.1 0.3 3.8 4.2 2.9 -0.9 0.7 0.6 1.2Tunisia 2.5 2.0 4.1 0.3 1.2 4.5 -0.3 2.3 2.9 3.6 3.1

EUROPE .. . - - - .

Bulparia . . . . . . ...

Czechoslovakia . . . . . . . .

Greece 2.4 3.6 3.8 3.9 .3.7 1.7 2.8 1.5 2.0 1.9 -0.8Hungaiy 2.6 2.6 2.5 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.3 2.6 2.2 2.1 -0.7

Romania . . . . . .. .. 4.7 1.8 84Turkey 1.3 1.6 1.9 3.3 2.5 2.9 3.2 2.9 2.1 -1.2 -1.5Yugoslavia 2.9 3.0 8.5 1.7 4.6 3.4 1.9 4.6 4.5 3.3 1.6

Low- &middle-income economleB 3.7 1.5 3.3 3.3 1IA 1.1 2.7 2.0 LS8 1.5 1.0

Low-income economies 3.8 2.1 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.4 1.5 2.7 2.5 1.4 2.0Low-inowme Africa 4.7 3.9 2.8 0.4 3.0 -2.0 3.4 1.1 .0.8 2.6 0.2China and India 4.0 2.1 1.2 1.5 04 2.7 0.5 3.0 3.8 1.0 2.4Other low-income 2.5 04 1.5q 3.9 1.7 0.7 2.7 34 1.8 1.8 2.2

MMkid-ncome ecoonomIes 3.6 1.6 44 44 2.0 0.8 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.6 0.9

High-Income economies - 046 1.8 3.2 -0 -1.9 2.2 0.3 1.5 1.5 -04

OECD membera 0.9 0.6 1.8 3.2 -0.8 -1.9 2.1 0.3 1.5 1.4 .0.4Japan 5A 2.4 3.5 3.9 -4.6 0.4 2.3 0.9 2.1 2.9 IA4UniW tedates -1.5 0.2 2.0 2.6 -1.3 -2.0 2.1 1.7 1.7 04 -1.0

WORLD .. U 2.1 3.3 .0. LS 23 0.6 1.5 1.5 .0.

32

1961 198 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

-4.7 -2.4 2.0 0.3 -2.7 35 0.6 -1.7 -2.9 .. Argentn

-0.2 -1.6 0.7 0.6 -1.2 14 -0.3 1.5 1.2 .. Barbados0.8 -0.8 -0.7 -0.2 0.0 0.9 3.2 2.3 3.0 .. Belize-0.9 -2.8 -1.3 -2.2 -3.1 -2A 0.5 3.7 2.9 24 Bolivia-4.1 0.1 -2.6 2.7 3.8 5.2 0.5 -1.2 1.7 -3.1 Brazil

Chile-0.3 -0.1 1.0 2.2 1.9 3.4 2.1 1.3 1.4 1.8 Colombia-1.2 -3.8 1.1 3.0 0.4 1.8 14 0.5 1.4 0.6 Costa Rica0.9 -1.3 2.4 0.1 -2.0 1.6 4.8 -0.2 0.8 -3.2 Dominican Republic2.5 0.1 24 1.2 1.5 0.4 -7.6 8.2 -1.2 0.6 Ecuador-2.3 -1.6 0.5 0.1 0.9 0.6 0.7 -2.7 0.6 0.1 El Salvador3.3 1.4 -2. -0.7 1.6 1.6 2.3 2.2 2.5 1.8 Grenada

-0.6 -0.2 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.8 0A Guatemala-0.8 -7.5 -7.5 0.7 1.3 -0.8 0.3 -1.0 . .. GUYan

Haiti-2.1 1.1 0.5 1.4 -0.2 1.3 0.3 1.6 0.7 -1.3 Honduras0.4 -0.7 1.2 -1.5 -2.2 1.5 3.1 14 6.3 2.8 Jamaica34 -0.8 -3.3 1.7 1.7 -2.0 1.2 0.9 1.9 2.0 Mexico0.6 -0.6 1.2 0.2 -0.6 0.8 -0.4 -5.5 -1.3 -0.9 Nicaragua0.1 1.9 -2.5 -1.1 0.4 0.8 0.5 -5.0 -0.3 1.1 Panama2.0 -1.3 -5.7 0.6 0.8 -0.1 0.7 1.1 1.1 - 'Paraguay0.4 0.1 -5.7 1.6 0.9 3.4 3.1 -3.8 -4.5 -1.3 Pemu0.5 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 2.2 2.6 1.3 2.1 -0.3 St. Vincent and the Grenadintes0.9 -5.2 -4.1 -2.9 -1.2 -3.2 -3.4 -1.6 -0.7 0.6 Trindad and Tobago-1.1 -4.9 -3.6 0.5 -1.5 3.5 3.9 0.6 -0.8 -0.2 Uruguay-0.8 -1.5 -2.1 2.9 -0.4 3.0 1.5 2.6 -3.9 3.6 Venezuela

29 'Le 29 1.2 1.5 -02 0.1 0.6 1.3 20 MaDDLE EA STAND NOR THAFR ICA

5.2 34 6.1 4.0 2.7 -0.1 -4.7 -0.91 -1.6 0.7 Algeria1.1 0.7 2.0 2.6 2.3 0.5 0.7 Li1 0.5 -0.7 Egypt, Arab Republic of2.4 5.8 1.9 -1.0 -0.1 -1.8 0.4 0.3 2.3 2.1 Iran, Islamic Republic of

2.4 -3.3 1.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 -2.2 Jordan.0.9 1.0 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.3 0.5 2.7 -0.9 2.3 Morocco

12.0 6.5 15.5 11.1 12.9 8.3 0.7 .. . .Oman

3.4 -7.2 -6.9 -8.4 -5.0 7.4 -2.0 5.2 -0.4 .. Saudi Arabia0.2 1.2 0.9 -1.6 4.1 -2.2 1.1 3.6 4.5 6.6 Syrian Arab Republic2.4 0.0 2.3 1.3 0.6 -0.3 0.1 0.8 1.8 1.8 Tumisxa

0.8 0.7 L7 L9 0.8 L18 1:4 0.6 -0.2 .EUROPE.

2.8 4.9 4.3 3.6 3.0 3.2 3.3 1.5 0.1 -7.3 Bulgaria0.8 -1.1 0.8 1.7 1.8 1.1 1.6 2.0 0.6 .. Czechoslovakia-0.5 -0.7 0.1 04 1.1 0.0 -0.5 1.5 0.7 0.2 GTeece2.9 0.5 0.8 0.6 -1.1 -0.2 1.6 -0.9 -0.4 -3.2 Hungar

Makta0.9 2.2 1.5 2.5 . .. Poland

- - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Portugal-1.1 3.0 5.7 3.2 -0.9 3.2 0.4 -1.8 -4.0 .. Romania1.8 1.3 2.1 2.8 1.9 3.0 3.2 0.8 1.1 2.1 Turkey1.1 .0.9 -0.7 1.7 1.0 2.0 1.1 -0.3 0.4 -5.2 Yugoslavia

0.6 0.7 1.0 2.1 1L8 2.0 1.8 2.0 IA 14 Low- & middle-income economies

0.8 0.8 2.2 2.7 3.3 2.3 2.8 4.1 2.3 2.6 Low-income economies-1.6 -0.2 -1.9 -0.5 1.4 0.1 0.1 1.2 1.3 .. Low-income Africa1.3 1.7 3.0 3.5 4.7 3.0 3.8 5.6 2.7 3.1 China and India1.0 -0.6 2.7 2.4 0.7 14 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.6 Other low-income

0.6 0.1 0.0 1.2 0.8 2.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 .Middle-income economies

0.0 -04A 0 2.0 1.2 0.0 2.2 - - .High-income economies

0.0 .0.6 0.8 2.0 1.2 0.1 1.2 O. . . ECD) members1.7 1.2 0.7 24 2.5 -0.5 3.0 3.7 2.4 .. Japan0.3 -1.6 1.2 3.1 0.9 0.3 1.1 .. . .United States

0.1 -05 . 2.0 1.2 04 1.3 -- WORLD

33

Table 9. Services: contribution to growth of gross domestic product

Penrkeiaepoint 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

SUB-SAHARANAFR (CA 0.3 ±1 -0.2 1.9 26 1.4 3.1 1LS 0.3 0.1 1.&ckdhrgWNige Y a 1.8 3-.5 LO L 9 4. . . 0.8

Benin .. 1.1 3.3 3.3 1.9 -1.4 -1.6 3.7 -1.8 3.4 5.3Botawana -16.4 9.6 14.1 9.5 4.7 1.2 6.8 2.5 3.6 9.6 10.2Burkina Faso .. -0.4 2.8 -1.2 6.5 -2.8 3.3 9.2 0.5 8.5 -1.7Burundi 2.6 2.9 -0.3 0.1 1.5 -2.3 4.4 6.0 -0.8 0.7 -1.3Cameroon 1.3 1.3 0.8 3.3 8.1 -1.8 2.6 4.9 11. 1.2 5.6Cape Verde.. . .. . .. . ...

Central African Republic 1.3 -0.3 0.5 1.5 3.0 .0.6 4.1 1.7 .0.6 -1.3 4.2Chad 1.8 -1.3 -0.7 -2.0 2.7 3.8 2.0 1.6 -0.3 -10.7 -5.2Comoros.. . .. . .. ....

Congo, People's Republic 0.9 6.9 6.3 4.2 3.1 2.2 -0.1 -45 4.8 3.4 9.1C8te dlIvoire 1.2 2.7 4.5 2.3 11.6 3.5 0.3 -0.9 4.1 0.5 -8.1Equatorial Guinea . . . . .. . . .

Ethiopia 3.5 1.7 2.5 2.4 1.7 1.4 1.9 2.7 0.0 3.2 0.6

Gambia, The -5.2 627 3.9 2.5 10.6 0.8 9.3 2.8 -4.1 16.6 -9.8Ghana 2.1 2.6 -2.8 0.1 2.6 -2.1 -2.0 3.6 2.5 -0.6 -0.7Guinea-Bissau .. 7.9 -2.1 5.2 2.0 2.9 7.7 -3.8 -0.2 4.9 2.5Kenya -0.6 12.1 6.8 3.3 4.4 -1.3 1.6 3.4 3.4 5.8 4.0Lesotho .. 6.3 18.5 16.5 -22 0.2 8.4 1.7 9.9 -2.7 6.6

Madagascar .. 6.7 -2.3 -3.0 -1.9 1.4 1.2 0.9 -1.1 5.7 0.5Malawi 0.3 8.1 -1.1 5.5 4.9 2.6 1.0 -0.3 6.5 3.2 2.8Mali -0.1 4.6 2.9 4.2 1.3 -0.7 4.3 0.7 2.1 3.2 0.8Mauritania 10.0 4.8 -10.4 2.9 7.4 1.7 4.8 -0.9 -0.3 2.0 1.7Mauritius .. -0.3 0.6 7.9 3.7 9.9 4.4 5.3 3.8 4.5 -1.0Mozambique . . .. . . . ...

Niger 2.3 1.5 -0.8 .4A 32 2.8 1.3 1.2 5.5 2.1 2.4Nigeria -42 -2.8 -42 4.9 -0.6 7.2 -0.2 1.5 -1.0 -1.4 3.3Rwanda .. . . . . . . 2.5 6.5 -0.7 5.9Senegal 5.6 4.3 0.3 -0.5 -3.4 5.5 3.4 -3.5 2.3 3.2 1.1Seychelles .. . . . . . . 7.8 6.0 12.0 -2.3Sierra Leone 3.2 3.6 12 2.2 5.5 0.1 -1.9 2.0 -8.3 2.9 0.6SomaHia .. 2.8 6.5 3.7 -2.5 3.0 -4.0 4.2 8.3 -1.8 -7.2Sudan -4A4 2.7 -0.8 -2.6 0.1 8.5 13.9 6.7 -1.1 -3.1 2.2Swaziland . . .. . .. . ...

Tanzania 3.9 3.1 12 5.3 4.7 -0.9 5.4 .0.3 3.1 1.A 0.6Togo 4.4 -0.1 3.4 1.3 2.6 1.1 -2.4 4.6 6.9 -3.7 6.7Uganda 0.7 7.8 -2.8 -5.3 2.1 -3A4 2.7 -0.1 -4.7 -2.4 1.0Zaire 2.8 3.7 -0.4 5.1 1.0 -3.3 -4.4 2.1 -3.4 0.9 0.3Zambia 3.3 -0.6 4.0 -0.7 1.9 -1.3 4.0 -1.7 -1.2 -0.2 2.2Zimbabwe 18.8 2.6 1.9 1.6 2.9 -0.8 0.6 -0.6 -2.5 1I4 6.5

SO U)77ASI4 ±1 1.5 0.5 05 1.4 28 22 1.6 27 (17 1.7

Bangldesh 3.1 0.3 -2.0 -3.5 5.0 2.4 2.2 1.0 2.1 2.4 1.8

India 1.8 1.8 0.7 0.0 1.4 2.6 2.2 1.5 2.6 0.6 1.1

Pakistan 4.9 0.9 0.6 4.2 0.0 4.4 2.8 1.6 5.1 1.0 5.9Sri Lanka -0.7 3.1- -3.1 8.1 2.9 6.9 1.1 2.9 -0.2 3.1 3.4

EASTASL4AND PACIFIC 6£3 U1 2±3 . 29 1.5 28 . (10 (1i 46 27 .12

China 10.0 2.5 2.4 1.9 -1.0 3.0 -4.5 4.1 4.5 1.8 4.5Fiji 7.5 8.8 5.6 7.3 4.5 1.6 12 0.0 2.2 4.6 -04AIndonesia 1.0 3.6 -0.6 -1.7 3.8 4.7 0.8 3.5 5.0 2.9 3.2Korea, Republic of 6.1 6.3 3.1 7.0 3.3 3.3 5.2 5.1 6.2 3.2 0.6

Mongolia . . . . . .. .

Papua New Guinea . . . . .. . ...

PhilippI-e 2.1 1.3 1.1 2.8 2.4 2.6 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.5Solomon Islandas. . . . . . . .

Thailand 5.8 1.4 2.2 4.5 2.3 2.4 3.1 4.2 4.1 3.3 3.1

Vanuatu . . .. . .. . . .

............ .. .........

34

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1"8 1989 1990

26 0.9 1.3 -0.3 L7 L8 0.2 0.5 -0.1 SUB-SAHAR4NAFRIC4L9 LI LI 0.0 21 20 0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.8 F-W&hg Nigefia

. . . . . .... . ........ . . .9.9 2.9 -2.4 O') 1.1 4A -2.2 4.6 Benin1.5 2.3 5.9 4.1 7.1 5.5 8.2 6.4 6.3 Botswana2.0 7.1 0.5 -1.9 4.8 3.3 0.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 Burkina Faso2.4 2.0 0.7 2.1 3.0 0.7 1.5 3.9 2.6 -0.2 Burundi1.3 -3.3 2.8 2.1 13.1 1.8 -1.5 4.7 -8.5 -1.1 Cameroon7.8 6.4 6.9 3.7 3.0 1.6 4.4 1.7 3.5 Cape Verde

-0.4 6.9 -6.3 5.2 1.9 -1.3 -3.4 OA 0.0 0.0 Central African Republic2.8 1.3 6.4 5.6 6.9 2.0 -0.9 4.4 3.0 0.0 Chad

1.8 1.7 0.9 0.6 1.2 0.1 Comoros14.7 13.1 1.3 4.0 0.5 -3.8 4A -0.1 -0.9 -0.3 Congo, People's Republic0.2 7.1 2.2 -2.7 IA 0.7 -0.7 4.9 -14 -0.8 COte d'lvoire

-1.3 0.0 3.5 -1.2 1.0 Equatorial Guinea0.3 1.8 2.0 1.8 0.3 2.3 2.3 3.9 -0.3 -1.5 Ethiopia

Gabon1.8 6.7 1.0 1.1 -0.8 -2.6 4.1 8.1 1.0 2A Gambia, The1.5 -0.6 1.3 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.9 2-5 2 1 3.1 Ghana8.7 0.5 -2.1 -1.2 OA -0.5 4.4 3.8 0.8 1.4 Guinea-Bissau1.3 -0.9 0.7 2.5 1.9 U 3.6 3.5 2 2 3.0 Kenya4.1 0.5 3.5 5.7 -1.0 1.8 2.5 1.9 -1.4 0.1 Lesotho

Uberia-5.0 -1.3 -0.1 -0.8 0.3 0.4 -0.3 2.3 2.1 2 Madapscu-1.7 0.1 1.5 3.5 3.1 -0.5 1.2 0.8 2.8 2.7 Malawi3.3 1.8 2.0 3.4 1.6 2.2 2.9 -0.6 1.7 1.2 Mali0.8 -1.9 0.2 -5.0 1.0 1.5 2.2 3.1 0.2 4.8 Mauritania1.2 1.3 2.6 2 7 1.7 3.5 6.5 4.3 2.8 1.8 MauritiusOA -13 -1.8 0.3 -6.6 -0.5 2.0 0.1 1.1 1.6 Mozambique4.9 -0.6 0.8 0.4 5.9 4.3 -2.1 4.4 -1.6 Namibia0.4 0.4 -2.3 -12.5 -1.2 3.3 1.6 Niger4.3 0.1 1.2 -2.6 0.5 0.6 -0.6 -0.1 0.7 Nigerk

iLl -3.6 0.6 0.0 6.0 3.1 0.1 0.9 -1.4 -2.2 Rwanda1.1 84 0.6 -0.3 2.2 1.7 2.1 1.3 0.0 2.1 Senegal

-6.6 1.2 4A 3.8 7.6 -0.3 6.0 3.8 4.0 Seychelles10.6 1.0 0.1 0.0 -3.7 -2.2 2.5 -0.5 4.0 -0.1 Sieffa Leone1.3 0.5 0.1 -4.8 1.8 2.0 -0.7 -2.0 2.8 -3.5 Somalia2.4 -2.2 3.7 -2.5 -2.1 2.6 0.4 2.7 -0.8 0.9 Sudan

Swaziland-0.6 -0.9 -0.4 1.6 -1.7 1.8 l.; 2.O" Tanzania0.3 -2.0 -3.9 -0.1 0.5 1.4 0.0 0.8 0.7 1.3 Togo3.0 6.9 3.3 -0.8 -2.9 -1.4 0.7 0.6 1.5 1.8 Upnda1.5 -0.8 -0.1 1.5 -0.4 2.7 1.8 0.2 -1.4 Zaire3.1 -1.3 -lA -0.3 0.6 -0.6 1A 0.5 0.3 IA Zambia7.8 3.9 4.6 -4.0 1.2 2.1 -0.1 -5.9 10.6 0.9 Zimbabwe

28 29 L5 22 3.9 29 27 27 22 Z4 SOUTHASU

7.6 0.7 2.5 1.0 3.0 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.2 2.2 Bangladesh2.1 -2.1 1.9 2.6 1.3 4.6 3.1 2.6 0.4 Bhutan2.3 3.1 1.1 2.2 4.2 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.3 2.3 India

Nepal4.9 2.7 4.3 4.9 2.9 2.0 3.6 4.6 2.1 3.1 Pakistan2.8 6.0 1.9 -2.0 6A 2.1 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.9 SriLanka

2 4 25 3.4 -13 2 7 28 3.3 2 0 1.6 L2 EASTASUANDPACIFIC

1.5 2A 3.5 4-5 4.5 3.4 3.8 OA -0.9 -1.0 China1.9 -4.9 1.9 2.7 1.6 1.3 -2.1 2.6 6.9 3.2 Fiji4.2 2.2 2.8 2.2 1.8 2.8 2.5 2.8 3.5 3.4 Indonesia2.3 3.2 4.6 3.7 3.6 5.2 5.6 5.2 3.7 4.2 Korea, Republic of

Mapia

monviiaIA 0.6 0.1 0.4 1.3 -0.8 2.3 0.0 1.3 -2.1 Papua New Guinea1.2 1.5 12 -3.1 -1.8 1.2 2.8 2.7 2A 1.4 Philippi-

Solomon Islands3.3 2A 3.6 3.3 23 2.4 5.4 5.7 5.3 4.7 Itailand

Tonga3.9 1.3 -0.7 -0-5 1.0 1.3 Vanuatu

Westem Samoa

35

Table 9. Services- contribution to growth of gross domestic product (cont'd)

LA7iN AERICA4 AND CARIBBEAN 318 314 3.S 319 19 2.1 2.9 2.6 0.7 31 3.3

Argentin 7.0 1.1 0.5 1.9 2.8 0.2 -1.1 2.9 -0.7 3.8 3.1Bahamas.. .. .... . .

Barbados 7.7 5.9 2.9 -0.7 -3.0 4.6 -42 52 4.8 3.9 3.1Belize . .. . .. 8.8 L.6 1.7 -3.2 4.6 5.9 1.0Bolivia -0.2 1.1 0.0 .3A 4.4 4.2 2.9 3.3 3.9 2.8 -4ABrazil 4.9 5.3 5.9 7.2 5.4 2.5 4.6 2.3 -L.3 3.2 4.2ChileColombia '4.7 3.5 2.8 3.0 2.8 1.0 2.6 2.9 4.4 2.7 2.6Costa Rica 4.6 3.4 4.0 4.4 2.9 0.5 1.0 5.6 2.9 3.2 0.5Dominican Republic 5.0. 5.3 5.2 5.3 4,3 3.1 3.0 3.1 1.8 1.9 44Ecuador 3.4 2.5 3.0 7.2 5.3 5.2 3.9 5.2 4.0 2.6 4.1El Salyador 14 2.6 3.5 3.7 3.8 2.1 3.5 3.0 4.1 -1.4 -5.0Grenada.. ..........

Guatemala.. . ., . .. . ...

Guyan 2.7 -0.2 2.6 2.6 0.2 4.8 2.3 -0O4 .0.5 0.5 0.3

Honduras 4.2 0.8 3.8 3.4 0.3 4.0 6.9 6.1 3.7 0.7 3.3Jamaica 4.2 0.9 5.9 1.3 -2.9 1.2 -1.4 40.1 0.4 0.0 -L.7Meidco 3.5 2.9 5.0 4.0 3.3 3.6 2.3 1.7 3.9 5.3 4.3Nicaragua -5.7 1.4 0.9 2.8 7.2 -0.5 32 4.1 -7.4 -13.9 8.7Panama 5.1 5.8 4.2 2.7 4.0 0.2 0.1 2.3 6.2 3.5 13.6Parauay 1.0 3.3 3.7 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.7 44 5.7 5.5 4.3Peru 1.2 3.3 2.0 3.1 5.4 3.3 0.5 0.0 40.8 2.4 3.2St. Vincent and the Crenadines . .. . .. . ... .. 5.0 2.1 2.9

Trinidad and Tobago 1.2 -0.1 1.8 1.3 0.5 0.8 2.4 5.5 4.5 1.1 5.6Uruguay 0.5 1.5 -0.5 0.7 1.7 2.0 2.2 -0.8 2.6 3.1 3.0Venezuela 10 2.1 2.5 3.3 3.9 5.7 5.7 4.3 0.9 -04 -2.5

MiDDLE EA4STAND NOR THAFRICA .11 A9 5.3 2.6 4.2 9.8 6.1 -314 Li -2.5

Algeria .. 0.5 1.9 Li1 14.8 4.4 3.6 2.8 3.5 4.8 -1.1E'ypt, Arab Republic of 2.9 2.4 -1.3 4.3 4.8 3.4 11.0 8.3 1.4 4.0 5.5Iran, Ialamic Republic of 5.4 5.1 6.7 10.3 2.3 3.0 13.0 7.9 -10.3 -5.1 -10.6Jordan.. ..........

Morocco 2.8 0.7 0.8 3.5 2.6 4.1 4.8 4.2 0.5 2.0 7.3Oman .. . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.3Saudi Arabia 2.6 4.1 3.7 5.7 5.7 0.2 3.9 6.0 2.7 3.2 4.5Syria Arab Republic 1.5 4.1 1.0 9.3 4.9 14.6 22 4.1 1.0 84 -0.9Tunisia 2.9 48 9.6 1.5 1.9 1.6 6.8 3.3 2.5 3.9 2.7

EUROPE . - ... ....... :.. . ~ ~ --

Bulgaria.. ..........

Czechoslovakia . . . ~ . . . . .

Greece 3.5 2.7 3.8 3.5 -0.5 3.1 3.5 2.9 3.1 2.5 0.9Hungai 4.3 2.6 3.4 3.5 2.1 3.2 1.9 24 2.4 -0.3 0.2

Roai . . . .. . . . . 2.2 6.9 -1.3

Turkey 3.0 4.3 5.1 3.4 3.9 3.7 3.9 2.0 0.7 -0.3 0.4Yugoslavia 3.0 4.7 -5.6 -0.6 9.2 -2.3 2.3 2.8 5.5 1.4 1.0

Low- & middle-income ecosnomles 3.3 2.8 2.0 3.2 2.7 2.5 3.6 3.2 0.9 2.0 1.7

Low-income economies 3.0 1.9 0.6 0.9 1.0 3.0 0.7 2.9 2.8 Li1 2.8Low-income AfrIca -0.9 1.8 -1.0 L.6 0.9 3.1 2.3 2.7 -0.1 -0.2 1.9China and India 4.5 1.9 L.3 0.7 0.3 2.8 -0.7 2.7 3.3 0.8 2.7Other low-income 2.2 2.0 -0.4 1.0 3.0 3.8 3.2 3.7 3.6 2.6 3.7

Middle-inowme economies 3.5 3.2 2.5 4.1 34 2.2 4.7 3.5 0.3 24 2.4

HwIg-ncome economies - 2.3 3.0 2.3 Ls8 1. 2.3 3.6 2.6 1.9 146

OECD members 2. 3 2.9 24 L.7 1.7 2.3 3.5 2.6 1.9. 1.5Japan 6.1 22 4.1 3.7 1.0 2.4 2.1 3.8 2.7 2.7 2.5United States 14 311 1.0 2.1 0.6 0.9 2.9 217 34 2.4 1.0

WORLD 2.4 2.8 2.4 19 1.9 2. 3.5 2.3 1.9 LA

36

(4 -4 7(4 -4.8 1.6 1.5 21 1.6 A7 (9 (40 LA 77NAMERIC.AND CARJBBF.4N

-2.4 .4.1 0.7 1.6 -1.5 2.3 1.5 -1.2 -0.7 .. ArgentinaBahamas

-1.2 -3.2 -0.9 1.8 1.5 8.6 1.9 5.9 3.0 .. Barbados0.7 -2.0 1.5 5.2 2.3 3.9 6.6 7.2 10.6 .. Belize2.1 -3.4 1.7 -1.5 0.1 0.4 1.1 -0.7 0.3 0.1 Bolivia-1.0 0.6 -0.8 2.3 3.5 3.6 1.6 1.0 1.7 -0.9 Brazil

C'hile1.8 L5 0.0 1.1 1.1 2.1 2.1 2.3 1.0 1.2 Colombia-1.9 -2A4 1.0 3.0 1.5 2.9 2.6 2.1 3.0 2.5 Costa Rica2.1 2.3 IA 0.2 0.3 1.5 1.4 IS 3.0 -0.6 Domnxican Republic0.7 0.8 -2.6 1.7 1.6 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.2 Ecuador-4.9 -3.2 0.6 1.6 1.6 0.9 1.7 5.9 0.4 2.0 El Salvador

7.2 1.8 3.7 4.0 2.0 4.0 Grenada0.7 -0.5 -0.1 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.2 Guatemala

2.0 -5.7 1.9 -1.6 -0. 1.3 1.4 2.0 . .. GuyanaHaiti

2.8 -3.0 -0.6 1.0 3.2 1.1 4.1 3.4 1.2 0.1 Honduras1.9 2.1 0.8 -0.5 -2A 0.7 3.0 0.8 0.3 0.8 Jamaica4.9 0.3 -1.0 1.8 0.8 -1.7 0.6 0.9 1.6 1.7 Mexico1.8 -1.1 1.5 -0.5 -2.1 0.0 0.6 -5.2 -1.6 -2.4 Nicaagua3.3 3.8 2.6 0.5 3.8 2.9 1.1 -10.2 -1.0 2.1 Panama4.0 -0.3 1.3 0.9 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.5 .. Paragay3.3 -0.2 -5.8 1.9 0.9 5.2 4.7 -5.3 -6.6 -2.4 Peru1.8 7.4 3.2 3.8 3.7 1.1 10.5 3.6 4.1 3.2 St. Vincent and the Grenadines3.0 0.4 -3.6 -3.9 -4.2 0.8 -3.0 -2.0 -0.9 -1.8 Trinidad and Tobago2.0 -3.7 -6.6 0.1 1.8 4.9 3.4 -0.4 1.0 0.8 Urugua0.6 -0.7 -1.7 -1.5 0.2 3.0 1.8 2.9 -4.4 1.7 Venezuela

-1.2 15 3.2 1.9 1.6 -24 as8 -1.0 L.e 3.1 WDDLE EASTAND NOR THAFRJCA

-2.2 4.0 -0.5 -0.5 0.0 IA4 6.1 0.0 5.7 0.5 Algeria2.4 9.0 5.0 3.0 3.6 1.7 1.4 2.3 1.5 1.7 Egypt, Arab Republic of3.5 7.2 7.6 4.6 3.7 -6.9 -2.6 -4.2 -0.7 6.9 Iran, Islam-ic Republic of

1.0 4.0 7.5 2.5 -0.6 -5.3 -6.1 Jordan1.2 4.2 0.6 3.2 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.7 1.7 1.9 Morocco4.7 3.8 2.0 4.2 2.2 -1.6 1.1 .. .. . Oman3.6 2.0 -1.0 -0A -0.2 -2.8 -0.7 1.1 0.2 .. Saudi Arabia8.4 2.2 0.8 -0.4 0O4 -3.6 3.9 1.5 -0.8 3.0 Syrian Arab Republic2.1 1.2 2.0 2.5 2A 0.9 3.2 4.3 1.2 1.8 Tunisia

-1.0 -413 1.2 07 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.0 L.i - EUROPE

1.2 -4.0 27 -2.0 2.7 -1.7 4.8 1.3 -0.2 -3.8 Bulgaria0.1 1.2 1.5 -0.2 0.8 0.5 -0.7 0.5 0.7 .. Czechoslovakia0.8 0.8 1.6 1.4 1.7 0.9 0.6 1.6 1.5 0.9 Greeoe0.4 -0.4 -0.1 1.3 1.7 1.1 3.4 -0.7 1.1 -1.5 Hungay

Malta3.5 1.3 1.4 1A . . Poland

Portugal1.3 0.3 0.4 1.6 0.6 -0.1 14 0.4 -1.1 .. Romania24 2.3 1.8 24 2.7 3.7 3.9 1.4 2.3 4.8 Turkey-0.2 0.5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.6 0.7 -3.3 -0.8 -0.5 -1A Yugoslaia

L.i1. £3 1.7 2.0 IA L8 .1 1.2 0.7 Low- & middle-income eoonomies

2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 3.2 2.6 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.8 Low-income economies2.6 0.0 1.2 -0.9 0.0 1.5 0.9 1.4 0.4 L.Iow-inoome Africa1.9 2.6 2.3 3.1 4.2 3.2 3.2 1.3 0.6 0.4 China and India3.8 3.2 3.1 2.4 2.8 1.8 1.9 2.9 2.3 2.1 Other low-income

0A 0.8 1.0 1.5 14 0.6 1.5 0.9 1.3 .. Middle-income economies

IA 0A 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.1 .. .. . High-income economies

1.3 0.4 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.6 2.1 .. . .OECD members1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.5 3.2 1.0 2.6 2.1 .. Japan1.7 -1.0 3.1 3.6 2.5 2.9 2.5 .. . .United States

1.3 0. 1.9 2.2 2.1 24 2.0 WOR

37

Table 10. Total consumption: contribution to growth of gross domestic product

-tPeeUgeohbu 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 195 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

SUJB-SAILAR4NAYRICA 27 7.2 -1.0 0.1 7.7 54 .14 6.8 9.1 -&4 6.1ErcludinNigeuia 2.6 6.5 1.1 -0.2 4.8 2-3 2 9 6.1 4.3 1.1 1i

Benin 3.2 0.3 3.3 4.7 -3.1 -3.0 -0.9 8.6 3.1 2.2 3.3Botswana 2.7 -4.5 9.1 24.6 19.2 2.9 6.4 4.9 10.2 14.2 13.4Burkina Faso -42 1.0 -2.2 -1.2 6.8 7.3 6.2 9.2 0.1 5.3 4.2Burundi 37.1 42.8 -2.6 4.1 -3.5 7.5 3.9 12.2 -4.6 4.6 2.3Cameroon 0.4 7.7 0.02 0.7 9.2 0.7 5.2 9.0 2.9 13.6 10.8Cape Verde . . . .. -12.3 8.0 9.8 11.4 16.2 3.4 28.2Central African Republic 3.2 -1.6 1.9 -0.6 -OS5 2.5 7.1 12.3 4.5 -3.8 2.3ChadComoros . . .. . .. . . .

Congo, People's Republic 9.0 -1.0 -0.7 -1.6 -0.6 3.7 12.6 -10.1 9.8 -6.7 15.0COte d'Ivoire 6.6 9.6 2.6 6.7 2.4 10.5 3.4 2.3 12.6 3.2 -9.4Equatorial Guinea.. . . , .. . ...

Gabon 3.4 5.2 &.8 5.1 0.3 8.6 627 3.9 4.6 -5.6 6.1Gambia, The -30.4 41.2 1.5 5.7 -2.1 -9.6 52.8 9.2 53.6 -49.5 12.2Ghana -1.6 0.7 -9.0 9.1 15.4 -15.2 -3.4 6.6 14.2 -5.6 6.5Guinea-Bissau -. 16.7 21.7 12.1 11.7 -16.9 -1.5 -16.8 1.2 -10.4 -6.6Kenya -9.1 32.9 13.9 -5.5 11.5 3.3 -2.7 6.1 10.6 8&3 -1.8L.esotho itO 16.9 33.0 36.2 27.3 21.7 26.1 6.7 21.7 3.5 -6.9

Madagapa 6.0 7.2 -3.8 -3.5 -3.9 0.7 -5.9 4.4 -0.9 14.0 1.4Malawi -11.0 24.6 -1.8 0.7 1.4 5.8 3.6 1.1 4.4 6.2 5.0Mali 4.5 05 9.4 -1.3 9.4 7.4 9.2 -OS5 8.2 10.1 -1.3Mauritania 9.7 0.4 -1.2 -2.1 1027 -2.3 24.4 -5.0 -5.2 0.7 -5.6Mauritius 10.4 4.0 0.9 -3.5 22.0 11.3 &.0 7.3 4.2 2.5 -3.9Mozambique . . . - . . - -

Niger -4.2 4.5 -5.7 -22.9 28.7 -20.0 0.5 7.1 3.0 15.0 7.0Nigeria 2.8 9.8 -9.0 1.3 17.2 13.6 4.3 8&6 24.3 .41.0 22.0Rwanda 3.8 1.9 0.8 -1.0 5.8 -0.3 4.3 6.5 10.6 9.8 105Senegal 6.4 1.3 0.6 -1.6 1.3 7.6 6.0 0.7 1.0 8.1 -0.5Seychells. .... .. . .. .-

Sierra Leone 5.9 3.9 -2.0 11.0 5.5 -4.6 -1.6 9.4 8.2 13.6 2.3Somalia 3.5 72 -1.1 4.8 -15.5 34.4 -0.9 53.5 -8.1 13.5 -23.0Sudan 2.4 9.1 0.1 -10.6 4.3 13.8 84 18.9 1.7 -8.2 -0.1

Tanzania 2.5 3.2 9.2 8.8 7.4 0.2 -7.4 -0.1 20.2 -6.3 2.3Togo 1.4 -20.3 5.5 3.4 5.2 -7.3 17.3 -0.1 -0.7 2.7 10.7Uganda ...........

Zaire 3.5 4.1 0.9 8.8 2.1 -4.3 -4.6 -3.8 -2.5 -3.8 -2.1Zambia -10.8 4.0 1.5 -94 1.1 3.2 0.9 -0.4 -5.2 11.8 0.2Zimnbabwe .. . . .. . . . -1A 3.7 5.3 8A

SOUMHA.SL 19 -0.1 -0.7 -1.2 20 4.8 1.5 66 5.4 -15 155

Bangladesh 4.9 -2.8 -535 .14.9 23.7 -1.7 6.4 -6.4 10.9 4.9 1.0

India 4.7 0.5" 0.5 I 1.0- -0.4" 6.1l 0.6" 7.5 4.9" -5.9 5.5"

Pakistan 22.1 -4.3 -8.6 2.6 10.0 -0.6 5.1 6.3 7.9 9.0 8.2Sri L anka -3.6 0.2 -5.9 11.3 1.6 1.5 2.5 8.4 5.6 2.2 6.5

EASTASU4AND PACIFIC 1 .15 3.7 5.7 4.5 18 1.5 4.9 6.6 .9 514

China 12.7 2.3 4.3 4.8 2.8 3.3 -2.6 5.4 7.0 4.7 8.2Fiji 11.7 6.8 6.4 12.4 7.9 IS5 5.8 4.1 0.5 5.2 -3.7Indonesia 1.0 3.0 -1.0 3.9 7.2 5.7 3.1 3.4 7.1 5.7 7.9Korea, Republic of 9.0 9.8 3.0 8.6 6.4 5.3 7.0 4.0 7.0 6.6 -0.8MalaysIa 3.7 4.4 5.7 5.8 6.9 0.8 4.8 6.6 6.4 6.3 10.4Mongolia . ... . ...

Papua New Guinea 22 3.'3 5.6" 2.2" 2.1l 1.7" -1.1' 3.3" 5.6" 0.'7 1.7"Philippines 2.1 3.7 5.2 4.6 4.9 2.0 0.9 4.8 4.9 5.2 2.5Solomon Islands . ... . . .

Thailand 6.5 -14 6.3 8.5 2.2 4.5 7.3 64 4.7 10.2 2.5

Vanuatu . . .. . . . ...

38

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

13.4 21 -1.8 -29 0.6 1.4 1.7 20 28 .SUB-SAHARANAFR[CA

13 2.3 23 0.1 1.6 4.4 1.9 26 3.0 .. F.xdudi Nigeria

7.2 8.4 -5.7 7.1 5.2 2.7 -4.9- 1.7 0.8 .. Benin2.5 8.4 -3.8 0.5 16.3 -6.8 10.2 13.1 27.6 .. Botswana5.0 7.3 0.8 -5.0 4.4 8.2 2.6 4.3 -0.1 1.6 Burkina Faso3.1 5.8 -4.1 2.4 12.5 9.6 -4.3 10.5 -4.9 3.4 Burundi4.6 0.1 1.2 -1.0 5.9 5.8 6.6 0.0 -3.7 -1.1 Cameroon0.4 3.9 10.0 8.3 7.9 7.7 -2.9 3.9 0.4 5.3 Cape Verde

-11.1 8.2 -12.8 9.1 3.8 72 -3.4 4.3 1.5 -1.3 Central African Republic-3.0 41.9 -2.2 -8.3 15.6 1.1 -1.7 Chad14.5 5.0 -2.5 9.1 .. . .Comoros

7.4 35.2 -7.9 6.6 3.9 -3.9 -3.0 -0.4 1.4 -0.9 Congo, People's Republic7.6 0.1 1.1 4.0 -4.1 8.3 9.7 -5.7 0.5 -8.1 C6te d'Ivoire

4.2 2.0 12.3 -6.8 10.1 Equatorial GuineaEthiopia

2.7 5.8 6.0 -7.6 2.3 14.4 -15.7 -3.1 . .Gabon

-40.1 -5.4 -28.1 17.6 -3.3 7.0 -13.6 18.7 -4.0 1.6 Gambia,The-3.7 -15.0 3.9 7.1 5.2 5.3 3.0 2.9 9.0 .. Ghana

31.4 10.5 -3.0 6.6 5.8 3.32 8.9 4.3 2.0 5.0 Guinea-Biasu-3.0 3.8 0.4 4.4 -5.3 13.4 5.3 5.1 3.3 7.8 Kenya

14.5 4.2 20.5 2.0 -13.5 -5.9 9.3 7.1 1.0 0.4 L.esothoLiberia

-14.7 -0.1 -1.3 -1.0 1.9 0.9 -3.0 0.4 -0.4 3.9 Madagascar-23 -2.8 0.6 9.6 2.8 1.0 -2.9 3.9 8.4 .. Malawi

2.9 5.4 1.0 2.1 7.5 3.2 -1.7 -3.7 6.5 9.9 Mali0.3 3.2 182 -142 2.24 2.2 4.1 6.4 5.3 0.5 Mauritania

-1.2 -1.4 1.3 3.0 2.9 3.9 11.4 5.6 3.9 2.4 Mauritius3.1 1.1 -1.6 0.6 -11.2 5.5 2.7 3.9 6.6 .0.6 Mozambique

17.0 1.8 -4.3 1.9 0.1 1.1 6.7 -1.2 1.7 .. Namiibia1.7 7.8 -3.2 .5.4 -2.8 5.8 -3.3 -0.2 -3.6 3.1 Niger

47.8 1.1 -17.5 -16.3 -4.0 -11.6 -8.1 -0.7 2.0 .. Nigeria8.8 1.3 6.5 -5.6 1.0 0.2 1.6 1.8 -3.3 2.1 Rwanda6.9 4.4 0.8 -2.2 8.1 0.4 2.7 3.4 -0.8 2.1 Senegal

Seychelles1.4 1.0 -8.4 3.35 -OA -.55 8.8 -3.0 8.5 2.1 Sierra Leone

18.9 7.7 -1.5 -1.5 -0.4 7.5 -2.2 -6.4 8.9 .. Somalia3.7 3.4 8.0 -3.2 2.0 0.9 3.4 .1.7 7.6 -6.0 Sudan

Swaziland.10.0 -2.0 5.3 7.3 2.5 10.5 4.1 1.8 . .Tanzania

0.3 3.1 * -5.6 9.3 -.05 14.2 -1.1 7.1 2.3 5.6 TogoUganda

8.1 1.8 -1.2 1.5 -1.0 6.8 6.0 1.1 -4.9 2.1 Zaire7.2 -13.9 1.9 0.6 7.8 -3.5 16.2 7.2 10.8 -6.2 Zambia

12.2 6.2 3.0 -10.9 3.7 -6.9 -5.7 12.4 16.7 2.4 Zimbabwe

25 so0 7.1 16 18 4.7 16. 61 1.8 4.1 SOLT17ASIA

7.0 3.5 7.0 5.4 6.1 2.1 4.0 3.4 3.6 5.5 BangladeshBhutan

25 4.9 7.7 3.2 3.1 5.6 3.8 6.9 3.9 4.0 IndiaNepal

-1.3 4.5 5.2 62 7.5 0.7 4.4 7.9 34 4.3 Pakistan3.0 10.9 6.6 -3.1 10.5 2.6 0.0 3.4 0.7 15 Sri Lanka

-0..>...~: is 6.3 . 5.3 26 . 1.9 4A5 5.7 5.0 20 F.4STASL4 AND PACIFIC

49 3.1 6.8 8.4 4.2 2.0 5.7 6.2 3.7 -1.1 China7.5 -4.4 -2.4 6.1 -3.3 2.5 -3.3 .. . .Fiji

4.9 4.2 6.7 2.7 1.1 1.8 2.3 2.9 3.3 5.0 Indonesia3.6 4.7 5.9 4.7 4.0 5.3 5.2 6.1 5.9 5.6 Korea, Republic of4.9 3.6 2.9 2.7 0.1 -4.6 1.6 8.1 8.3 6.5 Malaysia

Mongolia-0.5 -3.4 0.6 -0.1 6.6 -2.1 2.8 -0.4 0.3 -3.8 Papua New Guinea2.4 4.8 3.5 0.0 -42 0.3 6.1 7.4 8.7 62 Philippines5.2 -21.2 12.7 14.6 0.2 1.5 10.6 28.0 . .Solomon Islands0.9 1.2 9.4 2.1 1.7 3.8 7.2 6.3 8.4 4.8 Thailand

Tongp9.8 6.7 -9.7 64 3.1 -1.9 .. Vanuatu

-3.9 3.5 2.5 3.4 6.9 2.9 1.5 6.4 0.0 -4.8 Western Samoa

39

Table 10. Total consumption: contribution to growth of gross domestic product (cont'd)

Parenwaeepobnt 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1970 1979 19K0

LA 77NVMER!CA4AND CNR!BBEA 6.5 5.3 4. Si AS ±1 5.0 13 .10 is I5I

Argentina 2.5 2.5 1.2 4.2 5.6 -0.2 -5.3 1.3 0.3 9.0 5.1Bahamas . .. . .. . ... .. 10.1 24.3 -0OABarbados . . * . . . ..

Bolivia 2.9 2.1 -3.0 9.2 2.6 -4.3 9.0 3.0 4.5 5.5 3.2Brazil 10.2 9.4 8.6 8.9 7.0 0.8 9.4 3.9 2.1 6.9 4.7Chile 0.3 12.3 7.2 -6.0 -14.5 -13A -0.3 13.0 7A4 7.3 4.8Colombia 6.1 6.6 5.5 4.7 2.1 3.1 4.9 2.7 6.5 4A4 3.7Costa Rica 8.4 1.9 5.8 3.7 4.3 2A 3.0 8.9 6.5 2.6 -1.4Dominican Republic 16.8 9.2 10.7 6.5 10.5 -7.0 8.9 3.2 1.6 0.2 15.6Ecuador 54 3.7 52 7.1 9.8 8.5 7.9 7A4 3A4 5.2 5.8El Salvador 5.5 3.0 5.1 7.3 2.1 3.1 9A 10.7 3.8 -5.5 -7.8Grenada.. . .. . .. ....

Guatemala 6.0 4A4 5.0 5.1 4.0 2.6 9.0 7.6 4.5 2.5 2.3Guyana 3.6 -1.2 11.1 9.8 1.3 1.5 22.2 -6.9 -17.5 -9.4 10.9Haiti -0.3 8.1 0.9 -t4 5.8 -3.9 9.8 3.0 2.6 2.7 7.8Honduras 4.8 0.2 4.9 6.9 -0.8 4.0 12.0 10.2 2.5 3.2 5.1Jamaica 9.8 3.9 14.3 -10.5 9.7 1.9 1.9 1.0 -5.4 -2.8 -1.1Mexico 4.4 4.4 5.7 5.3 4.5 5.2 3.6 0.2 6.8 7.8 7.1Nicaragua 0.3 2.2 1.1 2.6 10.2 2.6 4.0 5.8 -3.0 -20.5 9.9Panama 4.8 6.3 2.7 2.1 7.4 0.1 0.4 54 8.2 4.3 5.2Parguay 1.1 6.7 2.3 4.0 8.5 2.3 7.1 12.6 4.1 .6.8 28.7Peru 13.8 2.5 3.8 0.0 3.7 4.4 3.0 2.8 -3.7 1.9 1.9St Vincent and the Grenadines . .. . .. . .. . *. -11.2 5.3 3.4Trinidad and Tobago 0.2 0.2 4.7 tO0 -0.1 1.6 6.9 7.1 7.1 3.0 2.6Uruguay 4.3 40.6 0.0 2.7 -1.0 1.3 -2.4 -1.7 2.2 2.9 5.5Venezuela .. . . . . 9.5 8.3 5.6 3.1 1.0 5.0

MIDDLEF4ST~AND NOR THAMRC4 . . . .. . . -.

AlgeTia 4.1 -2.0 10.2 -1.1 2.6 4.7 5.6 2.5 IA 7.8 217Egypt, Arab Republic of 9.5 5.7 3.3 4.9 13.7 6.2 5.2 10.3 6.5 13.8 12.0Irnm, Islmic Republic of 5.6 1.5 4.9 11.2 2.7 -1-0 12.9 10.6 -4.6 -9.1 -14.6Jordan.. ..........

Morocco 3.7 2.7 2.8 3.8 4.2 7.0 11.7 2.6 5.8 5.3 4.4

Saudi Arabia.. . .. . .. . ...

Syrian Arab Republic . .. . .. . .. 3.7 10.0 6.9 6.3 54Tunisia 11.1 5.7 11I4 4.5 4.6 BA 4.9 6.5 4.0 3.9 9.3

EUFROPE *:".'-. ...... ,...>............ . ... '... .....

Bulgaria..Czechoskovakiak Greece 4.3 5.3 5.7 1.8 2.2 6A4 4.4 4.1 3.6 1.1 OAHunga'y .. , 5.1 3.0 4.4 9.2 -0.8 2.0 0.8 2.6 1.5 0.5Mialta 17.0 -1.0 0.8 0.6 7.2 4.2 11.1 IIA 2.0 3.1 4.8

Poituga 1.9 7.8 2.0 8.6 10.5 0.1 4.6 2.2 -0.5 1.0 0.9Romania.. . .. . .. . ...

Turkey 14 114 6.6 0.0 6.8 4.9 7.5 3.6 3.7 -1.2 -2.8Yugoslvia 9.0 9.5 -1.0 2.7 19.8 -2.2 -2.1 11.1 9.5 4.4 -1.8

Low- & mkIddl-lacome encoaotnes 5.6 3.8 24 3.7 5.0 2.9 4.3 5.0 3.8 2.1 34

Low-income economies 6.2 2.3 0.5 1.1 4.3 4.4 1.0 6.4 6.7 -1.3 7.1Low-income Africa 1.4 7.4 -LB8 -0.7 8.8 4.7 2.5 7.8 9.8 -12.6 7.3China and India 7.6 1.2 2.1 1.5 1.0 4.9 40.8 6.6 5.8 -1.3 6.7Other low-income 6.8 Li1 -1.9 1.8 9.9 3.3 4.8 4.5 6.9 7.1 7.7

Middle-income economies.. . .. . * .

High-lanone economnIes 2.9 24 5.8 38 0.8 2.0 2.9 2.5 3.1 2.7 0.

OECD members 2.9 2.4 3.8 3.8 0.8 2.0 2.9 2.4 3.1 2.6 0.7Japan 4.9 3.8 5.8 5.3 0.2 3.9 2.4 2.9 3.6 4.0 1.7United States 1.4 2.1 3.9 2.9 -0.2 1.2 3.8 3.1 3.3 LB8 0.3

WORLD 3.2 23 346 33 IA 2.1 34 23 34 23 5.2

40

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

£6 -1.0 -1.3 28 Ls 15 17 £.6 21 0.1 LATTNAMERWCAAND C4RWBF-4N

-2.0 -7.7 3.9 5.1 -3.9 5.5 0.6 -4.7 -4A. Argentina-2.7 0.2 2.2 17.2 3.4 2.0 2.0 .. . .Bahamas

BarbadosBelize

8.5 -6.7 54 1.8 54 -2.1 1.0 0.1 0.9 1.3 Bolivia-3.1 3.1 -0.4 2.7 3.8 6.1 1.8 0.1 3.2 -1.9 Brazil9.2 -13.7 -3.8 2.1 -1.9 3.2 3.7 7.5 6.8 04 Chile£.8 1.2 0.7 3.1 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.3 2.3 2.0 Colombia

-2.9 -5.3 1.7 5.3 2.0 2.7 3.7 2.8 4.5 3.0 Costa Pica-4.5 7.5 2.5 -4.8 1.3 4.5 1.1 -4.1 8.8 -9.6 Dominican Republic4.2 0.8 -£.0 1.0 1.5 0.0 2.5 1.0 1.3 £.6 Ecuador-7.5 -5.8 0.2 3.5 4.0 0.4 1.3 24 0.6 1.9 El Salvador

4.4 10.6 13.5 2.8 7.4 0.4 Grenada0.6 -4.5 -2.6 £_7 -1.3 0.0 6.5 4.0 2.8 1.3 Guatemala

10.2 -15.5 -0.6 -22.7 10.9 5.7 -0.7 8.0 . .. GUY-n-0.8 -5.7 1.6 -1.6 2.5 2.7 04 -1.5 0.1 .. Haiti0.2 40.1 40.8 1.2 3.2 4.0 4.9 5.7 2.1 -1.2 Honduras-0.1 24 0.4 1.0 -3.1 0.6 2.5 8.8 1.6 -1.3 Jamaica6.6 -4.1 -4.2 1.4 2.7 -£.6 -0.3 2.9 4.7 4.6 Mexico-4.4 -0.9 4.2 1.5 -2.3 -1.5 0.1 -13.3 -3.2 -3.7 Nicaragua2.2 4.0 2.9 6.3 1.8 -02 Li1. -14.1 8.2 4.0 Panama2.5 £.6 -10.5 9.0 3.3 1.4 6.8 5.1 -4.7 5.6 Paraguay1.6 2.3 -4.9 2.9 2.6 7.5 54 -6.6 48.5 -4.2 Peru4.3 204 1.8 -4.7 1.5 11.5 14.8 .. . .St. Vincent and the Grenadines6.8 0.0 -54 -11.4 -10.6 -2.1 -0.5 -2.5 -0.3 -7.1 Trinidad and Tobago3.3 -5.9 484 40.9 1.9 7.5 10.6 -0.9 -0.3 -1.3 Uruguay3.6 2.3 -3.1 0.7 -0.6 2.6 2.5 6.2 -3.8 2.3 Venezuela

4.4 4.6 4.0 3.2 5.7 £.1 £0 40.6 4.9 40.1 Algeria5.1 2.6 5.3 8.3 5.2 0.6 40.1 2.3 1.3 0.7 Egypt, Arab Republic of4.2 25.9 -4.5 14.4 4.3 -12.3 5.2 1.2 -1.3 .. Iran, Islamic Republic of

1.2 3.6 124 40.7 6.6 -5.7 -9.8 Jordan-2.3 5.3 -0.9 3.0 4.0 8.3 40.5 6.0 3.2 0.3 Morocco

OmanSaudi Arabia

6.1 -3.9 40.8 -4.5 12.3 -11.6 12.8 8.4 0.3 11-6 Syrian Arab Republic5.5 2.7 4.0 4.7 2.8 1.5 1.9 2.5 2.8 3.8 Tunisia

£.9 -£3 2.1 20 17 35 26 12 16 317 EUROPE

4.6 -3.9 5.2 0.6 4.0 2.4 6.9 -1.8 4.1 48.0 Bulgaria0.5 0.1 3.1 £4 0.6 1.3 £.0 2.8 £.9 £0 Czechoslovakia5.9 4.8 0.6 1.2 4.0 £.9 3.2 0.6 5.7 2.5 Greece3.4 0.3 404 1.2 1.8 L1 2.9 -£.9 1.3 -2.8 Hungai1.2 1.6 0.3 2.8 5.5 2.2 3.3 8.2 6.1 .. Malta-3.1 -7.4 3.1 3.0 5.2 3.0 1.9 14 2.0 -4.7 Poland2.8 £2 2.0 40.1 £.0 3.6 9.7 9.0 4.4 .. Portugal

Romania-1.1 2.9 4.4 6.8 £.3 7.5 5.2 1.5 2.7 11.0 Turkey-2.3 -1.2 -£.6 40.8 -1.6 6.1 -4.2 -2.5 -0.8 8.4 Yugoslavia

2.8 24 IA 3.5 2.2 Ls8 2.9 2.9 2.8 - Low- & middle-income economies

5.7 3.6 5.3 3.9 3.1 2.6 3.4 5.0 3.6 1.5 Low-income economies15.8 £5 -2.6 -44 40.6 0.1 0.4 1.6 3.0 -. Low-income Africa3.6 4.1 7.3 5.7 3.7 3.7 4.8 6.6 3.8 1.3 China and India3.9 3.9 5.6 4.6 4.1 2.1 1.7 3.3 3.0 3.3 Other low-income

Mfiddle-incomie economies

0.9 1.1 2.4 24 2.7 2.7 235 3.1 £9 -High-income economies

0.9 £.1 2.4 * 2.4 2.7 2.8 2.5 3.1 £.9 -. OECD members1.7 3.0 2.6 1.9 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.9 2.3 -. Japan1.3 0.5 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.5 2.6 3.2 1.6 .. United States

2.2 Li3 2.2 2A 24 2.6 2.5 3.0 1.9 -WORLD

41

Table I11. Gross domestic investment: contribution to growth of gross domestic product.*.*.*.*.... :.:::.~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. . . . . .

SUBR-SA IARAN AFRICA 4.9 2.4 -0.2 2.7 SS 2.8 4.2 2. -4.5 -2.0 .12Erdudh.Nigeda 3.6 1.5 -0.6 2.2 4.8 -0.1 1.8 1.8 -1.9 -6.8 29

Benin -0.,8 -0.3 4.9 0.2 6.8 0.0 0.4 -1.7 -1.1 7.7 8.8Botswana 10.1 12.5 13.6 9.8 0.8 -4.2 -1.1 -6.7 6.9 4.8 6.8Burkina Faso 0.4 4.2 4.0 3.0 2.2 -.02 0.2 -1.7 0.6 -2.9 0.3Burundi -5.0 6.9 -7.4 3.7 4.6 -3.2 4.0 5.3 2.5 0.4 -0.8Cameroon 3.3 2.9 1.1 1.1 -1.4 2.3 -1.2 5.3 8.6 -1.0 2.2Cape Verde . .. . .. 1.4 -3.3 11.6 14.4 -6.0 11.8 10.5Central African Republic 1.8 0.7 0.0 0.9 -7.5 -2.0 0.7 0.1 -0.3 -1.4 -2.4ChadComoros . . . . . . .

Congo, People's Republic -3.0 7.5 8.1 8.8 9.4 10.6 -14.7 -9.2 -8.8 2.3 15.0M&e d'Ivoire 5.1 -0.1 -1.0 5.5 -0.5 0.7 5.8 11.6 6.3 -2.7 6.5

Equatorial Guinea.. . .. . .. .* -

Ethiopia . . . . .

Gabon 3.1 4.0 5.7 4.8 59.2 15.6 29.4 -15.8 -39.9 7.6 0.9Gambia, The -2.7 1.1 1.5 -.05 0.4 7.3 0.5 4.0 15.5 -7.5 2.4Ghana 4.0 0.8 -7.4 2.6 4.9 -2.2 -3.0 5.4 -5.5 0.4 .0.9Guinea-Bimau .. -14.3 -10.5 -11.4 -10.7 -1.8 3.2 5.3 13.8 11.8 -18.1Kenya 15.1 0.8 -3.9 7.8 -2.3 -12.3 3.1 10.3 8.5 -10.2 10.1Lesotho 0.7 4.6 3.3 10.1 -1.1 6.9 15.8 20.7 -6.0 7.4 9.8

Madagascar -1.0 2.0 -2.9 0.4 0.7 -OS5 -1.7 -0.6 0.1 6.4 -0.7Malawi 17.9 -7.0 10.9 -14.5 9.4 11.6 -8.4 -0.5 24.0 -13.8 -5.1Mall -2.7 0.9 0.2 -0.9 -3.8 4.6 -0.4 3.6 -0.4 1.3 -0.6Mauritania 0.9 0.4 2.9 -2.5 16.7 11.0 9.7 -4.6 -11.5 -3.9 8.3Mauritius -6.7 7.5 3.0 14.7 6.5 1.4 -1.3 -0.4 2.6 1.5 -12.6Mozabiq-e. . . . . . .

Niger 4.8 -2.8 2.9 5.5 -0.9 -3.3 0.4 2.0 4.3 3.5 -2.2Nigeria 10.9 6.0 1.0 4.5 0.7 12.1 1.2.6 5.4 -12.7 -6.3 4.4Rwanda 0.6 1.5 0.3 0.1 0.8 2.5 0.7 1.4 -0.3 -1.7 3.2Senegal 3.1 0.4 1.7 0.4 1.6 -2.3 2.6 -0.7 -0.8 -2.2 0.1Seychelles . . . . . . .

Sierra Leone 5.2 -6.8 -3.9 0.7 4.2 0.4 4.4 0.0 0.7 1.7 3.5Somalia -0.1 -0.1 3.5 -0.2 0.3 1.5 4.2 10.9 5.6 -5.4 17.5Sudan 1.3 -1.0 -2.5 1.5 7.7 1.2 8.9 -3.2 -2.6 -2.3 1.2Swaziland . . . . . . .

Tanzania 11.2 6.1 -7.1 1.3 3.4 -2.4 3.0 4.8 -0.6 0.8 -2.1Togo 2.3 2.4 2.5 1.3 0.6 11.7 -6.6 23.3 8.8 -2.9 -18.0Uganda . . . . . . .

Zaire 0.3 3.0 -0.1 1.0 0.9 -1.0 -2.6 8.9 -9.8 6.4 4.9"Zambia 20.7 7.1 2.2 -3.4 16.1 -10.0 -29.9 -3.3 -1.0 -12.9 11.1Zimbabwe 4.9 4.2 2.4 2.4 10.0 -3.5 -8.9 -4.3 -7.6 1.3 8.7

SOVTHA.SL 1.7 1.3 -1.6 25 0.4 1.1 1.2 1.1 II -03 .

Bangladesh 2.3 -3.8 -7.1 6.3 -0.6 -1.2 0.5 1.9 3.1 0.6 5.3Bhutan . . . . . . .

India 1.5 2.0 -1.4 2.9 0.4 1.3 1.2 0.9 3.2 -0.8 1.4

Pakistan 3.5 0.0 -1.1 0.7 -0.9 2.0 0.3 2.2 0.8 0.9 1.5Sri L ank 1.9 -1.2 1.2 -3.2 6.3 -1.4 4.3 -0.6 8.1 7.5 6.5

EAST'ASIA AND PACIFIC.7.3 ±0. -0.6. 43 26 1.9. 0.2 .19 6.5 .12 -1.0

China 14.6 2.7 -0.9 4.3 0.5 3.4 -2.6 3.3 9.0 3.4 -0.1Fij i 0.1 2.9 3.0 1.9 -2.5 1.9 0.2 0.3 1.7 7.6 2.4Indonesia 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.9 2.4 1.1 2.9 2.9 2.1 0.3Korea, Republic of .0.5 1.8 -1.4 5.4 6.9 -0.8 3.6 6.4 8.3 5.2 -7.2Malaysia 6.5 0.3 1.8 5.9 8.0 -6.6 2.7 5.2 2.2 3.6 5.2Mongoli . . . . . . .

Papua New Guinea 24.7 4.5 -19.3 -14.1 1.3 -0.2 -2.3 1.7 0.7 5.1 1.1IPhilippine -0.9 0.8 -0.7 2.3 5.0 5.8 4.5 0.1 2.4 3.4 1.4Solomon Islands . . * . . . .

T'hailand 2.0 -0.9 -1.9 9.0 -1.1 0.7 .0.1 6.4 5.3 -14A 0.4Tong . . .p. . . .

Vanualu .. .. ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~......................

42

.... ..... . ...J."I I"2 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

LI 47 -3.8 -3.2 L4 L2 -20 0.1 -0.4 SUB-SALURANAFRICA0.6 0.4 -3.2 -1.5 LO L7 -1.7 -0.1 49 -0.4 F-&&W Nigeria

4.3 2.3 -17.3 -3.2 1.7 -0.4 -0.8 1.0 1.3 Benin

0.5 -0.8 -7.5 -0.3 6.6 -3.8 4.7 4.0 10.7 - Botswana0.0 4.0 -1.2 0.2 11.3 3.8 -5.3 3.5 0.1 -12 Burkina Faso3.7 -2.9 114 4A -3A -3.0 11.0 -7.0 1.9 1.0 Bunmdi7.8 0.5 1.6 -IA 1.8 12.5 -8.3 -9.6 -4.2 -1.6 Cameroon3.5 8.3 -0.5 -0.8 0.9 7.9 3.1 1.4 1.0 1.7 Cape Verde1.3 3.1 4.6 1.6 0.6 -1.7 -1.5 -2.6 -0.8 1.4 CentW Ahican Republic

2.5 4.5 0.6 2.7 -3.1 1.2 1.0 Chad12.0 -12.9 -1.2 -3.9 -7.2 -2.0 1.6 Comoros

31.1 22A -10.2 -5.7 -2.2 -14.7 -8.9 -2.9 -2A 0.1 Congo, People's Republic-9.0 -4.3 -2A -13.0 5.7 -35 -1.0 2.5 -7.2 -2-3 C6te d'lvoire

3A 12.3 -2.8 -0.3 4.7 Equatorial GuineaEthiopia

16.7 -5.1 -3.4 3.4 5.7 .7.6 -15.8 1.3 Gabon0.5 -1.2 -4.0 2.4 -3A 5.5 -0.9 0.4 5.1 1.4 Gambia, The

-0.9 -2.1 0.0 1.2 2.1 -0.7 2.1 0.7 3.8 0.8 Ghana-8.7 10.5 -1.4 2.5 4.6 0.0 -13.5 6.8 14.3 -15.2 Guinea-Bissau-1.2 -8.0 -3-5 1.0 6.4 -4.6 3.7 2.3 1.5 -2.7 Kenya0.5 8.3 -25.0 9.0 12.5 -9.6 1.1 10.4 2.0 3.1 Lesotho

lAberia-3.9 -1.8 -0.1 0.4 0.1 0.5 1.5 3.4 0.6 3A Madagascar-9.4 5.7 3.1 -13.3 7.8 -10.9 3.4 4.2 2.6 7A Malawi1.5 0.7 -3.6 1.4 3.8 7.3 1.9 31 2.4 -2-5 man6.7 8.9 -26-5 6 -5 1.0 -0.6 -1.9 -1.2 -1.7 -0.5 Mauritania4.4 -3.8 -0.3 3.5 1.4 4.3 5.8 5.7 -1.8 4.5 Mauritius1.0 -1.1 -12.3 2.5 -2.6 7.6 3.4 4.0 1.9 1.3 Mozambique

-5.2 -10.8 -7.0 0.7 -2.3 -1.7 2.7 7.8 -5.7 Namibia0.6 -2.7 -0.9 -13.6 12 7 -4.5 1.0 2.5 -1.9 0.2 Niger2.7 -9.5 -6.7 -10.3 3.4 -0.4 -3.5 1.3 1.1 Nigeria

-0.3 33 -1.8 3.1 3.5 4.9 -4.0 -OA -3.4 -8.0 Rwanda-4.9 2.7 0.8 -0.7 -1.3 2.7 1.0 0.5 -1.9 2.3 Senegal

Seychelles3.3 -4.2 -0.6 0.3 -1.5 0.9 -1.9 3.4 0.2 0.5 Sieffa Leone

-11.3 4.1 -5A 3.6 3.3 -4.2 3.4 -9.1 4.2 Somalia0.2 10.3 -5.8 -1.7 -9.5 9.0 -1.7 -1.3 -0.1 -0.6 Sudan

Swazfland-0.8 2A -9.6 3.6 2.0 0.5 -0.7 4.7 Tanzania-0.9 -5.2 -5.3 0.4 8-5 -3.9 -3.5 0.9 1.2 1.8 Togo

Upnda-3.2 .3.8 2.3 1.2 1.6 -O.; -O.,6, -O.,3, -0.5" -3.l. Zaire-3.0 -5.4 -4.4 1.0 1.2 7.6 -9.3 0.7 -2.0 10.1 Zambia9.5 -3.7 -5.8 1.6 2.2 -0.8 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.6 Zimbabwe

3.7 -1.1 -0.1 0.4 16 -0.4 0.2 Z7 0.4 0.5 SOU771ASL4

0.6 -0.4 -32 0.6 1.4 -0.9 11) 02 -1.0 0.2 Banglad-h10.5 5.6 2.8 -3.5 12.7 -7.3 -0.7 12.1 Bhutan4.5 -1.7 0.0 0.5 4.3 -0.5 0.1 3A 0.3 0.5 India

Nepal1.1 2.6 1.2 0.9 2.0 0.9 0.8 -0.2 1.3 02 Pakistan

-3.9 1.5 0.6 -0.6 -2.8 1.8 0.5 2.7 -1.7 OA Sri Lanka

2 4 L4 29 .11 5.8 22 28 4.1 .14 3.7 EASTASLIANDPACIFIC

-1.7 3.0 3.7 12.9 3.6 3.1 4.8 0.9 2.0 China

1.8 -8A -3.0 -2.1 -0.7 2.3 -4.1 - Fiji16.6 -1.8 1.0 0.7 4.5 1.9 -0.1 -1.6 3.8 3.7 Indomia0.5 zi 3.7 4.2 1.1 3.4 4.3 3.8 8.2 6.7 Kozva, Republic of5.3 4.9 2.8 2.0 -7.1 -3.9 -0.7 5A 5.7 5.3 Malaysia

MoWlia-1.2 3.6 1.4 -2.7 -8.1 0.8 1A 8.3 -7.2 0.0 Papua New Guinea0.7 -1.0 -lA -11.8 -3.6 -12 4.2 2.7 2.5 -0.1 Philippina

-0.6 -3.8 4.3 -0.5 3.3 0.3 -OA 6.6 Solomon Islands2.7 -3.0 5A 1.9 -1.2 -1.5 3,5 8.5 4.0 7.1 TtailaDd

Tonp2.1 4.4 4.; - l.'5' -3.'9' 6.'O' Vanuatu

2.3 -17.2 -2.0 3.7 -3.8 0.0 6.8 -5.9 0.5 7.6 Westem Samoa

43

Table 1 1. Gross domestic investment: contribution to growth of gross domestic product (cont'd)

Peenesqe p.oiss 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 196 1977 1978 1979 19110

LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN Li 29 1.6 .1 4.2 L6 0.7 ±9 035 0.8 12

Argentina 0.6 2.90.3 -1.3 0.30 0.4 1.7 56 49 27 25Bahamas . .. . .. . .. . .. -0.3 4.0 5.6Barbados.. ..........

Boliva -1.1 44 9.6 -5.7 -0.3 17.0 -5.1 1.4 0.4 -5.9 -9.0Brazil -0.1 3.7 4.4 6.8 4.9 3.2 0.2 0.0 0.9 0.1 3.4Chile 1.7 -0.7 -5.4 -1.6 11.0 -12.8 0.0 2.2 3.2 4.5 5.8Colombia 3.6 1.0 -0.6 1.9 4.2 -4.3 1.8 3.2 1.5 40.1 2.3Costa Rica 2.8 5.2 -1.8 4.0 2.0 -2.2 5.8 5.9 -0.1 2.6 2.0Domincan Republic 3.8 3.3 2.5 5.5 4.4 2.1 -1.7 1.9 0.6 2.0 2.2Ecuador 1.8 8.2 -4.8 3.0 9.2 5.4 -£.8 6.4 4.1 -1.0 2.9El Salvador 1.3 2.7 -0.9 3.8 4.2 -1.9 1.7 7.5 0.7 -5.2 -5.7Grenada.. ..........

Guatemala 3.0 25i -2.8 2.6 SA -3.2 6.3 2.4 22 -3.0 -2.8Guyan 5.1 -8.1 -7.5 19.4 -5.8 34.6 -10.9 -19.2 -14.4 12.2 -0.6Haiti 2.5 0.2 1.3 1.4 1.0 2.5 2.5 0.5 1.6 2.5 0.1Honduras 1.0 -3.7 -0.3 3.9 5.7 -4.9 1.2, 5.8 5.1 0.9 -1.1Jamic 0.6 0.2 -5.1 12.0 -11.7 3.9 -11.9 -10.3 3.3 -1.0 -5.4Mexico 5.3 -1.3 2.6 3.9 4.7 1.5 -0.7 -0.1 3.2 4.9 6.6Nicargu -0.1 0.4 -3.9 8.2 6.1 -7.6 0.3 7.1 -9.4 -10.8 16.8Panama 4.7 65i 4.7 1.3 -1.8 -LI1 -0.3 -9.1 5.1 189 4.1Paraguay -0.1 1.5 2.0 6.1 2.4 1.5 4.7 3.0 6.9 4.6 11.5Peru -11.1 2.9 -2.3 9.4 9.5 -1.7 -3.7 -3.6 -1.3 3.4 7.9St. Vincent and the Grenadines . .. . .. . ... .. 4.8 5.8 2.8Trinidad and Tobago 3.4 5.5 -1.8 -1.2 4.9 3.3 2.7 0.6 5.4 0.7 5.0Uruguay 1.8 1.2 -2.8 -0.7 0.5 3.8 3.5 3.3 3.2 5.8 1.5Venezuela .. .. .. . .. 6.6 6.7 9.9 -0.6 -8.7 -5.4

MIDDLEEFASTAND NORTHAFRJCA 22 0.4 26 25 13 £8 24 ±6 -59 0.9 43

Algeria 5.3 -0.4 4.3 6.0 11.2 3.3 1.2 6.6 8.4 -3.3 0.9Egrpt, Arab Republic of 0.7 -1.7 0.4 3.7 7.0 11.9 -0.1 3.3 2.9 3.1 -0OAIran, Islamic Republic of 0.9 0.8 3.3 1.7 3.5 10.1 2.6 -0.5 -8.1 0.3 7.7Jordan.. ..........

Morocco 3.7 2.3 -4.3 0.7 3.6 13.5 5.6" 5.2" -9.6" 0.4 1.2"Oman .. . . . . . . . . 5.5 1.4Saudi Arabia.. . .. . .. . ...

SyrianArab Republic .. . . .. . . 83 3.9 -4.5 0.3 5.6Tunisia -1.2 0.6 7.6 -2.6 5.7 2.2 2.3 0.7 3.7 2.2 0.3

EUROPE . - - - :. - ... ~..Bulgaria.. ..........

Czechoslovakia.. . .. . .. . ...

GTreece 3.7 2.1 3.8 9.4 -9.5 -0.4 0.6 0.3 2.3 2.8 -1AHunpaiy 4.7 7.8 -3.7 0.1 3.0 0.1 0.7 3.0 7.3 -5.6 -1.1Malt 0.6 -6.0 4.2 -4.3 3.6 0.2 6.3 2.0 0.9 2.4 2.7

Portugal 8.0 1.3 5.5 6.1 -3.3 -10.8 3.4 6-5 2.3 3.1 4.1Romania . .. . .. . .. 9.0 0.6 7.0 -0.8 -0.7Turkey 4.8 0.2 1.9 3.0 6.2 6.2 I4 3.2 -7.9 0.1 2.1Yugoslavia 3.0 2.0 -1.6 2.1 1.7 £.9 0.8 3.6 -0.7 4.5 -1.0

Low- &mlddle-lncom economics 3.2 £8 0.5 3.5 3.1 2.7 1.2 2.0 0.80 2.3

Low-income economies 5.2 1.8 -0.9 3.0 1.2 2.5 0.7 2.3 3.2 0.7 1.1Low-incoDme Africa 5.3 24 40.8 2.3 2.4 3.0 4.4 3.3 -4.7 -2.7 2.8China and India 6.3 2.3 -1.2 3.5 0.4 2.2 -0OA 1.9 5.6 1.0 0.7Other low-i=ncoe 2.3 -0.2 -0.2 2.2 2.5 3.0 0.8 2.5 2.9 2.2 1.1

Middle-incoDme economies 2.2 1.9 1.2 3.8 3.9 2.8 1.5 2.0 -0.1 1.1 2.7

High-lacome economies LI 0.7 L3 2.3 -Ui -2.7 £9 039 0.9 LO -

OECD members L0 0.6 1.3 2.3 -0.8 -2.8 1.9 0.8 0.9 tO0 -0-5Japan 6.3 0.1 3.1 4.1 -2.0 -2.0 1.1 10 £.9 2.3 -0.3United Stales -1.6 £.6 1A 16 -1.3 -3.0 2.2 2.2 1.7 -0.3 -1.8

WORLD LI 03 22 2.5 -03 .2.0 Ls Lo 0.9 Uo -0.

44

.. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........1961 1962 1963 1984 1965 1966 1967 1966 1969 1990

-1.0 19 -1 A6 1.4 L4 1.0 -Al -A8 0.1 LA TINAMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

-6.9 -4.8 -2.2 -2.0 -3.1 2.3 2.3 -1.4 -4.9 .. Argentina0.1 3.6 0.1 -1.6 4.3 -0.2 1.4 . . . Bahamas

BarbadosBelize

-0.4 -6.9 -9.1 -3.1 0.6 -3.7 3.7 0.5 -0.2 -0.2 Bolivia-3.7 -2.2 -5.3 0.5 3.7 4.5 -0.3 -14 1.3 -0.9 Brazil5.0 -17.0 -1.9 6.6 -1.0 1.9 3.7 14 5.6 -0.5 Chile2.9 1.3 -0.5 -1.5 -2.2 0.9 1.8 1.6 -1.2 -0.2 Colombia

-11.5 -5.0 5.2 2.2 1.6 6.8 0.9 -1.7 1.7 1.4 Cosda Rica-2.7 -4.1 1.5 0.9 -0.9 0.8 7.9 2.1 2.3 -5.1 Dominican Republkc-4.6 3.6 -9.9 -0.3 1.7 0.7 -0.7 -0.8 1.2 -0.5 Ecuador-0.5 -1.3 -1.2 04 -0.7 24 -0.6 2.3 4.9 -6.1 El Salvador

3.2 10.5 0.3 -0.2 -0.6 -1.7 Grenada2.4 -3A -2.5 0.8 -2.6 0.0 3.5 -0.1 0.3 -0.2 Guatenmala-3.6 -12.8 -4.5 5.2 2.2 3.8 -7.5 -2.3 .. Guy-n1.8 -2.8 0.8 0.7 -2.3 -2.1 0.6 -0.1 -0.1 Haiti

-3.5 -7.2 2.3 5.5 -0.1 -2.7 1.1 -0.7 -0.7 0.7 Honduras4.5 1.2 0.9 -2.2 -0.1 -3.8 5.2 3.9 5.0 -0.9 Jamaica5.0 -8.7 -7.4 1.3 2.2 -4.8 0.8 2.3 1.1 2.8 Mexico6.2 -3.0 1.2y 0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 0.0 -2.1 -1.5 Nicaragua3.1 -1.0 -5.6 -2.0 1.1 1.4 0.4 -11.1 -4.4 11.8 Panarma5.3 -6.8 -8.5 0.4 0.3 0.9 1.6 1.0 2.5 -1.2 Paraguay5.8 -2.4 -11.8 -2.1 -2.0 5.2 5.4 -2.1 -7.5 1.4 Peru-1.9 .0.8 -1.9 4.5 3.2 3.5 3.2 . .St. Vincent and the Grenadines-4.2 1.1 -2.4 -0.2 0.8 -3.1 -4.5 -3.4 -0.3 1.6 Trinidad and Tobago-2.5 -4.6 -8.4 -2.7 -14 2.1 24 -1.0 -1.6 -0.3 Uruguay0.0 2.0 -16.3 5.7 0.9 1.0 3.1 3.7 -14.1 -1.2 Venezuela

.13 -7.6 £0 -27 A8 1.2 -25 -.14 L4 MIDDLE EASTAND N.ORTHJAFRCA

1.5 0.1 2.4 0.8 -0.2 -2.2 -2.3 -1.6 0.2 -0.8 Algeria2.0 3.2 1.0 2.6 2.0 -3.3 -4.0 1.1 -0.2 -0.2 Egypt, Arab Republic of5.7 -19.5 17.3 -8.1 0.3 3.9 -2.5 -6.5 3.7 Irean Islamic Republic of

-3.2 -3.3 2.9 0.1 -4.7 -2.4 -1. Jordan0.1 4.2 -4.6 1.7 1.3 1.0 -1.9 1.8 2.6 1.9 MOrOCcoD8.5 1.2.8 4.0 20.6 3.9 -11.5 -17.4 . .. Oman

Saudi Arabia0.7 0.8 1.6 0.4 1.5 -3.2 -8.8 -0.6 -3.2 0.3 Syrian Arab Republic5.0 -0.2 -0.8 2.9 .4A -5A -1.8 .4.2 5.6 6.1 Tunisia

-21 -0.5 -0.7 0dO A7 16 -£2 0.0 -A2 -.14 EUROPE

3.9 -0.5 0.3 2.3 -0.1 5.6 -1.0 3.2 -44 -2.7 Bulgaria-3.0 -0.8 -1.5 -0.6 0.6 1.9 0.2 -1.0 1.5 1.3 Czechoslovakia-4.1 -1.6 -0.2 -Li1 1.9 -2.1 -2.6 3.7 -0.1 -0.2 Greece-0.7 -1.0 -1.0 -0.7 -0.9 2.4 0.9 -0.8 -0.2 -2A Hungary5.1 9.8 -5.6 -1.5 -0.6 -2.1 2.2 64 0.8 .. Malta-7.5 -1.0 1.6 1.9 1.1 1.3 0.0 2.5 -2.3 -84 PolantdLi 2.4 -8.7 -5.9 0.2 3.8 0.0 0.0 2.5 .. Poirtugal-5.5 0.5 1.1 1.6 -0.6 2.1 -2.1 -2.9 -0.9 .. Romania2.0 -1.3 -0.1 0.4 3.1 3.2 1.4 -1.6 -1.1 3.5 Turkey0.3 -0.7 .0.1 0.6 -04 0.04 0.7 -0.9 2.0 -12.2 Yugoslavia

0.7 -2.5 .04 0.3 2.1 1.2 0.4 1.0 0. 0.7 Low- & middle-income ecoomies

2.8 0.0 0.5 1.9 6.2 1.2 0.8 2.8 0.9 1.2 Low-income economies0.3 -1.9 -4.5 -3.1 0.9 1.2 -1.0 0.8 0.7 .. Low-income Africa1.6 0.5 1.8 34 8.6 1.6 1.7 4.2 0.6 1.3 China and India7.3 0.0 0.4 1.0 2.6 0.0 -0.6 -04 1.8 1.7 Other low-income

-0.1 -3.5 -0.8 -0.4 0.4 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.8 .. Mddle-income economies

-0. -1.2 04 23 0OX 0.6 1.2 Lo6 Ls . High-Income economies

-0.3 -1.2 0.4 2.3 0.6 0.7 1.2 1.8 1.5 .. OECD members0.7 -0.1 -0.6 1.5 1.8 1.1 2.3 4£0 2.8 .. Japan1.2 -2.7 1.3 4.5 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.8 .. United States

40.1 -1.4 0.3 LI) 0.3 0.7 1 1.7 1.4 -WORLD

45

Table 12. Resource balance: contribution to growth of gross domestic product~~~~~~~~. .. . .. . . ......... * . .. *..

Per-ztwgPoLqut 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

SUB-SAILARANAPRI'CA 0.7 -21 4.0 -0.3 -319 -7.0 407 -5.3 -4.5 12.9 -61.&cliDW Nig-iaz 406 -1.5 26 409 -3.2 0.4 1.5 -4.4 407 0.8 409

Benin -0.3 -1.3 -1.9 -1.0 -0.6 -2.0 1.9 -2.1 -0.3 -3.5 -5.7Botswana -8.6 10.8 9.6 -12.6 -0.1 0.0 9.8 4.0 1A -7.0 -4.9Burkina Faso 3.9 -4.0 1.4 -1.9 0.1 .4.9 1.8 -6.1 4.0 2.7 -4.3Burundi -5.5 .5.1 3.0 0.1 -1.9 -3.6 0.0 -6.0 1.1 -3.4 -0SCameroon -0.8 -6.8 1.4 3.7 2.9 -3.8 0.2 -5.9 3.2 0.6 2.6Cape Verde . .. . .. 8.1 -1.6 -21.5 -25.1 0.4 4.2 .0.9Central Afirican Republic -1.9 1.8 0.5 2.0 13.9 -0.2 .3.0 .8.7 .1.7 25 -4.5Chad -2.7 0.8 -2A -5.9 -1.2 2.7 2.4 -1.8 2.3 3.2 0.7Comoros.. . .. . . .. .

Congo, People's Republic 0.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 -4.0 4.4 8.5 5.1 16.4 .11.2C8te d'Ivoire -2.1 2.1 4.8 -7.9 4.3 .1.0 -3.5 -14.1 -4.9 25 2.0Equatorial Guinea . . .. . .. ....

Gabon 2.2 1.0 -3.2 0.3 -20.0 -5.0 0.0 -0.7 11.2 -1.5 -4.5Gambia, The 23.2 -30.7 4.2 -0.6 21.6 0.1 -434 -10.2 -74.7 74.3 -24.3Ghana 7.3 4.0 13.5 -8.8 -12.9 4.0 3.0 -10.1 1.1 3.6 -4.9Guinea-Bissau .. 1.3 -6.9 3.3 3.3 25.6 3.1 3.8 -1.4 -0.9 5.8Kenya -10.7 -11.3 8.3 3.5 -5.6 10.3 1.8 -7.0 -12.3 9.3 -2.9Lesotho -9.5 -15.3 -26.7 -16.4 -15.2 -42.1 -30.9 -5.5 2.6 -8.1 -5.9

Madagasa 0.3 -4.6 5.1 0.1 5.3 1.0 4.5 -1.5 -1.8 -10.6 0.1Malawi -6.5 -1.2 -3.0 16.2 -3.7 -11.2 9.6 4.4 -18.4 12.2 0.6Mali 4.4 2.1 -4.4 -0.3 -8.0 1.9 4.9 3.6 -10.4 -0.5 0.7Mauritania -0.4 0.1 -0.3 -1.6 -16.6 -15.2 -26.1 8.3 16.3 7.9 1.2Mauritius 4.0 -7.7 4.1 2.1 -19.7 -12.2 5.6 0.8 -1.1 1.6 6.2Mozambique . . . . ... ...

Niger 24 3.9 -2.4 0.4 -19.1 20.5 -0.2 -14 6.2 -11.3 0.0Nigeria 6.1 -4.2 9.2 1.8 -6.5 -29.0 -7.4 -7.9 -17.0 54.4 -22.9Rwanda 1.7 -2.2 -0.8 4.3 -5.8 0.6 2.0 .2.9 -1.2 1.9 -3.5se-egal -0.9 .1.6 3.9 -4.2 0.9 2.3 0.2 -2.5 -6.1 3.4 -2.3Seychells. . . . . . ..

Sierra Leone -0.6 5.9 4.9 .8.9 -4.5 6.7 1.7 -8.8 -12.0 -7.2 -2.7Somalia 1.2 -4.4 7.7 -6.5 -5.3 -1.2 -3.7 -39.1 7.6 -11.6 1.3Sudan 1.2 -1.2 0.3 1.0 -2.0 -2.3 1.1 -0.5 -0.6 0.1 -0.2Swaziland . . .. . .. ...

Tanzania -6.6 .5.5 5.0 -3.8 -8.7 6.2 7.7 -4.6 -17.5 8.0 2.6Togo -3.0 18.0 0.0 -04 -1.1 -2.0 -12.7 -16.6 3.0 -4.8 22.0Uganda . . . . . . ...

Zaire -0.3 -0.7 -0.7 -1.1 0.4 0.3 1.4 4.6 6.7 -2.7 -0.5Zambia -7.2 -10.6 6.6 12.4 -10.7 4.5 35.1 -1.1 6.9 -2.0 -8.3Zimbabwe --. . .. . .. -1.5 1.1 -3.0 -6.5

SOUl 7ASL4 -1.9 401 1.1 23 402 1.9 43 -1.2 -2.5 0.6 407

Bangiadesh -Li1 1.7 -1.0 10.7 -9.7 1.6 -2.4 5.6 -6.6 0.4 4.9

India -1.0 -0.9 0.3 1.5 1.2 1.8 -0.1 -1.2 -2.3 1.4 -04

Pakistan -14.3 4.7 10.5 3.8 -5.7 2.7 -0.2 -4.5 -0.6 -6.3 0.7Sri Lanka 4.8 3.3 2.4 1.5 -4.1 6.4 -3A -2.7 -8.4 -3.3 -7.2

.F4TASUAAND PACIFIC 403 1.s 1.8 42 -2 7 1.0 1. 403 -2.9 -21 0.6

China -2.1 2.6 0.1 -0.8 -2.2 1.6 -0.2 -0.8 -3.4 -0.9 -0.1Fiji 1.1 -2.5 -1.9 -2.9 -2.9 -2.8 -3.3 1.4 -0.3 -0.5 -0.3Indonesia 3.4 1L6 5.0 2.4 -2.4 -3.1 2.7 2.7 -2.3 -1.6 -0.3Korea, Republic of 0A -1.6 4.2 1.2 -44 3.2 2.9 0.6 .4.3 4.3 4.7Malaysia -4.2 0.9 2.2 0.2 -6.7 6.7 4.2 -4.0 1.L7 -0.4 -8.2Mongolia . . . . . .. .

Papua New Guinea -16.0 -1.5 19.3 18.5 -0.8 -2.4 -0.1 -4.2 2.3 -3.9 -5.2Philippines 3.4 0.4 1.O 16 -5.0 -1.2 2.5 1.3 -1.7 .2.3 I4Solomon Isiands . . .. . ... ...

Thailand Li1 7.2 -0.3 -7.7 3.3 -0.4 2.1 -3.1 0.5 -3.8 1.7

Vanuatu . . . ..

......... . .....

46

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

-13A 2.7 5.7 5.5 1.2 23 0.6 0.4 0.8 .. SUB-SAffARANVAFRJCA

-. 4...* L2 2.5 23 -0.5 -0.4 -0.9 -0.4 0.4 E. -cuding Nigeuia

-2.4 -3.8 20.9 -1.9 -0.5 -4.0 1.7 -1.5 0.3 .. Benin4.4 -8.7 35.3 18&9 -14.6 18.7 4.8 -7.9 -24.9 .. Botswana

-0.5 -1.3 1.2 2.9 -7.2 -2.6 3.6 -1.3 -0.5 0.6 Burkina Faso5.3 -4.0 -3.6 2.3 2.5 -3.4 -1.1 1.3 4.6 -1.0 Buruadi0.5 2.0 5.0 8.2 -0.1 -10.3 -4.9 1.9 4.5 0.2 Cameroon4.5 -9.4 0.0 -3.7 -0.1 -12.6 6.8 -2.2 4.1 -3.0 Cape Verde7.6 -3.8 1.6 -1.3 -0.5 -4.2 1.5 1.2 2.0 0.7 Central African Republic6.6 -6.4 2.3 2.6 -24.6 -2.5 2.2 5.1 -1.4 -2.5 Chad

-22.1 10.7 5.8 -3.3 . .. Comoros-24.5 -31.5 25.8 6.1 -2.9 11.8 12.2 5.1 4.0 1.4 Congo, People's Republic

5.7 5.8 0.1 8.0 2.0 -1.3 -8.8 1.5 6.0 7.1 C8te d'Ivoire-8.0 -9.9 -4.4 6.5 -11.7 Equatorial Guinea

Ethiopia-23.4 2.1 .1.8 10.7 -1.6 4.7 13.1 1.9 . .. Gabon49.8 19.4 26.9 -17.1 7.3 -9.7 20.5 -11.3 3.9 1.5 Gambia,The1.6 10.7 -8.3 0.5 -2.2 0.5 -0.5 2.0 -7.8 .. Ghana

-3.8 -16.6 1.1 -3.7 -6.1 2.2 10.6 -4.3 -11.3 13.3 Guinea-Bissau8.2 6.0 4.5 -3.7 3.2 -1.7 -3.1 -1.4 -0.3 0.0 Kenya

-13.9 -8.8 .1.3 -3.4 4.2 14.6 -3.0 -5.3 5.0 3.8 LesothoLiberia

8.8 0.0 2.3 2.3 -0.8 0.6 2.8 -0.4 3.9 -3.8 Madagascar6.4 -0.5 0.0 9.3 -6.0 9.3 1.2 -5.3 -5.8 .. Malawi0.2 0.6 -1.8 -2.2 -11.6 7.4 1.3 -0.4 2.6 -5.0 Mali

-3.2 -14.1 13.2 0.4 4.3 4.0 0.9 -1.5 -0.2 -1.5 Mauritania2.2 10.9 -0.8 -1.8 3.0 1.9 -7.3 -4.8 1.3 -1.3 Mauritius-3.6 -3.4 1.2 -0.5 5.1 -11.8 -0.5 -2.4 -3.0 1.1 Mozambique-9.8 4.2 8.1 -4.7 8.0 6.4 -9.2 -1.5 1.5 .Nainibia

-1.2 -6.3 2.3 2.1 -6.3 5.1 -0.1 2.7 1.9 -0.2 Niger-56.2 8.2 18.0 19.4 9.3 14.0 7.1 4.2 2.7 .. Nigeria

0.4 -3.1 1.5 -2.1 -1.5 0.1 2.0 -1.4 0.7 4.3 Rwanda-3.1 8.0 0.6 -1.6 -2.6 1.6 0.0 1.0 0.8 0.3 Senega

SeycheUles4.0 3.2 6.0 5.5 -1.5 2.7 -1.5 0.8 -4.4 0.4 Sierra Leone0.4 -8.3 -2.3 1.3 5.2 0.2 3.9 14.7 -13.2 .. Somalia-1.8 -1.0 -0.1 .0.2 1.2 -0.2 -0.6 1.1 -0.1 0.8 Sudan

Swaziland9.9 -0.8 3.9 -6.3 -3.0 -5.6 0.7 -1.2 . .. Tanzania

-2.8 -1.6 5.7 -3.9 -4.8 -6.9 6.1 -3.0 0.4 -8.0 TogoUganda

-2.7 1.3 0.5 2.9 -0.2 -1.2 -2.7 -0.3 34 .0.9 Zaire1.9 16.6 0.3 -2.6 -7.2 -3.9 -3.8 -2.3 -8.6 -3.3 Zambia

-9.1 0.2 4.4 6.8 0.9 10-5 3.1 .14.8 4.3 0.1 Zimbabwe

0.5 0.2 -0.2 -0.1 -1.3 04 0.6 -0.8 0.7 0.3 SOUI'ASL4

1.9 0.6 0.7 -1.1 -3.5 3.2 -1.0 -0.7 -0.1 0.5 BangladeshBhutan

-0.5 0.5 -0.4 0.1 -1.2 -0.4 0.6 -0.9 0.8 0.1 IndiaNepal

8.1 -0.6 0.4 -2.0 -1.9 3.9 1.2 0.0 0.3 0.8 Pakistan6.5 -4.9 -3.3 3.4 2.0 0.1 0.2 -3.4 3.0 4.4 Sri Lanka

-0.9 LI1 -0.2 1.2 -1.4 11 1.6 -0.5 -2.8 0.5 EASTASIA AND PACIFIC

1L3 2.5 -0.4 -0.5 -4.8 2.6 2.1 -1.3 -1.2 3.8 China-3.0 6.8 1.1 4.5 0.8 2.9 0.9 .. . .Fiji

-14.1 -2.8 1.2 3.4 -3.0 2.1 2.7 4.4 0.3 -1.7 Indonesia2.8 0.5 2.4 OA 1.8 3.6 2.2 1.3 -7.7 -3.0 Korea, Republic of-3.4 -2.5 0.7 3.1 5.9 9.6 4.5 -4.7 -5.2 -2.4 Malaysia

Mongoli1.9 0.1 1.0 2.2 5.8 4.6 -0.7 -4.9 5.1 2.3 Papua New Guinea0.8 -0.9 -0.9 5.3 3.2 2.3 -5.2 -3.8 -5.5 -3.5 Philippines&.8 28.0 -3.2 -12.8 -2.7 10.0 -8.5 -30.3 . .Solomon Islands2.7 5.8 -7.6 3.2 2.9 2.7 -1.1 -1L4 0.0 -1.6 Thailand

Tonga-5.1 -10.0 3.0 -4.5 1.3 0.3 .. Vanuatu

.7.4 19.7 -0.1 -5.8 0.9 2.5 -7.8 -0.5 1.7 -7.3 Westemn Samoa......... .. .... .. .... ... ........ ........

47

Table 12. Resource balance: contribution to growth of gross domestic product (cont'd)

Percoa'dqe pobaIs 1970 197 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 197 1979 1980

LAT)7NAMIERICA AAND CAR1BBE~4N 48 -1.9 0L6 -.)3 -22 44 02 44 0.1 405 -2.3

Argentina 2.0 1.16 0.5 0.9 -0.4 -0.7 3.3 .0.4 1.1 -4.6 -5.6Bahamas . .. . . . ... .. 4A -2.2 13

Barbados . . .

Bohivia -2.1 1. -. 2 1.8" 2.9 -6.1l 2.2" -0.2 -1.6 0.4 4.9"BraziI -1.4 -1.8 -0.7 -1.3 -2.9 1.2 0.1 0.8 0.2 -0.3 1.2Chile 0.0 -2.5 -2.9 2.0 4.3 13.0 3.9 -5A4 -2.3 -3.5 -2.8Colombia -2.6 -1.6 2.7 0.2 -0.5 3.4 -1.9 -1.8 0.4 Li -1.9Costa Rica -3.7 -0.3 4.2 0.0 -10O 1.8 -3.3 -6.0 -0.2 -0.2 0.1Dominican Republic -2.6 -1.5 -2.8 0.9 -9.1 9.8 -0.5 -0.2 0.1 2.1 -11.7Ecuador -0.8 -5.3 16.1 18.3 -13.2 -8.6 3.6 -7.5 -.05 1.2 -4.1El Salvador -3.7 .0.9 1.2 -6.2 0.3 4.1 -7.4 -12A 2.2 9.0 5.0Grenada . . . . . .. .

Guatemala -3.3 -1.3 5.2 -0.9 -3.0 2.5 -8.0 -2.1 -1.7 5.2 4.2Guyana -4.2 1.2.2 -6.5 -27.7 12.4 -28.2 -9.9 23.5 30.4 -4.9 -8.5Haiti -2.5 0.2 -0.8 1.2 -0.5 -0.9 -3.7 -3.0 0.6 2.1 -0.3Honduras -2.0 7.4 1.3 -2.8 -5.8 3.4 -2.8 -5.6 0.6 2.2 -2.6Jamaica 14 -1.0 -0.1 -1.2 -1.2 -6.6 3.0 6.5 2.6 1.7 0.4Mexico -2.3 1.1 0.2 -1.0 -3.2 -1.0 1.3 3.2 -1.8 -3A4 -5ANicaragua -0.3 0.7 4.8 -4.3 -2.1 4.8 0.6 -4.1 4.6 4.9 -22.0Panama -2.5 -3.3 -2.8 2.0 -3.0 2.7 1.5 4.7 -3.5 -1.5 6.2Paraguay 3.8 -2.8 2.1 -3.0 -2.6 2.6 -5.1 -4.9 0.0 13.2 -25.8Peru 2.8 -1.1 1.2 -4.3 -3.9 0.8 2.6 1.2 5.1 0.4 -5.2St. Vincent and the Grenadines . . . .. - ... .. 17.0 -8.0 -41

Trinidad and Tobago 0.0 -4.7 2.9 1.9 -1.3 -4.2 -1.3 -1.0 -1.5 -3.3 -0.1Urugay -3.6 -1.0 1.2 -1.6 34 1.1 2.8 -0.1 -0.5 -2.7 -0.9Venezuela -. - . - - -13.2 -7.3 -9.2 -0.2 8.5 4.1

Algeria -0.5 -5.2 5.3 -1.9 -6.5 -2.9 1.6 -3.8 -0.6 2.9 -2.7EWpt, Arab Republic of -4.2 0.3 -1.1 -3.6 -16.9 -8.1 10.3 -0.5 -1.7 -9.1 -0.8Iran, Islamic Republic of 5.8 -0.2 4.7 2.1 -2.3 -6.6 2.0 -3.4 -4.4 -0.4 -12.4Jordan . - - - - . .

Morocco -2.5 0.6 3.9 -1.0 -2.4 -13.7 -6.2 -2.9 6.7 -1.1 3.5Oman - - . - - - . .- .-

Saudi Arabia - . - . . - . .- --

Syrian Arab Republic - . . .. - - -1.3 -14.8 5.5 -2.0 -0.5Tunisia -3.1 4.7 -0.3 -2.3 -2.2 -3.5 0.7 -3.8 -1.2 0.5 -2.2

Bulgaria ... - ' -

Czechoslovakia . - . - . . - ...-

Greece 0.0 -0.3 -0.6 -3.9 4.1 0.1 1.0 -1.5 0.9 -0.5 3.1Hungay- -6.5 7.0 3.1 -6.4 -10O 0.9 3.1 -5.1 5.6 0.6Malta -5.0 9.4 9.2 13.5 -0.9 15.1 -0.3 -1.2 8.3 4.9 -04Poland - .. .- .- .- -

Portugal -0.8 -2.4 0.5 -3.5 -6.0 6.4 -1.0 -32 1.5 1.7 -0Romania . . . - . -- .

Turkey -1.4 -2.4 -1.9 1.3 -4.5 -2.2 -0.2 -2.1 7.5 0.3 -0.1Yugoslavia -7.2 -2.6 6.2 -2.2 -6.8 0.9 6.7 -6.4 0.4 -3.6 5.3

Low. & middle-inewoe economies -0.5 40.6 24 0.0 -3.1 -1.1 Li -.1.2 -14 04 -2.5

Low-income economies -1.1 0.4 1.6 0.9 -2.3 -0.8 0.2 -15I -3.3 2.3 -1.8Low-income Africa 1.2 -2.1 4.2 0.4 4.5 -8.0 -0.7 -5.0 -6.0 16.3 -7.8Chinsand India -1.4 0.5 0.2 0.5 -0.3 1.7 -0.1 -10 -2.8 0.4 -0.3Other low-income -2.2 2.2 3.4 2.2 -6.0 -1.6 1.9 0.3 -2.3 -3.3 -1.2

Middle-income economies - . .. - .. . ...

High-Income ecnmIdes -0.2 0. 02 .. . 0.6 -0A 0.2 0.1 -0.2 0.8

OECM membens -0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 0.8 0.6 -04 0.2 0.1 -03 0.9Japan -0.5 0.5 -0.5 -1.5 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.7 -0.6 -0.7 2.2United States 0.2 0.04 -0.2 0.2 0.8 0.7 -1.1 -0.9 0.1 0.5 14

WORLD -0. 0. 0.2 .0. 04 0.3 -01 0.. .0. 04

48

1981 198 1983 1984 198.5 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

£.1 16 4.4 9.3 0.4 -45 £.4 4 1 £.2 -448 LATINAMER (CA AND CARIBBEAN

2.0 6.9 1.2 -0.6 2.6 -2.4 -0.5 3.3 2.5 .. Argentina-6.7 2.9 1.3 -1.5 -2.9 0.1 -0.4 .. . .Bahamas

BarbadosBelize

-7.2 9.3 -0.7 2.4 -6.7 2.6 -2.1 3.2 2.1 2.0 Boliva2.4 -0.2 2.3 2.0 0.7 -2.6 1.7 1.3 -1.0 -1.5 Brazil-8.6 16.6 4.9 -2.4 5.3 0.6 -1.7 -1.5 -2.4 2.3 Chile-2.6 -1.5 iS5 1.9 2.8 2.5 0.6 -0.8 2.2 2.4 Colombia12.2 3.3 -41 0.4 -2.8 -4.0 0.2 2.4 -0.6 -0.6 Cosat Rica7.2 2.6 04 4.2 -2.9 -2.2 -2.2 3.1 -6.8 9.7 Dominican Republic4.5 -3.3 8.9 3.4 1.0 2.2 -8.1 10.5 -2.0 1.2 Ecuador-0.2 L.6 1.6 -1.6 -1.0 -LB8 2.1 -1.6 -4.5 7.2 El Salvador

-0.4 -17.9 -5.9 4.1 -1.9 6.9 Grenada-2.3 4.3 2.6 -2.0 3.2 0.1 -6.5 0.1 0.8 2.4 Guatemala-4.8 14.7 -1.5 17.6 -12.1 -7.9 8.1 -7.1 . .. Guyana-3.7 5.1 -1.7 Li1 -0.1 0.0 -1.4 0.1 -0.5 .. Haiti4.8 5.3 -1.8 -4.0 0.5 1.6 -0.7 0.5 1.0 -0.6 Hondurms-1.9 -2.7 Li1 -0.2 -1.5 5.2 -1.3 -10.8 -0.3 6.4 Jamaica-2.8 12.2 7.4 -0.9 -2.2 2.5 1.3 -1.8 -2.6 -314 Mexico3.6 3.1 -0.8 -3.7 -1.9 -0.3 -0.6 -0.5 3.2 0.9 Nicaragua-1.1 2.6 3.2 -4.8 1.8 2.2 0.8 9.6 4.6 -12.3 Panama0.8 3.7 14.0 -6.3 04 -2.4 -4.0 0.4 8.0 -0.9 Paraguy-2.9 0.3 42 3.8 1.6 -3.4 -2.5 04 4.4 -2.0 Peru5.8 -10.2 5.7 6.1 1.4 -11.0 -5.7 .. . .St. Vincent and the Grenadines1.2 -5.8 0.8 4.8 2.3 2.1 -1.1 2.0 0.4 4.9 Trinidad and Tobago0.9 0.9 6.9 2.2 1.6 -1.5 -5.0 2.0 2.2 2.5 Uruguay

-3.9 -6.3 15.6 -5.0 -0.1 2.8 -2.1 -4.1 9.3 4.2 Venezuela

-2.9 1.8 -0.9 0.0 -0.2 3.0 3.5 0.7 0.4 1.6 Algeria-3.2 4.9 1.4 -4.8 -0.6 5.3 6.6 0.5 1.2 0.8 Egypt, Arab Republic of-1.7 8.6 -2.6 -1.3 0.6 0.5 -4.2 -1.2 0.5 .. Iran, Islamic Republic of

4.0 1.2 -5.8 4.9 -0.5 2.3 3.4 Jordan-0.5 0.1 4.9 -0.5 0.9 L4A 0.1 24 -4.5 0.7 Morocco

OmnanSaudi Arabia

2.8 5.7 0.8 .0.2 -7.7 10.7 -3.1 5.8 -2.7 2.2 Syrian Arab Republic-4.9 -2.9 1.5 -1.9 7.3 24 6.0 2.6 -4.8 -2.7 Tunisia

Le 19 0.9 1.4 -0.1 -1.5 -0.2 049 -0.9 -3.1 EUROPE

-3.6 6.2 -1.4 0.5 -1.4 -3.8 0.1 1.2 0.0 -1.1 Bulgpria2.6 14 0.7 1.3 0.9 -IA -OA 0.8 -2.1 -5.8 Czechoalovakia-LB8 -2.8 -0.3 2.8 -2.9 1.6 -Li1 -0.3 -2.8 -1.9 Greece1.2 2.6 2.1 2.1 -1.0 -1.9 0.7 24 -0.2 0.9 Hungary-3.0 -9.1 4.8 -0.4 -2.3 3.9 -1.3 -5.9 -2.0 .. Malta0.6 3.7 0.8 0.8 -1.2 -0.1 0.2 0.3 0.8 Li1 Poland-1.8 -0.5 6.5 4.4 2.1 -3.1 -5.4 -45 -1.9 .. Portugal

Romania3.3 3.2 -0.5 -L.3 0.6 -2.5 0.9 3.8 -0.3 -5.6 Turkey3.2 2.5 0.6 1.9 L4 -2.2 1.6 1.8 -0.6 -3.8 Yugoslavia

-1.2 2.8 1.9 0.8 0.0 0. 0.6 0.0 -0. .. Low- & middle-income economies

-3.6 1.3 0.9 0.6 -2.2 1.9 1.7 -0.3 -0.1 1.5 Low-income economies-16.5 2.9 6.1 5.0 1.8 3.3 1.6 0.9 04 .. Low-income Africa

0.3 14 -0.4 -0.2 -3.0 1.2 1.4 -1.1 -0.3 2.1 China and India-4.6 -0.2 0.9 0.1 -L.9 2.9 24 1.8 0.4 -04 Other low-income

Middle-income economies

0. 0.0 -0. -0.1 0.1 -0.6 -0A -0.1 0.0 High-laeomne economies

0.8 0.1 -0.1 -0.2 0.1 -0.6 -0.4 -0.1 0.0 .. OECD) members1.2 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.7 -0.7 -0.5 -0.6 -0.5 .. Japan

-0.2 -04 -1.1 -1.5 -0.3 -0.3 0.2 0.8 0.4 .. United Stales

0. 04 0.2 0.1 0.2 -0.3 -0.2 0.0 0.0 -WORLD

49

Table 13. Gross domestic investment: percentage of gross domestic product.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......................... ....

P-ercagPOIau 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

SUJB-SAMIRANAFRICA 15.8 17.8 183 15 16.3 21.6 23.7 218 21.7 1935 20.3F-*t&diaNig-ia 172 167 16.4 16.2 2a8 21.5 21.0 21.6 19.5 19.0 20.2

Benin 14.2 12.6 16.4 16.0 22.3 23.7 20.4 21.8 19.7 23.3 18.6Botswana 42.2 47.7 52-5 49.9 51.7 47.7 42.0 31.3 39.6 38.3 41.0Burkina Faso 12.3 17.9 20.8 24.8 30.7 27.8 27.5 23.5 22.0 19.7 18.2Burundi 4.5 7.6 3.2 5.3 4.1 7.6 9.1 11.1 14.0 14.9 13.9Cameroon 16.0 16.6 182 19.9 17.1 20.0 17.6 21.8 22.7 21.7 18.9Cape Verde .. . . 19.7 16.7 16.0 27.2 38.7 34.6 46.6 41.9Central African Republic 18.9 19.7 19.2 22.1 14.6 13.9 12.1 11.7 11.0 9.7 7.0Chad 18.1 17.8 16.5 -3.8 20.7 23.0 19.1 20.8 18.2Comoros . . . . . . .

Congo, People's Republic 24.2 26.6 29.1 32.0 35.1 39.1 31.0 26.6 27.3 26.0 35.8C8te d'Ivoire 22.5 21.8 20.9 23.2 22.0 22.4 23.0 27.3 29.8 28.0 28.2Equatorial Guinea 19.9 20.4 20.8 18.0 16.6 15.0 13.2 13.5Ethiopia 11.5 11.8 12.7 11.4 9.9 10.4 9.6 8.8 7.5 8.7 10.0Gabon 32.0 32.0 48.1 37.6 51.8 62.7 73.5 58.1 35.0 32.9 28.1Gambia, T-he 4.8 6.4 8.0 8.2 44 12.2 11.4 14.8 31.6 27.1 26.2Ghana 14.2 14.1 7.1 9.0 13.0 12.7 8.9 11.1 5.4 6.5 5.6Guinea-Bissau 29.6 28.0 22.8 20.9 16.8 15.4 16.3 19.8 21.7 21.8 29.6Kenya 24.4 23.9 22.3 25.8 25.8 18.1 20.2 23.7 29.8 22.3 29.2Lesotho 11.4 15.8 1527 18.6 17.7 18.7 36.1 25.0 25.9 34.6 42.4Liberia 22.2 20.1 21.2 14.5 19.7 34.0 31.5 32.8 29.7 30.1 27.3Madagaca 9.9 11.2 8.8 9.1 8.7 8.1 8.1 8.1 9.6 16.1 15.0Malawi 25.7 19.2 24.4 22.4 27.3 33.7 26.3 24.7 38.4 30.2 24.7Mali 16.2 17.0 18.1 17.9 14.3 16.5 14.2 16.5 16.9 16.4 17.0Mauritania 22.0 22.8 30.4 8.6 16.1 34.5 42A 39.1 31.0 25.5 362Mauritius 9.9 14.5 15.3 24.9 25.2 26.3 31.8 30.0 30.7 31.2 20.7Mozanmbique . .. . .. . .. . .. .. 18.9

Namibia . .. . . . . . ..... 33.2

Niger 9.8 7.8 11.1 14.9 15.1 14.3 14.2 19.7 23.0 25.8 36.6Nigeria 13.0 16.3 18.3 19.4 14.6 21.8 27.1 26.7 24.8 20.1 20.5Rwanda 7.0 9.1 9.6 9.4 10.5 13.7 13.8 15.1 16.6 12.0 16.1Senepal 15.7 16.2 17.0 18.9 22.2 17.8 16.5 17.5 17.4 14.4 15.3Seychelles . . . .. . .. 38.9 40.0 43.3 32.9 38.3Sierra Leone 16.6 15.3 11.7 11.7 15.8 15.7 11.3 13.1 11.3 13.4 16.2Somalia 11.7 11.9 13.6 14.3 26.9 22.5 29.9 21.4 28.7 23.0 42.4Sudan 13.6 11.8 9.2 11.7 18.4 17.5 232 17.1 14A 13.2 15.1Swaziland 19.2 19.9 22.3 23.4 26.9 17.8 29.6 27.0 43.9 39.7 40.7Tanzania 22.5 26.4 21.8 21.1 22.0 21.1 22.9 26.1 25.2 26.1 23.0Togo 15.1 18&9 20.7 21.7 16A 27.7 24.9 34.3 52.7 48.8 30.1Upanda 13.3 15.2 11.0 8.2 10.7 7.6 5.8 5.5 7.8 6.4 6.1Zaire 14.9 18.4 18.6 16.7 17.1 17.8 14.5 21.4 11.9 12.7 10.0Zambia 28.2 37.1 35.3 2927 36.7 40.6 23.7 24.7 23.9 14.1 23.3Zimbabwe 20.4 22A 26.4 25.4 27.5 26.3 17.9 19.1 11.9 12.7 18.8

SOU77IASL4. 16.3 17.0 15.9 17.0 17.8 182 19.3 19.0 21.0 21.6 22.0

Bangladesh 11.1 8.0 4.6 8.7 7.4 6.1 9.9 11.5 11.5 11.2 14.9Bhutan . . . . . . . .... 31.0

India 17.1 18.5 17.1 18.3 19.8 20.8 20.9 19.8 22.3 22.9 22.8Nepal 6.0 7.8 7.3 9.2 8.8 14.5 15.1 16.0 18.3 15.8 18.3Pakistan 15.8 15.6 14.2 12.9 13.4 16.2 17.2 19.3 17.9 17.9 18.5Sri L anka 18.9 17.1 17.3 13.7 15.7 15.6 16.2 14.4 20.0 25.8 33.8

EASTASIAAND PACIFIC 26.5 27.0 2535 272 27.6 28.7 27.1 27.6 30.8 32 9 344

China ~~~~~28.5 29.0 27.1 29.0 28.9 30.3 285 29.0 33.4 34.9. 32.22Fiji 22.2 24.8 24.0 222 18.9 20.6 2L-5 23.2 22.8 30.1 31.8Indonesia 15.8 18.4 21.8 20.8 19.5 23.7 24.1 23.4 23.9 26.6 24.3Korea, Republic of 24.7 25.1 20.8 24.5 31.6 27.1 25.3 27.3 31A 35.5 31.7Malaysia 224 22A 23.3 25.5 30.8 25.3 23.6 25.8 26.7 28.9 30.4MoAngola . .

Papua New Guinea 41.6 42.8 27.8 15.5 17A 20.0 18.6 21.6 22.6 23-5 252Phffiipnes 21.2 20.9 19.3 20.2 2527 29.5 31L0 28.8 28.9 31.1 30.7Solomon Islands ...... 36AThailand 25.6 24.2 21.7 27.0 26.6 26.7 24.0 26.9 28.2 27.2 26.4Tonga. 27.6 19.7 20.2 29-5 312 28.7Vanuatu . . .

Western Samoa .. . ...... . ~~464 33.1l~~~ . ~ ~ ~~:... ~~~~~......... .... :....

50

193 1 1932 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

207 17.5 14.1 10.9 121 15.0 15.5 15.6 15.2 .. SUB-SAHARANAFRIC4

20.1 19.4 16.5 15.5 16.2 17.4 16.6 16.7 16.2 15.9 Ecluding Nigenia

19.2 34.1 11.6 7.4 13.3 12.5 12.3 13.0 9.2 .. Benin43.6 44.2 29.4 24.4 30.1 17.9 6.3 10.3 23.9 .. Botswana17.0 21.6 20.6 17.0 25.9 22.9 20.0 22.2 22.8 19.9 Burkina Faso17.0 14.5 22.8 18.4 13.9 11.6 22.7 16.8 16.7 18.7 Burundi24.7 23A 24.4 20.8 24.9 30.8 24.1 15.7 18.5 16.5 Cameroon45.3 52.9 48.8 44.0 45.1 45.8 44.3 41.7 42.3 37.0 Cape Verde8.7 6.7 11.8 12.3 14.5 12.2 12.5 10.6 10.3 10.2 Central African Republic

3.1 5.4 8.2 9.1 12.3 7.8 9.0 10.3 Chad29.0 45.8 29.6 23.6 23.3 16.0 13.9 14.7 Comoros

48.2 59.7 38.4 30.4 30.3 29.5 19.7 18.6 16.0 15.9 Congo, People's Republic25.9 23.2 20.6 10.9 12.6 11.1 12.2 14.4 8.5 7.7 C6te d'Ivoire

9.3 12.7 24.2 21.0 21.3 24.3 Equatorial Guinea10.4 11.8 11.2 12.3 14.0 12.7 14.6 15.3 13.3 11.3 Ethiopia36.3 35.0 35.3 33.5 37.3 45.0 28.2 31.9 25.3 22.4 Gabon24.5 20.6 17.3 19.2 15.8 20.4 18.5 18.0 22.0 22.4 Gambia, The4.6 3.4 3.7 6.9 9.6 9.4 10.4 10.9 13.5 15.1 Ghana

25.7 28.3 22.7 30.0 32.0 24.3 33.3 34.2 35.6 22.4 Guinea-Bissau27.7 21.8 20.8 20.7 26.0 21.8 24.3 25.1 25.1 22.8 Kenya42.9 49.7 33.6 41.6 50.0 45.4 44.9 46.2 54.9 52.6 L.esotho16.3 14.3 11.8 10.2 8.7 9.7 . .. . .. Liberia11.5 8.5 8.4 8.6 8.5 9.0 10.1 13.3 13.5 16.9 Madagpscar17.6 21.4 22.8 12.9 18.6 12.3 15.4 18.7 20.3 19.1 Malawi17.5 17.6 14.6 15.2 19.5 22.9 23.1 26.2 27.5 21A4 Mali41.9 47.1 17.8 25.1 24.3 23.0 20.5 17.7 14.7 14.5 Mauritania25.3 18.2 17.5 22.0 23.5 21.9 25.3 30.6 29.3 29.3 Mauritius20.3 19.3 10.0 10.6 6.9 9.7 24.0 33.4 35.5 37.1 Mozambique30.8 23.1 17.8 17.2 14.0 12.7 15.9 20.2 16.6 .. Namibia20.3 18.2 12.8 3.2 12.7 10.1 9.2 11.0 9.5 9.2 Niger21.4 154 11.4 6.0 7.5 9.7 11.4 12.3 12.5 .. Nigeria13.3 17.8 13.5 15.8 17.3 15.9 15.6 15.7 15.6 12.5 Rwanda11.9 11.3 11.9 11.7 9.8 11.0 11.7 12.5 10.8 12.7 Senegpl32.6 32.3 21.2 21.7 22.7 22.8 18.6 20.0 19.8 21.2 Seychelles19.1 13.4 14.3 12.7 10.0 11.2 10.4 11.6 11.4 11.4 Sierra Leone27.6 29.3 22.4 24.2 24.8 23.8 28.4 18.9 23.7 .. Somalia14.3 22.8 16.0 13.8 4.5 12.8 10.3 10.0 9.1 9.2 Sudank31.0 32.2 35.0 31.6 29.6 22.2 15.3 16.6 . .. Swaziland20.6 21.0 13.6 15.3 15.7 19.5 22.8 21.2 . Tanzania30.2 26.3 22.1 21.2 28.8 24.0 20.2 20.2 21.4 22.5 Togo

6.0 7.9 9.1 8.8 9.9 12.5 13.2 13.1 13.2 12.6 Upanda10.5 8.3 9.3 10.5 12.5 13.2 14.2 14.4 14.5 11.5 Zaire19.3 16.8 13.8 14.7 14.9 23.8 13.9 12.3 8.7 14.7 Zambia23.1 21.2 15.9 19.0 21.1 19.4 19.1 19.7 20.7 21A Zimbabwe

241 2±6 21.5 21.2 23.6 22.7 21.6 211 21.8 21.2 SOV.THASL4

15.3 15.3 13A 12.2 12.8 12.3 12.5 12.0 12.2 11.6 Bangladesh

38.5 40.4 39.8 36.3 45A 40.5 30.2 38.5 . .Bhutan

25.7 23.5 22.3 224 25.4 24.3 22.9 23.9 23.6 23.1 India17.6 17.1 19.6 18.7 22.9 21.0 21.8 20.5 19.5 18.3 Nepal18.8 19.3 18.8 18.3 18.3 18.8 19.1 18.0 18.9 18.6 Pakistan27.8 219.9 28.3 26.0 23A 23.3 22.9 22.3 21A 22.3 Sri Lanka

29.5 29.0 29.7 29.7 35.5 317 315 36.3 3&9 40.1 EA4$TASLI AND PACIFIC

2.2 297 30.4 32.3 40.1 4. 391 39.6 39.0 39.0 China34.3 25.6 21.1 18.9 19.1 18.2 14.9 13.0 12.8 18.7 Fiji29.6 27.5 28.7 26.2 28.0 28.3 314 31.5 34.7 36.4 Indonesia29.5 28.6 28.8 29.8 29.3 28.8 29.2 29.8 34.5 37.3 Korea, Republic of35.0 37.3 37.8 33.6 27.6 26.0 23.2 26.0 29.6 32.3 Malaysia

Mongolia27.2 32.2 29A 27.0 19.8 19.9 20.7 27.5 23.5 25.0 Papua New Guinea30.6 28.3 26.7 17.0 13.9 12.9 15.6 17.3 18.6 18.2 Philippines33.9 30.0 36.8 23.0 26.3 26.9 27.3 3&.6 .. . Solomon Islands26.3 23.1 25.9 24.9 24.0 21L8 23.9 28.8 31.1 36.8 Thiailand25.4 24.9 31.2 33.9 36.1 .. . . . .Tonga

25.7 23.9 28.3 34.5 35.'3 30.'7 37.1 . Vanuatu38.8 25.2 27.4 2935 30.6 28.4 35.2 29.5 31.3 41.2 Western Sanoa

51

Table 13. Gross domestic investment: percentage of gross domestic product (cont'd)

P-WePOO& 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974*1975 W. 1977 i. . ...... 1979'....l

LATDJN ERFCA AND CARIBBFAN 21.4 20.9 20.6 212 212 25.1 217 2A2 24.6 218 2A4

Argentina 21.6 21.1 20.9 18.1 19. 25.8 26.8 272 24.4 22.7 22.2Bahamas .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12.5 11.3 12.8 18.3Baibados 26.1 23.1 22.3 22.2 22.8 19.2 27.0 19.5 22.9 23.5 25.3Belize . .. .. .. .. ..Bolivia 23.8 24.1 29.6 29.1 21.4 36.9 28.3 27.3 24.0 20.0 14.8Brazil 20.5 21.1 21.2 23.2 25.4 26.8 23.1 22.1 23.0 22.8 23.3Chile 16.5 14.5 12.2 7.9 21.2 13.1 12.8 14.4 17.8 17.8 21.0Colombia 20.2 19.4 1&1 18.3 21.5 17.0 17.6 1&8 18.3 18.2 19.1Costa Rica 205 24.3 22.0 24.0 26.7 21.6 23.7 24.3 235 25.3 26.6Dominican Republic 19.1 17.9 19.7 22.1 23.3 24.5 22.5 21.8 23.7 25A 25.1Ecuador 18.2 23.2 20.0 19.5 22.5 26.7 23.8 26.5 284 25.3 26.1El Salvador 12.9 15.6 14.2 18.3 22.6 22.1 19.6 23.4 23.8 18.1 13.3Grenada .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32.9Guatemala 12.8 144 12.1 13.7 18.6 16.1 21.4 20.0 21.6 18.7 15.9Guyana 22.8 18.6 19.8 27.2 26.4 33.1 37.4 29.1 20.5 31.0 29.8Haiti 11.4 11A 13.9 15.9 16.5 14.7 15.8 15.5 16.8 18.7 16.9Honduras 20.9 17.1 15.9 19.1 262 19.0 192 23.1 27.2 26.5 24.5Jamaica 31.5 32.1 27.3 315 24.3 25.8 18.2 12.2 15.0 19.2 15.9Mexico 21.3 18.9 19.0 20.0 21.8 22.3 21.0 21.6 22.3 24.7 272Nicaragua 18A 17.7 13.1 24.2 31.5 21.3 18.7 26.8 13.3 -5.7 16.8Panama 27.8 30.4 31.8 33.6 33.6 30.8 31.6 23.7 26.6 28.1 27.7Paraguay 14.7 14.6 15.1 19.0 21.0 24.1 24.6 24.7 27.2 28.6 31.7Peru 15.5 17.9 15.2 20.3 25.9 24.7 21.9 19.2 19A 21.7 27.5St Vincent and the Grenadines .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28.1 28.8 35.0 40.3Trinidad and Tobago 25.9 34.0 31.3 26.0 21.8 27.3 24.6 26.7 30.2 29.1 30.6Uruguay 16.1 17.7 17.2 17.5 15.9 18.9 21.0 215 22.7 24.0 242Venezuela 32.9 322 332 31.0 26.1 32.8 362 43.1 43.9 33*2 26.

MIDDLE E STANDNORTHAFRICA 1&9 19.0 2L0 21.0 231 29.3 2g7 28.9 2Z6 25.8 29.0

Algeria 36.4 35.5 34.3 40.3 39.7 452 43.1 46.8 52.1 425 39.1Egypt, Arab Republic of 13.9 132 12.3 13.1 22.5 33A 28.4 292 31.7 32.8 275Iran, Islamic Republic of 18.9 21.4 22.7 19.5 18.3 28.8 28.5 27.3 22.0 20.4 32.5Jordan . . . .. .. .. ..Morocco 18.5 17.9 15.3 16.9 20.6 25.2 28.1 34.2 25.4 24.5 242Oman 13.8 28.5 29.8 262 30.6 35.6 35.9 30.6 28.9 26.0 22.3Saudi Arabia 16.1 11.9 12.4 13.8 9.3 13.2 20.9 25.4 33.1 27.8 20.7Syrian Arab Republic 13.8 14.9 20.2 12.5 25.0 25.0 31A 355 27A 26.2 27.5Tunisia 21.1 21.5 22.7 21.3 25.8 28.0 30.7 30.5 30.8 29.4 29.4

EUROPE .. . . 29.6 29.9 3O19 29.8 30.1 3L4

Bulgaria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34.0Czechoslovakia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32.6Greece 28.1 27.9 29.6 35.8 29.3 27.0 26.3 26.4 27.7 30.1 25.0Hungaiy 33.6 37.7 31.7 29.7 35.8 37.8 35.9 372 41.3 34.0 30.7Malta 32.7 29.0 25.0 22.1 27.1 23.5 27.5 26.0 23A 25.5 24.6Poland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26.3Portugal 262 26.3 28.9 29.7 28.5 24.3 25.9 29.0 30.5 29.5 34.1Romania .. .. .. ., .. 40.4 41A 39.8 40.7 39.6 39.8Turkey 19.8 17.8 20.9 19.0 21.6 232 25.1 25.2 18.7 18.6 21.9Yugoslavia 32.3 32.8 28.1 28A 302 33.5 31.9 35.8 34.3 38.3 39.9

Low & middle-ineom economies 22A 22.8 22.2 23.3 24.2 26.5 25.8 26.2 27.0 27.0 27.1

Low-Income economies 20.9 21.7 2L0 22.3 22.1 24.1 23.9 24.0 26.1 26.8 25.7Low-income Africa 15.0 172 17.3 17.2 16.5 20.0 22.4 22.8 20.9 18A 19.3China and India 24.1 25.0 23A 25.1 25A 26.9 25.5 25.3 29.2 30.6 28.8Other low-income 14.4 14.0 14.7 15.3 165 19.6 212 21.7 22.4 24.1 23.3

Middle-income economies 23A 233 22.7 23.6 24.8 27.1 265 27.3 27.8 27.1 274

Higb-Ineome economies 233 23.2 23.5 251 24.8 2L9 22. 23.0 23A 23.8 23.0

OECD members 232 232 23.5 25.0 24.8 21.8 22.8 23.0 23.4 23.7 23.0Japan 39.0 35.8 35.5 38.1 37.3 32.8 31.8 30.8 30.9 32.5 322United States 17.8 19.0 19.6 20.3 19.5 16.9 18.4 20.1 21.4 20.9 18.9

WORLD 23.2 23.2 234 24 24.7 2UA 23 23.6 24.3 24.6 24.0

52

1961 196 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1989 1990

24.3 21.S 17.4 16.8 1.6 17.7 20.5 21.0 21.7 l&2 LA477NAAERICA AND C-RIBBFAN

18.8 15.9 17.3 11.3 85 8.8 16.4 16.4 9.0 .. Argentina

18.8 21.5 20.3 16.3 19.2 18.4 18.8 .. . .Bahamias

27.6 22.6 19.9 16.2 15.4 16.0 16.0 1735 18.4 .. Barbados27.2 24.6 1&9 23.5 20.3 19.9 24.9 28.5 30.5 .. Belize13.9 13.8 8.7 7.3 10.2 7.9 11.1 12.1 12.0 11S Bolivia23.0 21.0 16.5 15.3 17.0 19.2 22.1 21.8 24.8 21.1 Brazil22.7 11.3 9.8 13.6 13.7 14.6 16.9 17.0 20.3 20.2 Chile20.6 20.5 19.9 19.0 19.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 20.5 19.1 Colombia29.0 2,4.7 24.2 22.7 25.9 25.2 27.1 24.7 26.4 29.3 Costa Rica23.6 20.7 20.7 21.3 20.0 19.7 25.2 22.8 20.2 14.5 Dominican Republic23.2 25.2 17.6 17.2 18.2 20.9 22.7 21.5 21.6 19.3 Ecuador14.2 13.2 12.1 12.0 10.8 13.3 12.4 12.8 16.2 12.0 El Salvador47.9 50.9 41.6 32.0 33.4 39.0 34.3 32.9 30.0 29.7 Grenada17.0 14.1 11.1 11.6 11.5 10.3 13.9 13.7 13.5 14.4 Guatemala29.5 2,4.2 21.0 27.4 29.8 33.8 31.9 21.1 32.6 .. Guyana19.1 16.6 16.3 15.9 14.2 10.9 12.9 12.5 12.4 .. Haiti20.7 13.5 14.9 19.0 18.0 14.2 14.7 13.0 12.3 12.8 Honduras20.3 20.9 22.3 23.1 25.3 19.2 23.2 26.7 30.3 29.6 Jamiaica27A 22.9 20.8 19.9 21.2 18.2 19.2 21.0 22.8 18.7 Mexico23.6 18.8 22.5 22.2 23.1 16.9 15.8 .. . .Nicaragua

30.1 27.7 21.4 16.7 15.4 16.7 17.5 6.9 2.6 16.1 Panama31.6 27.9 21A4 22.9 22.0 25.0 25.1 24.4 23.8 24.8 Paraguay31.4 31.3 23.5 22.2 21.6 22.4 22.8 26.1 20.6 22.9 Peru33.2 28.8 25.5 27.9 28.2 28.2 30.7 24.0 . .. St. Vincent and the Grenadines27.6 28.3 26.0 21.6 19.2 22.2 20.0 17.2 18.6 18.1 Trinidad and Tobago21.4 19.8 14.3 12.1 11.4 11.4 14.3 13.0 11.1 11.8 Uruguay24.4 27.7 12.2 17.5 18.5 20.9 24.6 28.0 12.7 9.3 Venezuela

30.7 22.5 26.9 2315 22.9 26.3 244 22.8 24 1 MIDDLE EASTAND NORTHAFRIGA

37.0 37.3 37.6 35.1 33.2 33.5 30.0 30A 30.7 32.4 Algeria29.5 30.1 28.7 27.5 26.7 23.7 1&0 24.2 23.6 23.1 Egypt, Arab Republic of34.4 13.3 25.9 18.6 18.2 24.3 23.6 19.3 22.8 .. Iran, Islamic Republic of

34.8 30.9 26.3 22.4 22.7 18.9 18.3 18.9 Jordan26.1 282 24.0 25.3 25.0 22.8 21.1 21.1 24.0 25.7 Morocco23.0 26.6 26.5 30.0 27.6 32.1 18.0 16.6 . .Oman

21.7 23.7 26.0 33.0 20.9 19.9 19.0 22.4 21.3 .. Saudi Arabia23.2 23.7 23.6 23.7 23.8 22.2 18.0 14.0 17.2 14.2 Synria Arab Republic32.3 31.7 29.6 32.0 26.6 23.5 20.6 19.4 22.7 26.7 Tunisia

29.7 29.4 27.8 27.7 2S,3 29.6 26.4 28&7 29.1 748 EUfROPE

35.5 33.5 32.9 33.2 32.2 35.9 32.9 34.4 32.2 29.4 Bulgaria28.9 29.2 29.0 29.0 28.8 30.2 29.3 28.1 27.7 30.0 Czechoslovakia25.4 21.1 21.9 20.1 21.5 19.3 17.2 18.8 19.5 18.8 Greece29.7 28.5 26.5 25.7 25.0 26.9 26.7 24.7 25.7 23.0 Hungary27.1 31.5 30.0 28.9 28.1 25.5 27.5 28.8 29.1 .. Malta18.5 28.0 25.0 26.3 27.7 28.9 28.8 32.6 29.2 .. Poland36.1 37.0 29.1 23.2 21.7 23.3 27.7 29.8 304 31.5 Portugal36.3 33.7 34.0 34.2 33.0 34.4 31.8 28.4 26.7 24.5 Romania22.0 20.6 19.6 19.5 21.0 24.4 25.4 24.0 22.7 23.1 Turkey3&.9 35.6 35.7 37.2 38.8 3&.4 21.0 37.7 44.0 21.5 Yugoslavia

27.1 24.5 23.7 22.7 24.3 24. 24. 26.1 27.3 2.54 Low. & middle-income economies

25.7 24.4 23.9 23.7 28.7 28.4 28.1 30.5 31.5 30.6 Low-income economies19.3 15.7 12.2 9.0 10.1 12.8 14.5 15.1 14.9 .. Low-income Africa27.9 27.2 27.1 28.4 33.9 33.2 31.7 33.0 33.1 32.1 China and India26.3 25.3 25.3 23.5 29.2 25.1 24.1 28.3 33.1 33.7 Other low-income

27.2 24.5 23.8 22.8 22.0 23.1 23.0 23.9 25.1 23.3 Mfiddle.income economies

22.3 20A 20.1 214 20.8 20.8 21.2 22.0 224A. Hlgh.lncome economies

22.2 20.3 19.9 21.3 20.8 20.7 21.1 22.0 22.3 .. OECD membena31.1 29.9 28.1 28.0 28.2 27.8 28.7 30.6 31.7 .. Japan19.7 16.8 17.0 19.8 18.7 18.1 17.9 17.3 17.1 .. United States

23.4 21L5 21.0 21.8 21.6 21.6 21.8 22.8 23.3 .. WORLD

53

Table 14. Gross domestic savings: percentage of gross domestic product

P W PeJeaeOIat , 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

SUJB-SAHARANA.FRICA 15.6 15.1 17.1 1&8 22 7 17.2 20.8 20.2 15.6 17.6 21.0ExchkdbigNigeaa 17.2 14.6 15.6 1616 1&0 13.7 16.3 15.9 11.7 11.4 110

Benin 6.5 4.7 3.9 7.1 5.9 2.1 -0.S 1.2 0.0 1.9 -6.3Botswana 1.7 14.7 27.5 28.0 27.6 22.5 22.9 14.3 12.3 22.6 28.5Burkina Faso 2.4 4.1 6.7 8.9 15.5 5.7 9.7 1.9 2.5 -0.4 -3.1Burundli .3.6 1,9 -0.2 3.0 -1.7 -3.1 6.2 11.4 5.5 4.4 -0.9Cameroon 17.6 12.5 126 16.6 19.7 17.1 12.9 19.1 18.2 14.5 15.7Cape Verde .. . . 23.4 -12.7 -12.5 -22.4 -27.1 -3. 2.3 -.Central African Republic 3.6 6.5 5.6 7.9 5.8 -5.7 4.1 1.5 -0.7 -1.7 -9.6Chad 9.8 10.5 9.7 -14.8 8.8 6.8 4.5 2.3 1.8 -23.9 -16.9Comoros . . . . . . ...

Congo, People's Republic 1.2 6.5 5.6 20.2 28.8 11.3 4.8 6.9 10.0 24.7 35.7M8e d'lvoire 29.2 25.6 25.4 25.7 29.3 22.6 28.5 33.6 28.8 24.9 22.2

Equatorial Guinea 10.5 17A 11.2 2.8 0.1 7.2 7.7 7.8Ethiopia 11.2 9.9 10.8 13.4 13.3 7.5 8.7 5.7 1.9 3.4 4.9Gabon 43.7 46.0 48.9 38.7 66.0 64.3 73.0 58.4 49.9 54.0 61.2Gambia, The 5.1 -3.6 3.8 -1.9 3.3 15.2 -4.1 4.9 -10.6 10.8 0.7Ghana 12.8 9.6 12.6 14.1 9.6 13.7 8.5 10.0 4.0 6.6 4.9Guinea-Bissau 3.4 -2.2 -8.5 -13.8 -17.4 -5.4 -6.4 -3.5 -5.8 -10.7 -6.0Kenya 23.6 174 20.2 24.5 185 13.5 20.9 27.0 20.0 16.4 18.1Lesotho -32.2 -42.6 -49.9 -45.9 -66.0 -70.4 -83.3 -74.5 -47.4 -66.2 -59.7Liboria 42.0 38.1 40.6 32.6 31.9 38.4 34.2 25.6 24.6 26.9 27.3Madagis-a 7.5 4.6 4.8 4.5 4.0 3.1 5.8 4.5 2.7 0.3 -1.4Malawi 10.8 7.1 9.7 12.4 164 17.0 17.8 20.1 20.5 12.6 10.8Mali 10.2 9.7 8.0 4.5 -15.5 4.4 3.5 9.3 -2.5 -2.0 -1.9Mauritania 29.7 30.4 27.5 9.8 5.8 13.0 2.9 -1.3 0.0 -0.6 6.9Mauritius 112, 10.1 17.5 22.8 31.1 27.3 24.9 19.3 18.4 19.5 10.5Mozambique . .. . . . . .... .. 0.5

Narmbia - . . . . . . .. .. 37.6

Niger 2.5 45 4.8 6.7 -1.6 2.6 2.1 10.0 17.7 17.5 22.6Nigeria 12.8 16.7 20.5 24.1 30.4 22.7 26.9 26.0 21.1 25.3 29.5Rwanda 3.3 2.5 1.6 7.6 1.3 5.2 9.0 11.7 7.6 10.3 4.2Senepal 11.1 8.9 13.3 8.8 15.6 12.5 8.4 11.3 4.7 4.2 -04Seychelles. . .. . . . 22.9 36.0 42.0 26.9 27.1Sierra Leone 14.6 14.2 11.7 10.9 8.7 6.4 2.8 6.6 3.9 0.7 .0.8Somalia 6.5 5.3 &.8 1.4 4.3 8.1 16.1 -17-5 -1.6 -282 -12.9Sudan 152 102 7.6 11.9 14.5 6.1 132 10.7 6.3 6.6 3.4Swaziland 25.1 31.4 302 38.1 49.5 33.9 37.7 23.7 22.1 6.6 7.4Tanzania 20.5 21.7 183 14.9 7.4 8.6. 20.7 22.8 10.0 13.3 9.8Togo 25.9 25.8 21.5 21.9 53.5 17.4 25.6 23.4 39.8 22.6 24.8Upanda 16.4 11.3 13.4 11.4 10.4 5.5 7.4 6.8 2.9 8.2 -0.4Zaire 122 12.0 11. 11-5 10.9 7.9 4.4 6.8 2.9 2.9 10.2Zambia 45.1 35.0 36.9 45.0 46.1 21.10 28.8 22.1 20.5 23.1 19.3Zimibabwe 21.4 20.7 29.2 274 27.0 25.1. 21.8 21.5 15.4 12.5 15.8

SOUFH ASIA 12.9 118 1.14 1519 15.6 16.0 i810 160 i&l 17.5 1616

'Bangladesh -9.5 -10.5 -21.7 3.4 0.7 0.9 -3.0 6.2 1.6 1-5 2.1Bhutan . .. .. .. 7.9

India 16.4 17.6 16.7 17.7 18.7 205 21.7 20.3 21.1 20.7 19.2Nepal 2.6 4.0 5.1 5.4 3.7 10.0 11.7 13.5 13A 11.6 11.1Pakiata 9.0 8.7 9.2 10.1 6.4 4.9 7.9 9.5 8.6 5.8 6.9Sri Lanka 15.8 15.1 15.7 12.5 827 8.1 13.9 18.1 15.3 13.8 11.2

EASTASIA AND PACIFIC 25.6 26.5 2517 2610 27.3 27.7 27.4 2613 30.3 322 30.7

China 287 29.9 28.1 298 2. 06 29.0 29.5 33.2 34.7 32.2Fij I 18.9 17.0 14.7 8.7 13.7 20.0 16.8 20.4 18.4 24.7 26.9Indonesia 13.9 16.8 22.6 22.5 27.9 25.9 26.3 28.2 26.3 33.6 37.1Korea, Republic of 15.0 1A.8 16.1 21.6 20.6 18.5 24.1 27S5 28.5 28.2 24.3Mal"syaa 26.6 23.9 22.0 31.0 31.1 25.8 33.7 33.1 322 37.8 32.9Mongolia.. . .. . ..

Papua New Guinea 6.1 5.9 10.8 25-5 2,45 13.9 19.6 20.3 19.1 23A 15.1Philippine 20.9 20.1 18.6 23.7 22.1 22.7 24.7 25.0 23.9 25.6 25.0Solomon Islands . . .. . .. ... 6.Thakiland 21.2 21.3 20.7 25.6 24.3 22.1 21.5 21.5 23.9 20.5 20.1Tongs. . . . -1.9 -10.0 -3.1 -9.6 -12.6 -5.7Vanuatu.. . . .. .

Westem Samoa~~~~ . ~ ... ;... *.... ~ . -17.3 4.5

54

19811 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

14.4 10.4 9.5 10.5 11.9 10.9 12) 11.4 125 .. SUB-SAHA4RANAFRIC4

11.2 11.5 10.9 13.2 13.0 125 11.4 10.8 10.8 11.3 FwclLdbWgNiRenia

-14.9 -2.6 0.1 -6.4 5.1 0.1 1.2 0.9 5.0 .. Benin22.4 7.8 16.8 23.8 28.4 38.6 34.0 35.8 37.1 .. Botwana-4.1 -1.0 -0.2 -0.6 3.2 2.9 4.1 7.3 5.2 4.6 Burkina Faso3.8 -2.7 6.6 5.8 3.8 1.1 6.9 3.3 4.4 0.4 Burundi

22.3 23.1 28.8 32.7 35.9 315 19.6 12.9 20.3 18.6 Cameroon-3.9 -3.4 -43 -10.9 -11.4 -12.0 4.5 1.3 4.0 13.2 Cape Verde-1.9 -6.8 -1.2 -0.3 -0.3 -1.7 -2.4 -1.5 -0.6 -2.7 Central African Republic

-10.7 -9.8 -8.6 -3.4 -19.3 -22.1 -17.7 -13.4 -13.5 -15.4 Chad2.8 -10.8 -9.1 -3.5 -9.2 -10.7 .4.9 -6.2 Comoros

30.1 46.5 44.6 46.4 31.1 15.6 22.8 18.8 28.6 305 Congo, People's Republic18.8 20.3 18.9 22.4 25.8 18.6 16.6 17.2 11.5 13.9 Cbte d'Ivoire

1.0 2.9 -1.4 -7.2 -3.3 -6.3 Equatorial Guinea3.6 2.0 2.7 1.9 2.8 2.2 3.5 4.4 5.4 3.0 Ethiopia

59.0 56.9 53.2 54.2 51.0 27.9 28.5 24.5 32.6 39.5 Gabon4.2 9.8 4.3 4.9 6.4 5.2 6.9 7.1 8.3 9.1 Gambia, Thke4.0 3.7 3.3 6.6 7.6 7.7 8.2 10.7 6.0 10.8 Ghana1.2 -5.2 -3.6 -8.3 -11.0 -1.3 3.6 -5.9 -14.4 -11.2 Guinea-Bissau

19.6 18.1 204 19.4 24.9 21.9 192 19.9 19.3 17.5 Kenya-68.3 -73.5 -99.0 -94.1 -78.4 .75.7 -75.8 -56.9 -69.3 -77.6 Lesotho18.8 12.5 10.0 14.4 14.3 18.4A . . . Liberia0.2 -1.0 1.4 3.7 2.6 4.4 4.7 6.6 9.1 8.2 Madagascar

11.8 15.1 15.2 14.8 12.9 10.1 13.1 9.2 4.5 9.8 Malawi-0.3 0.5 -4.8 -3.4 -14.2 -1.2 6.2 7.4 11.8 5.3 Mali12.6 3.0 -12.1 -1.9 8.8 15.4 13.7 6.1 7.9 2.8 Mauritania14.8 15.4 17.1 18.7 21.6 28.6 27.4 25.5 21.5 21.4 Mauritius0.0 -3.3 -10.8 -6.2 -3.1 -1.1 -12.1 -16.4 -16.6 -11.8 Mozambique

11.6 6.4 3.1 4.1 16.1 16.6 3.8 13.2 15.4 .. Namibia8.7 7.8 7.5 -1.6 2.4 5.6 4.5 6.7 2.4 .. Niger

18.0 9.3 8.0 7.7 10.8 7.4 16.9 14.8 21.0 .. Nigeria14 5.2 4.4 8.8 8.2 8.3 6.3 6.4 6.3 3.8 Rwanda

-7.5 -1.0 -0.4 2.2 -1.4 5.6 6.1 7.5 5.5 8.7 Senegal17.0 8.8 -1.0 8.2 7.2 5.4 7.3 7.6 4.3 12.1 Seychelles4.4 1.9 7.5 11.1 8.0 9.6 11.1 9.0 4.8 5.1 .Sierra Leone

-16.0 -12.8 -26.6 -22.3 -11.5 -16.6 -9.8 -6A -15.4 .. Somalia1.0 8.3 1.5 6.2 -3.8 5.6 7.0 1.8 2.2 2.6 Sudan1.4 2.0 -1.1 -4.6 -3.2 11.5 15.7 14.8 . .. Swaziland

12.1 13.6 8.4 7.2 7.4 5.5 0.0 -4.8 . .. Tanzania23.5 17.7 20.9 19.1 20.0 12.3 11.6 10.6 13.9 11.1 Togo-0.6 1.2 3.9 6.2 7.8 8.4 6.4 3.8 2.3 0.6 Ugpnda8.0 7.1 8.6 12.6 14.4 13.9 12.2 12.2 11.9 .. Zaire6.8 8.0 15.2 16.5 15.4 22.6 15.1 17.1 13.1 14.1 Zambia

15.8 15.3 12.8 19.5 22.3 23.7 23.2 24.6- 21.4 19.4 Zimbabwe

19.2 17.6 17.4 17.2 108 10.8 101 1.2 11 17.6 SOU17IASIA

3.1 0.4 0.5 1.2 1.9 2.4 3.6 2.8 2.0 1.9 Bangladesh7.1 9.3 8.4 7.4 13.6 13.8 18.1 18.7 . .. Bhutan

22.5 20.7 20.0 20.0 22.3 21.6 20.3 20.7 20.9 20.3 IDdia10.9 9.9 8.6 9.9 14.0 11.7 12.3 10.8 7.2 5.9 Nepal9.3 8.3 8.5 7.7 6.3 10.9 13.9 12.4 12.6 13.2 Pakistan

11.7 11.5 13.5 20.0 11.7 11.8 12.6 11.8 12.0 14.5 Sri Lanka

28.8 28.6 29.0 30.2 34.0 34.1 36.2 38.4 39.4 ~*41.1 EA.STASLIAAND PACIFIC

30.1 31.8 31.6 32.8 36.1 37.5 39.3 38.7 38.4 42.5 China19.9 19.2 15.7 17.8 18.7 20.4 17.6 15.6 15.0 17.4 Fiji33.7 27.9 29.0 29.7 29.8 27.3 32.9 34.0 37.2 37.7 Indonesia24.5 26.0 28.3 29.9 30.5 34.8 37.3 38.3 37.3 36.7 Korea, Republic of28.8 28.6 32.1 35.5 32.7 32.1 37.3 36.3 33.9 34.2 Malaysia

Mongolia6.7 8.5 12.2 13.3 9.5 12.0 14.1 18.7 11.3 9.9 Papua New Guinea

25.1 21.6 19.9 16.9 16.9 19.1 16.4 17.9 17.5 13.1 Philippines1.7 15.5 15.3 19.2 7.5 -0.6 -5.0 -3.0 .. Solomon Islands

20.0 21. 18.7 20.6 21.2 23.9 24.5 27.3 28.7 33.6 Thailand-12.7 -15.9 -9.7 -2.1 -15.9 ... .Tongs

12.0 18.5 6.9 3.0 5.9 6.0 9.1 .. Vanuatu-16.2 -9.2 -2.4 -2.2 -5.1 -15.0 -15.3~~. -19.9 -23.0.-23.5 *Westem Sarao

55

Table 14. Gross domestic savings: percentage of gross domestic product (cont'd)

PeWapo& 1970 1971 1972 1973 174 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

L4ATNAJMEJCJ4AND C-ARFBE.4N 20.7 19.6 19.5 21.2 222 226 224 210 227 226 231

Argentina 21.6 20.3 21.4 20.6 20.2 25.6 31.2 30.3 28.3 23.0 20.0Bahamas .. . .. ,, ., .. .. 29.0 26.5 21.5 25.8Barbados 7.0 10.4 9.0 10.6 15.8 92 8.3 4.8 15.0 13.9 19.3Belize . .. .. .. .. ..Bolivia 242 21.3 26.9 28.7 30.1 30.8 26.3 24.6 16.6 16.8 18.7Brazil 20.1 19.4 19.6 22.0 19.5 22.9 20.7 21.4 21.8 20.7 21.1Chile 17.1 13.5 8.7 6.1 21.8 11.1 17.1 12.6 14.5 15.0 16.8Colombia 18.4 15.4 17.7 19.3 20A 18.8 20.7 22.4 21.1 19.9 19.7Costa Rica 13.8 13.9 15.6 17.9 11.9 13.2 17.7 18.8 15.6 15.0 16.2Dominican Republic 11.8 9.7 14.9 18.3 12.1 222 152 17.6 16.8 19.0 154Ecuador 13.6 13.7 16A 22.7 27.6 20.3 22A 23.5 22.8 25.9 25.9El Salvador 132 13.7 15.3 15.5 142 17.0 20.0 24.3 14.6 17.9 142Grenada .. .. .. ,. .. ., .. .. .. .. 0.0

Guatemala 13.6 13.0 12.5 14A 15.3 14.3 154 182 15.8 14.2 13.1Guyana 222 22A 18.5 10.5 28.3 33.0 12.5 13.5 20.5 21.6 19.3Haiti 7.5 8.0 9.0 11.2 9.3 65 6.9 6.6 7.9 8.8 8.1Honduras 14.7 16.3 17.0 182 14.3 10.0 14.8 18.6 22.6 22A 17.3Jamaica 27.4 25.0 19.0 21.9 14.1 15A 9.4 13.6 18.3 20.0 15.7Mexico 18.7 17.1 17.4 18.1 18.9 19.0 18.8 20.6 20.7 22.3 24.9Nicaagua 16.0 15.5 18.9 14.5 18.0 12.2 19.9 21.1 16.6 8.2 -2.3Panama 24.5 26.6 26.9 29.6 242 23.5 24.6 20.1 21.9 19.3 24.4Paraguay 13.5 12.0 15.0 19.7 18.7 18.6 212 21.7 23.5 23.1 18.3Peru 17.4 17.0 14.6 18.3 184 13.6 13.7 124 20.0 30.3 27.5St. Vincent and the Grenadines .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -154 7.8 -1.7 -2.5Trinidad and Tobago 27.0 28.8 24.7 31.7 46.3 45.1 40.3 39.3 34.6 34.8 42.1Uruguay 14.8 16.6 17.7 18.9 13.3 15A 20A 18.7 204 19.7 18.7Venezuela 37.0 37.7 36.1 39.3 48.1 39.7 36.9 36.2 32.7 34.5 33.3

MIDDLE FUSTAND NOR THAFRIC1A 2a5 293 222 2a6 32.1 27.2 30.6 2Z7 227 2ZO 29.2

Algeria 29.3 26.1 29.1 34.0 43.0 36.0 39.0 35.6 37.5 40.8 43.1Egypt, Arab Republic of 94 8.1 6.6 8.0 5.7 12.3 16.7 18.5 164 142 15.2IMra Islamic Republic of 24.9 254 26.5 35.0 44.2 37.7 39.0 31.6 23.6 33.6 29.3Jordan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Morocco 14.5 152 14.6 15.6 20.0 14.3 8.7 13.8 11.7 11.6 13.7Oman 67.8 62.1 45.5 38.8 56.6 52.5 52.2 44.9 38.5 464 47.3Saudi Arabia 46.7 55.5 604 674 80.2 75.7 67.9 632 54.9 43.7 534Syrian Arab Republic 10.2 9.9 14.7 8.8 15.3 12.5 16.6 13.0 11.1 9.3 10.3Tuniaia 16.6 19.5 21.6 18.8 26.2 232 22.7 20.3 21.1 244 24.0

EUROPE . .. _ . .. . .. _. .. 27.3

Bulgaria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39.0Czechoslovakia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32.7Greece 19.7 19.8 212 24.8 19.8 17.0 18.0 18.0 20.6 224 19.7Hungary 31.3 314 33.0 34.2 31.3 30.3 31.8 32.7 32.1 30.7 28.5Malta 2.7 3.3 2.0 2.5 -1.7 10.0 15.8 11.6 16.3 20.3 19.2Poland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23APortugal 19.6 192 24.2 22.7 132 11.9 12.5 14.0 18.1 18.7 19.0Romania .. .. .. .. .. 39.6 41.5 40.8 39.1 38.2 37.1Turkey 17.5 14.3 18.1 16.8 152 15.0 18.3 17.1 15.1 154 14.1Yugoslava 27.1 26.5 25.6 24.8 20.5 25.7 29.3 29.6 29.5 31A 35.6

Low- & middke-income economies 21.2 21.2 2LS 238 24A 23.8 24.8 24.9 24.4 2538 26.2

Low-income economies 19.5 20.3 20.3 22.4 22A 22.1 22.8 23.1 23.6 252 25.3Low-income Ahica 14.7 144 16.1 17.8 212 15A 19.2 18.5 14.1 16.7 20.5China and India 24.0 252 23.9 25A 24.8 26.9 262 25.9 28.7 29.7 27.5Other low-income 7.5 7.8 94 13.5 14.9 14.3 17.3 20.3 18A 20.8 23.9

Middle-income economies 22.5 22.0 22.7 25.3 27.8 27.3 28.1 28.0 264 26.9 28.5

Hhlacome econoris 23.8 24 243 25.5 24.6 22.5 22.9 231 23.9 234 22A

OECD members 23.8 23.9 24.2 25A 243 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.8 23.3 22.3Japan 40.3 38.5 37.8 38.1 36.6 32.8 32.6 32.5 32.6 31.6 313United States 182 19.0 19.3 20.5 19.3 17.8 18.2 18.8 202 19.9 183

WORLD 234 23. 23.9 2&3 2&0 232 23.1 23 24.3 243 23.

56.

56

1981 198 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

22.7 21.7 21.5 22.0 22.3 19.9 2311 23.6 24.8 20.3 LATINAMERICA AND CARtBBEAN

18.3 19.1 22.1 15.5 15.2 11.1 16.7 2x. 17.0 .. Argentina23.9 27.7 28.9 21.6 24.7 24.3 24.3 .. . .Bahamas

12.6 16.4 14.6 16.9 19.3 18.3 165 19.5 16.4 .. Barbados14.7 7.9 6.8 16.1 1.2.9 20.8 22.4 21.3 18.7 .. Belize11.8 17.8 11.5 10.4 8.5 5.0 4.8 6.6 8.3 8.4 Boliva22.6 20.4 18.9 20.8 22.0 21.7 25.2 26.7 28.3 22.6 Brazil12.4 94 12.25 12.6 16.5 18.4 21.0 24.2 24.0 23.2 Chile17.1 16.2 17,1 18.4 20.3 24.8 24.0 24.4 24.7 25.5 Colombia24.1 27.6 23.4 23.1 24.1 26.1 23.0 22.7 22.8 21.5 Costa Rica19.4 15.7 16.8 16.7 14.7 15.5 17.5 19.8 13.4 10.5 Dominican Republic24.2 22.9 21.6 23.7 24.1 21.0 16.4 19.4 19.7 22.4 Ecuador8.1 8.2 6.6 5.2 3.3 10.1 5.3 6.3 6.1 1.4 El Salvador6.7 1.7 -1.4 2.8 4.2 4.8 6.4 10.3 2.9 4.1 Grenada

10.5 10.2 9.5 9.4 10.5 11.8 7.5 7.9 8.3 10.3 Guatemala7.6 9.1 2.5 18.2 12.9 19.6 18.3 16.7 19.8 .. Guyana3.8 6.4 5.9 6.8 6.1 5.1 5.0 4.5 4.6 .. Hait

14.4 11.6 11.2 12.3 13.5 12.8 11.8 9.6 9.0 5.8 Honduras11.6 9-5 13.2 17.8 14.3 24.7 25.4 33.3 27.0 28.9 Jamaica24.8 27.9 30.3 27.7 26.3 22.8 26.3 23.3 23.7 18.2 Mexico4.2 8.7 11.9 9.2 16.1 8.8 13.8 .. . .Nicaragua

25.8 23.5 21.8 15.0 15.9 20.3 19A 18.8 11.3 15.8 Panama19.9 18.2 22.7 19.5 16.6 16.1 14.5 16.9 24.6 21.1 Paraguay25A 25.6 22.4 25.9 26.3 20.2 20.0 25A 21.7 23.2 Peru6.1 -2.1 3.9 14.4 22.1 17.2 10.1 5-5 . .St. Vincent and the Grenadines

37.3 20.9 16.0 19.9 25.6 13.8 21.2 22.1 25.0 34.6 Trinidad and Tobago17.6 16.8 16.4 17.3 17.0 17.3 16.7 17.7 17.5 19.5 Uruguay29.3 25.1 20.5 28.7 27.7 19.9 25.1 21.0 25.7 29.3 Venezuela

27.7 7317 26.0 21.9 22.2 ?A0 219 225 21.1 MIDDLEEFA EASTDN N OR1HAFR&C4

40.7 39.2 39.7 37.4 36.4 29.4 31.9 30.0 30.5 38.1 Algeria14.1 15.2 17.8 14.0 14.5 13.8 6.6 8.2 6.9 9.9 Egypt, Arab Republic of29.3 18.8 26.2 18.3 18.1 22.2 22.2 18.4 17.7 .. Iran, Islamiic Republic of

-10-5 -9.7 -10.4 -3.9 -1.2 -3.6 -1,5 -6.2 Jordan11.5 13.8 15.2 14.7 16.1 16.5 16.7 20.6 18.5 19.6 Morocco49.6 42.0 42.1 42.7 40.2 18.0 41.2 27.9 . .Omian

62.2 39.1 24.0 20.2 13.0 9.1 11.7 18.2 20.6 .. Saudi Arabia5.9 12.6 10.2 12.1 11.2 11.2 4.8 4.7 12.2 13.6 Syrian Arab Republic

23.9 21.2 21.0 20.3 20.4 16.2 19.6 19.8 18.6 20.0 Tunisia

261 27.3 26.9 27.5 2&3 29.4 265 30.3 2&6 20.3 EVROPE

36.5 30.9 33.1 34.7 31.8 32.3 31.1 34.1 32.2 27.8 Bulgaria

30.3 31.3 30.5 31.1 31.8 31A 30.7 31.0 29.1 28.0 Czechoslovakia.18.9 10.8 11.6 11.8 9.9 10.8 9.9 12.3 .10.8 8.2 Greece28.6 29.3 28.4 28.9 27.1 25.5 26.2 27.3 29.0 26.9 Hungary18.7 15.3 15.0 13.7 12.3 14.6 16.9 16.6 15.7 .. Malta16.3 30.0 26.8 28.3 29.1 30.3 31.2 35.3 30.9 .. Poland15.9 16.8 16.8 15.0 18.3 20.8 21.1 20.2 20.7 21.2 Portugal34.0 35.6 39.7 39.5 39.8 41.1 38.8 37.9 32.1 16.9 Romania16.7 17.3 15.3 15.3 17.8 21.5 23.4 26.1 21.7 18.7 Turkey36.4 355i 35.9 38.0 40.6 40.1 23.9 43.8 47.1 20.7 YugOsavia

24.6 23.3 23.8 23.7 24.9 24.7 25.8 27.2 27.8 25.4 Eow- & middle-income economies

23.2 21.6 21.6 22.1 25.0 2,45 25.8 27.5 28.9 29.6 Low-income economies12.8 7.9 6.8 7.3 8.8 7.3 9.4 9.1 10.3 .. Low-income A.frica27.1 27.4 26.9 27.8 30.2 30.4 30.6 31.1 31.6 32.8 Cbina and India22.7 19A 20.0 19.5 23.0 19A 19.8 23.3 27.5 ~28.6 Othuer low-income

28.3 25.2 24.9 24.3 24.2 2,4.1 25.2 26.6 26.9 .Middle-income economiies

22.4 20. 20.2 22.1 2046 22.0 21.2 22.1 224A High-income economies

22.1 20.3 20.0 20.9 20.4 21.0 21.1 22.1 22.3 .. OECD members31.9 30.7 29.8 30.8 31.5 31.8 31.8 32.9 33.1 .. Japan19.0 16.0 15.2 16.8 15.6 14.8 14.5 14.9 15.3 .. United States

23.5 2UA 22.0 21.7 21.5 21.7 22.1 23.0 234A. WORLD

57

Table 15. Private consumption: percentage of gross domestic product.*.*. ~~.*.*.* *. ~ *.* *. *.~ *.* *. *...*... *...~. *. ~ **.*. *. ~ ....................

Peirlkwepoinu 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 197 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

SUB -SAILARANAFR[C4 70.6 70.6 69.0 67.5 65.1 69.2 664 66.0 70.2 69.4 66.9F.ZC*4IqNiIea 65.5 67.1 67.1 67.0 66.1 69.6 67.4 67. 725 73.2 72.0

Benin 81.6 82.9 83.6 80.7 83.5 86.6 90.0 88.7 89. 88.3 95.7Botswana 78.0 66.9 57.0 59.7 55.5 58.0 57.1 61.6 62.3 57.2 51.6Burkina Faso 904 88.5 85.8 82.7 75.9 80.9 79.8 87.6 87.0 89.1 93.5Burundi 86.6 87.5 87.2 85.4 89.1 91.6 85.1 77.5 80.7 82.8 87.8Cameroon 70.5 75.3 75.3 71.8 69.2 72.0 76.4 71.1 72.0 76.3 75.5Cape Verde .. . . 114.7 100.4 96.6 102.7 101.5 110.0 100.3 93.3Central African Republic 75.3 73.6 74.6 71.5 75.4 88.5 82.2 86.0 86.4 86.2 94.5Chad 63.6 62.1 62.6 84.0 63.7 67.9 71.8 73.7 72.8COMOTOS.. . .. . .. .. .

Congo, PeopWes Republic 81.8 76.3 77.0 62.3 53A 70.7 77.5 73.7 67.1 54.9 46.8COte d'Ivoire 57.3 58.5 59.0 58.5 54.5 60.4 55.3 52.7 54.9 56.9 60.0Equatorial Guinea 67.3 59.7 63.7 71.8 75.6 65.6 63.6 63.3Ethiopia 78.9 80.3 78.5 75.9 76.1 79.4 76.9 80.2 81.1 82.0 79.9Gabon 36.6 35.3 33.4 45.7 24.7 23.5 16.5 23.5 36.5 33.9 25.6Gambia, The 84.1 90.7 83.4 88.5 84.2 71.1 90.0 80.5 90.7 74.5 79.2Ghana 74.4 77.4 74.8 75.0 78.2 73.3 79.2 77.4 84.7 83.1 83.9Guinea-Bisau 76.7 80.5 85.7 89.3 92.2 82.5 81.5 85.0 84.7 88.5 77.0Kenya 60.2 64.7 62.2 59.0 64.4 68.2 61.6 55.8 60.5 64.4 62.1Lesotho 120.4 126.1 133.1 132.1 149.9 151.2 163.9 157.2 129.7 144.8 123.9Liberia 46.9 49.5 47.5 56.0 57.7 51.5 54.1 60.7 60.7 58.4 56.4Madagascar 79.4 80.5 81.6 83.3 84.8 86.1 83.0 84.5 85.4 87.4 89.3Malawi 72.8 78.0 76.4 74.2 69.4 68.9 68.1 66.4 62.7 68.4 69.9Mali 79.9 80.2 80.4 87.1 103.8 94.1 88.7 81.5 92.2 92.1 91.5Mauritania 56.2 55.1 53.2 71.5 76.9 67.3 65.2 65.3 65.3 70.9 67.8Mauritius 75.3 76.6 69.4 66.4 59.4 61.6 62.8 67.2 67.9 67.3 75.5Mozambique . . . . . . .. ... 76.2

Namibia . . . .. . . .... .. 45.9Niger 88.8 87.2 85.9 84.7 93.5 86.6 84.9 75.7 70.7 71.1 67.1Nigeria 81L4 77.5 72.6 68.6 63.5 68.5 64.9 63.7 66.8 64.5 61.5Rwanda 88.0 87.6 87.8 81.0 86.7 78.2 74.3 71.0 76.6 76.6 83.3Senegal 74.0 75.4 71.7 75.5 69.7 72.2 75.9 72.6 76.9 76.7 78.4Seychelles . .. . .. . .. 54.8 40.3 32.8 46.8 44.2Sierra Leone 73.6 76.8 79.3 78.5 81.0 82.5 86.7 83.8 87.1 90.1 92.4Somalia 83.2 . 85.0 70.8 79.1 71.1 71.6 67.0 103.4 82.8 9885 97.3Sudan 63.8 68.8 74.8 69.6 71.0 80.1 74.3 77.4 82.2 80.9 80.6Swaziland 54.2 52.2 49.7 43.3 30.2 49.4 44.5 55.7 56.1 73.3 67.9Tanzania 68.8 66.7 69.2 70.5 75.4 74.1 63.0 62.3 72.6 70.3 77.1Togo 58.3 55.2 58.2 59.8 32.4 60.9 51.9 58.8 41.4 52.0 52.8Uganda.. . . . . . .

Zaire 73.7 74.8 77.7 78.1 77.4 80.5 86.0 83.5 87.9 87.7 81.5Zambia 39.4 41.4 39.7 33.3 34.9 51.4 44.8 51.5 55.6 53.1 55.2Zimbabwe 66.9 67.8 59.8 61.0 61.1 62.1 63.5 61.1 65.6- 68.5 64.5

SOErrH1ASIA 77.9 77.4 77.7 7690 7&9 75.2 725 72-8 7±-6 728 7.18

Bangladeah 96A 110.5 121.7 92.7 94.6 95.9 98.9 88.7 93.5 92.2 91.6Bhutan . .... 67.3India 74.8 72.8 74.0 73.9 72.8 70.2 68.6 70.6 69.6 69.6 71.1Nepal 97.4 96.0 94.9 94.6 96.3 82.4 80.8 79.2 79.2 79.9 82.2Pakistan 80.9 80.9 78.8 78.3 83.8 84.4 81.3 79.3 80.6 83.8 83.1Sfi L Anka 72.3 72.4 71.8 76.5 80.2 82.6 76.1 73.3 752 77.1 80.3

EASTASL4AND PACIFIC 618 "S 65.5 63.6 643 6315 615S 625 66.5 5SA4 59.6

China ~~~~~~63.7 62.3 64.0 62.7 63.7 61.9 63.3 62.8 592 56.9 59.5Fiji 67.1 68.5 70.8 78.7 74.3 68.0 69.6 64.1 65.3 584 572Indonesia 78.1 74.7 69.1 67.8 65.0 65.1 64.3 61.8 63.0 56.8 52.3Korea, Republic of 75.5 75.5 73.7 70.0 69.7 70.5 65.1 61.9 612 62.0 64.2Malaysia 57.7 592 58.5 53.2 53A 56.5 50.9 502 51.7 48.3 50.5Mongolia ..

Papua New Guinea 63.8 63.3 58.9 47.2 46.3 52.6 50.1 53.7 55.3 53.9 60.9PhilIppines 70.9 71.4 72.0 67.8 68.9 67.7 65.6 65.8 67.1 66.0 67.0Solomon Islands .. 70.1Thailand 67.5 67.1 68.4 64.7 664 67.6 67.5 67.9 64.9 67.5 67.5Tonga. 88.9 90.9 87.8 94.9 97.6 91.0Vanuatu ..

Western Samoa .~~.~... ~ ...L......... .. 2~~~98.6 86.8

58

1981 1982 19813 1984 1985 1986 19817 1988 1989 1990)

73.2 76.6 76.6 75.1 75.1 74.1 71.2 72.2 71.0 SUII-SAILIXINAFRICA73.8 73.9 74.3 70.8 71.2 71.9 72.4 72 6 77.1 726 ExcludingNigeuia

.... .... .... . ................. ***.... . ,......................... ...I.......... ....... . ... .............

103.6 92.2 89.0 962 81.8 85.8 84.2 89.6 86.6 Benin51.9 61.6 54.4 48.3 44.9 37.6 42.1 41.6 43.3 Botswana94.4 86.6 85.2 87.0 84.8 84.1 82.5 80.0 81.7 82.5 Burkina F~aso80.2 87.7 80.2 81.2 83.4 83.4 77.3 81.2 81.5 84.5 Burundi68.9 68.2 62.3 57.9 55.1 59.7 69.5 75.8 67.9 69.7 Cameroon88.8 84.3 83.6 88.0 87.7 84.6 72.1 74.5 76.4 Cape Verde86.9 90.9 84.3 86.0 86.5 86.7 86.0 83.5 85.7 87.5 Central African Republic

102.1 100.0 89.2 102.7 102.3 95.1 95.5 92.2 92.4 Chad68.7 82.5 79.5 75.9 82.7 81.4 75.9 76.2 Comoros

56.5 40.0 39.8 38.8 52.5 59.4 56.6 60.1 52.8 50.9 Congo, People's Republic63.8 62.5 64.2 62.3 60.3 66.3 66.9 65.6 71.0 68.1 Clue d'Ivoire

75.5 68.2 73.3 70.6 68.8 72.1 Equatorial Guinea80.7 81.8 80.0 79.7 77.7 78.9 77.2 72.0 68.8 70.6 Ethiopia26.7 27.3 29.5 27.2 30.4 46.8 47.8 52.1 48.1 41.5 Gabon72.8 70.4 75.1 76.9 77.1 72.1 73.1 76.0 75.0 74.7 Gambia, The87.2 89.8 90.8 86.1 83.0 81.2 81.8 79.4 83.7 81.7 Ghana70.3 75.7 78.1 83.6 86.8 87.6 8.4.8 89.1 100.3 98.6 Guinea-Bissau61.9 63.5 612 63.3 57.6 59.7 62.3 61.7 62.0 64.1 Kenya

134.8 141.6 167.3 164.5 145.3 141.8 144.9 1.28.0 143.3 151.6 Lesotho61.9 65.9 70.9 68.6 64.7 64.5 .. Liberia88.2 90.3 89.0 86.7 87.6 86.8 86.2 85.2 82.1 83.2 Madagascar70.3 67.4 68.4 69.5 69.4 70.1 67.8 74.5 79.2 74.8 Malawi90A 89.7 93.9 92.6 102.4 90.3 82.8 81.3 77.8 83.7 Mali65.7 79.1 93.7 84.7 76.4 71.0 73.1 79.9 78.9 87.5 Mauritania71.3 70.8 69.5 68.5 66.9 60.9 61.1 61.9 66.1 66.5 Mauritius74.3 79.7 82.2 80.2 80.6 75.7 96. 99.0 964 91.6 Mozambique63.2 66.3 67.3 65.1 55.6 54.0 62.6 56.4 56.2 Namibia80.4 80.5 81.1 91A 86.8 82.9 83.8 82.9 85.5 Niger72.3 79.3 79.0 79.1 79.1 80.8 69.8 74.0 70.2 Nigeria78.6 81.9 83.9 81.0 80.5 79.7 80.7 80.7 79.4 77.8 Rwanda87.0 82.8 82A 79.3 84.6 79.0 78.3 77.8 79.3 77.0 Senegal51.2 56.2 68.2 61.2 58.2 55.8 63.4 65.1 67.1 62.4 Seychelles88.6 89.5 83.6 82.0 84.8 83.8 82.8 80.8 85.6 86.5 Sierra Leone93.9 99.5 106.8 105.3 93.0 92.9 85.3 85.8 90.1 Somalia83.0 81.0 89.3 84.1 94.2 80.8 80.1 84.3 83.3 83.3 Sudan71.9 72.3 77.7 77.1 81.1 65.7 63.1 63-5 Swaziland75.4 72.6 78.2 77.2 77.2 79.7 86.7 92.6 Tanzania57A 63.1 61.9 64.3 63.4 67.7 67.4 71.4 68.5 70.4 Togo0

93.0 84.1 83.2 83.0 85.9 88.7 90.6 91.7 Uganda81.9 83.4 83.8 80.9 77.9 78.1 77.9 75.1 79.3 Zaire64.9 64.3 60.7 58.3 60.7 50.5 69.5 69.9 74.0 74.9 Zaimbia67.0 65.0 68.9 59.2 55.5 54.5 49.1 52.0 54.5 56A Zimbabwe

71.3 7723 72.5 72-3 70.2 69.5 69.7 69.7 68.5 68.6 SOUTHASL4

90.5 93.5 93.8 92.0 90.8 89.4 89.0 89.1 88.5 89A Bangladesh70.9 69.3 66.8 68.2 63.0 65.6 64.3 66.9 . .Bhutan

67.9 69.0 69.8 69.4 66.6 66.6 67.3 67.3 67.1 67.6 India82.1 81.6 81.3 80.9 76.1 78.1 76.6 79.0 81.6 .. Nepal80.6 81.3 80.1 80.2 81.6 76.3 72.6 72.0 70.6 71.8 Pakistan80.9 80A 78.5 72.2 78.3 78.0 77.6 78.6 77.6 76.0 Sri Lanka

61.3 61.2 61.3 66.0 625 5&3 56.2 58&6 60.2 557 EA4STASL4 AND PACIFIC

61.8 60.0 60.2 58.4 55.6 53.7 52.3 53.3 53.5 49.9 China63.7 62.5 64.0 63.0 62.2 62.3 64.9 69.8 69.0 66.7 Fiji55.3 60.5 60.6 60.2 59.0 61.7 57.7 57.1 53.4 53.0 Indonesia63.9 62.5 61.0 60.1 59.4 55.1 52.8 51.5 52.5 .. Korea, Republic of53.1 53.1 52.1 49.8 52.0 51.0 47.3 49.4 52.1 52.5 Malaysia

Mongolia66.2 64.7 64.5 63.5 67.0 64.8 63.3 60.2 64.0 65.8 Papua New Guinea66.8 69.9 724 76.5 75.9 73.1 75.3 73.2 73.5 77.7 Philippine74.7 61.2 60.8 57.3 64.4 67.3 74.1 69.2 . .Solomon Islands67.2 65.2 68.3 66.1 64.7 62.9 63.7 62.3 61.3 57.1 Thailand98.6 98.1 94.3 86.2 98.2 .. . . . .Tongp

52.0 48-5 57.2 59.2 60.2 60.9 61.0 .. Vanuatu97.2 90.6 88.2 85.6 87.3 95.2 95.5 99.8 102.3 101.1 Westem Samoa

59

Table 15. Private consumption: percentage of gross domestic product (cont'd).......................................................................... ,....,.................

Pe,rn*aepoim.t 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1975 1979 1980

LATI7NAERICA AND CARfBBFAN 69.2 69.9 70.0 6&3 67.4 66.5 66.9 66.7 66.8 669 66.3

Argentina 68.2 69.1 68.9 67.5 66.2 61.3 59.0 60.3 60.1 65.6 6.Bahamas .. . . . . . . 55.7 58.1 65.9 61.7Barbados 79.9 76.1 77.9 74.9 72.3 74.2 74.4 77.9 68.0 70.5 63.3

Bolivia 66.2 68.5 63.1 61.5 60.6 58.7 63.0 63.6 70.6 68.0 67.2Brazil 68.6 69.6 69.7 67.5 70.7 66.5 68.8 692 68.6 69.5 69.8Chile 70.1 71.3 75.2 80.8 62.4 73.2 68.9 72.8 71.1 70.7 70.7Colombia 72.4 73.7 72.8 71.3 70.9 72.3 71.1 69.9 70.3 70.8 70.2Costa Rica 73.7 72.2 70.0 68.2 73.8 71.6 66.3 65.2 67.6 66.9 65.5Dominican Republic 76.6 80.1 76.2 73.4 78.0 71.6 80.9 78.3 77.5 73.4 77.0EcuadoT 75.3 76.0 73.5 67.0 59.8 652 63.6 61.7 63A4 61.2 59.6El Salvador 76.1 76.1 74.1 74.1 74.9 71.8 68.0 64.5 72.5 68.9 71.8Grenada . ..... ...... 72.4Guatemala 78A4 80.0 80.0 79.2 78.1 78.9 77.8 75.3 77.0 78.7 78.9Guyana 60.8 59.6 62.0 64.7 54.7 47.4 59.3 60.7 56.2 52.2 51.8Haiti 83.0 81.8 81.8 80.3 83.3 84. 84.7 85.1 82.7 81.7 81.9Honduras 73.8 71.8 71.0 71.6 74.0 77.7 72.3 68.9 65.7 65.9 69AJamaica 60.9 62.6 67.3 61.8 68.0 66.2 69.8 65.7 61.7 60.7 64.0Mexiico 74.8 76.0 74.8 73.6 72.9 71.6 71.3 69.6 69.4 67.7 65.1Nicaragua 74.5 74.8 71.6 77.3 74.3 78.6 70.5 69.4 71.0 74.0 82.5Panama 60.6 57.7 55.2 53.1 57.7 57.3 55.7 60.0 58.4 60.5 56.5Paraguy 77.5 79.5 77.0 73.8 75.8 75.1 72.5 72.1 69.8 71.2 75.7Peru 70A4 70.6 72.3 68.8 70.1 74.1 74.1 73.5 68.8 61.0 61.3St. Vincent and the Grenadines .. . . . . . . 90.9 67.5 77.5 78.3Trinidad and Tobago 60.0 55.3 59.3 54.0 42.3 42.6 47.5 47.9 52.0 51.3 45.9Uruguay 69.4 66.6 69.2 66.6 71.6 70.6 652 68.5 66.8 68.3 68.6Venezuela 51.9 50.6 52.2 49.6 42.0 48.9 50.8 51.5 55.6 54.3 54.9

MIDDLEEPASTAND NOR THAFNJCA 61.0 6RA1 60.0 56.8 49.8 534 51.3 55. 57. 5..3....j 5

Algeria 55.8 57.0 55.3 51.4 46.3 51.1 48.5 51.1 48.5 45.6 43.2Eg'pt, Arab Republic of 65.9 66.0 66.6 63.8 73.5 62.9 58.5 62.0 63.1 68.7 69.2Iran, Islamic Republic of 59.1 55.9 53.5 47.5 35.1 39.0 39.7 49.3 53.7 47.1 49.8Jordan .. .. .. ..

Morocco 73.4 72.5 73.0 72.7 68.0 69.4 68.9 65.6 67.5 67.0 67.9Oman 19.4 17.1 24.9 24.0 8.7 1.5.9 20.5 26.8 32.7 26.1 27.7Saudi Arabia 33.7 28.0 24.5 19.5 9.9 12.9 14.5 16.8 24.2 27.5 26.6Syria Arab Republic 72.3 72.3 67.6 69.7 66.9 66.4 63.3 67.4 69.0 69.1 66.5Tunisia 66.5 64.8 63.9 66.0 60.6 622 62.1 63.5 62.5 60.4 61.5

EVROPE ... . . . . . 59.2

Bulgaria ... . .. .. ... 44.7Czechoslovakia . . . . . .. . ... .. 48.0Greece 67.6 67.7 66.6 63.8 66.4 67.8 66.9 66.0 63.4 61.3 63.9Hungay 58A4 58.1 57.2 56.3 58.2 59.2 5&.1 57.4 57.4 58.8 61.2Malta 77.8 76.8 78.7 77.8 81.3 71.6 66.6 71.9 67.1 63.2 64.7Poland . . . . . . . .. .. 67.4POrtuga 66.5 67.3 62.5 64.5 72.6 73.1 73.7 72.0 68.0 67.5 66.6Romal .. . .. .... .. 6.0Turkey 69.7 72.3 69.9" 70.7" 73.3" 72.7" 69.0O 69.4 71.4 71.0" 73.4Yugoslavia 5527 56.9 57.5 592 62.1 56.1 53.2 52.9 53.0 51.5 48.8

Low- & middle-income economies 674 67.1 67.0 65.1 63.9 63.8 62.7 62.9 63.1 61.7 62.0

Low-income economies 70.7 69.7 69.9 68.2 68.6 68.1 67.1 66.8 66.3 64.7 65.1Low-income Africa 71.6 71.5 70.2 68.7 66.9 71.4 68.4 68.0 72.1 70.9 68.4China and India 67.9 66.3 67.7 66.8 67.3 64.9 65.4 65.9 63.1 61-4 63.7Other low-income 79.8 80.7 78.8 73.9 75.2 74.9 70.7 68.3 69.8 68.2 65.5q

Middle-income economies 65.0 65.1 64.7 62.4 59.3 59.0 58.3 58.6 59.5 58.6 58.1

HIgh-Income economies 59.9 59.5 59.7 S8. 59.0 60.2 60.1 60.2 59.7 59.9 60.3

OECD members 59.9 59.8 59.7 58.9 59.2 60.4 60.3 60.4 59.8 60.1 60.6Japan 52.3 53.6 54.0 53.6 54.3 57.1 57.5 57.7 57.7 58.7 58.8United States 63.0 62.9 62.7 62.0 62.7 63.6 63.7 63.6 62.8 63.1 64.1

WORLD 614 61.2 61.0 60.0 59.8 60. 60.3 60.4 60.1 60. 60.3

60

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

66.3 67.1 67.7 6eo 67Z2 6.1 65.2 65.3 64.1 : LAT77NAMER[CAAND CARIBBEAN

68.0 698 64.8 73.5 73.8 77.1 69.4 69.4 77.3 .. Argenitina62.3 59.1 57A 65.4 62.9 635 63.7 .. .. .. Bahamas

70.6 67.1 69.0 662 61.9 64.0 66.4 63.1 67.2 . Barbados64.6 68.5 69.0 62.1 64.9 57.8 58.1 60.6 63.8 . Belize77A 65.8 70.4 66.0 782 83.5 83.2 79.0 78.8 78.3 Bolva68.1 69.7 71.6 71.0 68.3 67.8 62.5 612 59.8 .. Brazil74.5 75.3 73.3 73.0 69.3 68.9 67.6 65.3 66.1 67.1 Chile72.5 72.9 71.9 70.6 69.0 65.3 66.2 655 64.9 645 Colombia60.1 57.8 61.5 61.3 60.1 58.6 62.0 61.7 60.2 60.4 Costa Rica71.1 74.5 74.1 74.9 77.3 72.3 73.2 71.0 78.7 82.4 Dominican Republic61.6 63.1 65.9 64.1 64.5 66.9 70.7 69.1 71.2 69.5 Bcuador76.0 76.1 77.5 78.8 81.2 77.9 81.0 80.9 81.7 88.1 El Salvador68.0 74.5 76.6 74.1 72.8 73.9 72.7 71.3 722 74.2 Grenada81.6 82.0 82.9 82.9 82.6 81.1 84.6 84.2 83.9 83.7 Guatemala63.4 63.8 66.3 63.7 69.0 61.9 65.9 55.1 57.9 .. Guyana85.0 82.2 83.4 82.4 82.0 845 84.8 85.8 85.3 .. Haiti72.0 74.5 74.3 73.0 71.6 702 71.3 74.0 74.6 79.6 Honduras67.8 68.6 66.7 65.8 70.2 59.5 59.4 50.6 58.8 56.5 Jamaica64.4 61.6 60.9 63.1 64.5 68.2 65.1 684 65.8 70.4 Mexico73.9 67.9 56.7 55.4 48.2 55.8 52.0 . .. .. Nicaragua53.3 54.0 56.7 63.0 62.8 57.7 57.5 59.0 67.0 62.9 Panama73A 74.9 69.9 75.0 77.8 78.6 80.3 78.5 69.7 72.9 Paraguay63.2 61.8 65.0 62.9 62.4 68.2 67.3 65.0 68.6 70.8 Peru70.6 78.6 73.0 63.7 58.0 67.3 . .. .. . St. Vincent and the Grenadines49.9 62.8 66.7 61.2 51.0 62.3 56.7 575 56.7 47.9 Trinidad and Tobago68.0 67.5 69.1 69.1 685 68.3 70.1 69.1 68.9 67.3 Uruguay57.9 62A 67.6 61.0 61.8 68.9 64.7 68A 64.7 62.1 Venezuela

550 59.1 57.7 625 625 615 625 619 65.2 .. MIDDLEEE4STANDNORTHAFR[CA4

45.5 46.0 45.4 47.7 47.9 52.7 49.5 51.3 50.0 44.1 Algeria66.9 67.0 65.0 67.9 68.2 69.6 79.4 78.3 80.5 80.1 Egypt, Arab Republic of50.6 64.0 58.5 672 67.1 64.7 65.0 68.3 71.1 .. Iran, Islamic Republic of

83.8 81.0 83.0 77.0 74.1 77.0 77.8 82.4 Jordan69A 67.9 68.1 69.8 68.1 68.2 67.6 63.9 65.6 64.6 Morocco25.8 31.9 31.4 30.8 33.9 51.5 29.7 39.8 .. . Oman22.1 32.3 42.4 45.3 50.5 51.7 49.2 49.1 47.3 . Saudi Arabia73.4 65A 67.8 63A 65.1 67.3 77.3 82.0 71.4 71.9 Syrian Arab Republic61.3 62.3 62.2 63.2 63.0 66.4 64.1 64.3 64.4 63.8 Tunisia

6.5 6R4 60.3 59.8 5&7 57.5 57.3 57.3 59.0 6&5 EUROPE

46.9 61.9 50.1 49A 50.7 49.5 51.1 48.7 49.9 54.5 Bulgaria49.2 48.6 49.0 48.0 47.9 47.8 48.0 47.9 49.3 51.1 Czechoslovakia63.2 70.9 69.6 68.7 69.7 69.8 70.4 67.5 68.5 70.9 Greece61.3 60.8 61.5 61A 62.8 63.9 63.5 61.1 60.7 62.5 Hungajy64.0 66.2 67.0 68.9 70.0 68.0 65.2 66.1 66.3 .. Malta74.2 61.8 644 62A 61.5 60.6 59.8 56.5 62.7 .. Poland69.3 68.8 68.6 70.5 67.5 65.6 65.5 66.5 66.2 65.6 Portugal59.2 58.2 53.9 54.0 50.3 48.9 52.0 52.8 58.1 70.4 Romania72A 71.8 74.5 75.6 73.6 69.6 67.5 65.2 66.7 67.2 Turkey48.6 49.4 49.8 48.3 46.1 46.3 43.0 47.9 46.1 72.5 Yugoslavia

63A 64.6 64.2 64.5 64.6 63.9 61.9 6.8 62.9 i [ow. & middle-income economies

66.9 68.2 68.1 67.3 69.1 66.2 64.5 66.2 66.5 65.6 Low-income economies75.5 79.9 80.0 79.4 79.5 79.1 76.5 77.2 76.5 . Low-income Africa64.2 63.6 64.1 62.7 60.2 59.5 59.2 59.2 58.8 57.6 China and India664 69.5 69.1 69.4 84.2 76.2 73.8 81.6 85.8 84.7 Other low-income

58.5 60.6 60.8 62.0 61.7 62.2 60.1 60.6 60.5 .. Middle-income economies

60A 6L7 62.2 61.6 62.1 61s 6L9 61A 61A High-income economies

60.7 62.0 625 61.9 62.3 62.0 62.0 61.5 61.5 .. OECD members58.1 59.4 60.2 59.4 58.9 58.6 58.7 57.9 57.7 .. Japan63.5 65.6 66.4 65.2 66.0 66.5 66.9 66.8 66.7 .. United Stales

60.5 62.0 624 62.1 62.5 62.3 6L9 61.7 6L7 WORLD

61

Table 16. Current account balance before official transfers

Perceuagof GD? 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

SUB -SA ILRA4NAFlrIC . .. . . . .

..... ..... ..... ... ...... .

Benin -83 -8.6 -13.2 -8.9 -.... 14.8 -19.1 -22.1 -20.8 -19.9' -14.0 -17.2Botswana -41.8 -37.6 -34.7 -24.6 -7.1 -12.2 -8.9 -14.6 -28.9 -14.3 -23.2Burkina Faso -52 -8.0 .8.8 -10.1 -14.6 -18.4 -13.5 -18.3 -16.4 -15.6 -15.2Burundi -1.0 -5.8 -3.6 -2.1 -5.6 -10.6 -2.5 -1.7 -9.9 -9.9 -13.9Cameroon -4.1 -5.0 -7.6 -2.0 -1.7 -72 -4.8 -3.7 -45 -2.7 -6ACape Verde .. . . . . . . -28.3 -35.2 -37.3 -17.7Central African Republic -13A .12.1 -12.2 -11.6 -18.1 -22.7 -9.7 -11.3 .12.6 -14.5 -17.6Chad -10.0 -9.6 -9.1 -13.4 -13.7 -22.0 -14.9 -19.9 -20.8 -62 -22Comoros . . . . .. ...

Congo, People's Republic -19.4 -24.5 -28.1 -16.6 -19.8 -372 -35.6 -28.8 -26.4 -11.9 -13.5C&te d'Ivoire -5.1 -92 -8.5 -10.9 -3.5 -10.8 -6.0 -3.5 -11.1 -15.2 -17.5Equtatorial Guinea . -4.6 .. -1.8 .. - .

Ethiopia -2.4 -3.0 -0.3 2.6 0.8 -3.0 -0.3 -2.7 -5.1 -4.8 -4.5Gabon -4.7 24 -7.1 -9.1 12.7 1.4 0.3 2.5 1.6 7.0 821Gambia, The 0.1 -4.8 -2.2 -7.0 -0.9 6.1 -15.1 -7.2 -31.2 -25.2 -47.8Ghana -3.4 -6.4 4.3 4.4 -6.9 -0.1 -3.8 -4.5 -3.0 1.0 -1.2Guinea-BLsaau.. - - - . .- .

Kenya -5.4 -10.3 -5.1 -6.6 -11.9 -8.6 -4.6 -0.8 -13.9 -9.3 -13.8Lesotho -1.4 -7.1 -15.5 -12.6 -22.9 -14.1 -27.4 -20.3 -16A4 -27.1 -31.8Liberia -6.6 -4.7 -3.8 -22, -8.5 6.3 4.3 -5.4 -3.9 -1.7 0.9MadagpscaT -3.8 -6.6 -3.8 -4.0 -4.8 -6.1 -4.5 -3.7 -5.8 -14.0 -15.4Malawi -15.8 -11.2 -14.1 -8.4 -7.7 -14.1 -10.3 -10.9 -22.5 -29.5 -25.0Mali -6.4 -7.6 -8.3 -15.6 -28.0 -19.6 -9.5 -5.8 -17.3 -14.6 -14.4Mauritania -6.4 -4.8 -8.7 -927 -5.3 -30.5 -45.5 -46.3 .43.7 -37.3 -35.4Mauritius 2.4 -3.3 3.3 -0.5 6.8 1.8 -5.5 -10.5 -12.4 -12.8 -11.5Mozabique. . . . .. . .. .. -17.5

Niger -5.0 -2.0 -4.5 -6.3 -12.0 -6.7 -12.3 -13.2 -18.0 -13.2 -16.9Nigeria -3.0 -2.7 -2.0 0.0 14.2 0.1 -0.7 -1.7 -6.0 2.2 5.1Rwanda -5.6 -9.0 -11A -2.6 -11.8 -11.7 -5.7 -6.0 -16.0 -7.5 -13.4Senega -7.7 -10.5 -6.9 -14.4 -10.8 -9.4 -9.6 -8.1 -15.9 -14.0 -17.4Seychelles 1.1 -18.2 -24.1 -23.9 -14.8 -18.6 -19.3 -17.4 -16.1 -16.7 -20.4Sierra Leone -4.7 -5.8 -2.8 -7.4 -14.5 -11.1 -10.6 -10.2 -16.1 -20.6 -19.0Somarma -5.7 -4.9 -5.4 -12.7 -21.4 -14.1 -135 -27.8 -16.4 -44.7 -46.2Sudan -221 -1.9 -2.3 1.2 -8.1 -10.9 -8.1 -4.5 -6.5 -5.9 -9.6Swaziland . . . .. 10.4 11.4 7.9 -0.7 -25.8 -37.9 -38.9Tanzania -2.9 -7.4 -4.9 -6.8 -15A -12.4 -2.7 -4.8 -14.7 -11.1 -12.2Togo -5.4 -8.6 -13.1 -10.1 16.6 -19.1 -9.8 -16.7 -32.7 -33.4 -15.9Upanda 1.0 -4.2 0.6 1.8 -1.1 -2.9 1.3 2.1 -5.5 0.5 -7.0Zaire -2.9 -5.4 -6.6 -45 -5.0 -7.0 -9.7 -13.0 2.0 1.1 -3.9Zambia 6.0 -14.9 -11.2 4.6 0.3 -29.5 -5.0 -9.2 -11.4 0.1 -14.0Zimbabwe -1.7 -4.1 -0.7 -1.3 -3.4 -6.7 -0.7 ... . -5.6_

Bangladesh -34 -4.7 -92 -6.2 -5.9 -7.0 -11.9 -6.2 -8.0 -7.3 -11.1

India -1.0 -1.2 .0.7 -0.7 -1.0 -0.1 1.3 IA -0.3 -0.7 -1.7Nepal -2.9 -3.2 -1.2 -2.7 -4.7 -2.8 -1.1 0.0 -3.5 -3.0 -5.1Pakistan -7.0 -5.6 -3.1 -2.0 -6.2 -10.4 -7.1 -7.0 -3A -5.7 -4.8Sri Lanka -3.1 -2.3 -1.9 .1.3 -5.0 -4.9 -1.8 2.0 -4.5 -11.0 -19.7

EASTASL4 AND PACIFIC .... :-..~~.

China -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.4 -0.5 -0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.3Fij i -8.2 -12.7 -12.5 -15.2 -5.9 -4.1 -7.5 -4.0 -4.6 -7.8 -5.0Indonesia -3.9 -42 -3.3 -3.1 2.0 -3.5 -2.3 -0.2 -2.6 1.7 3.6Korea, Republic of -7.9 -9.3 -3.9 -2.5 -11.1 -9.3 -1.6 -0.1 -2.2 -6.5 -8.6Malaysia 0.0 -2.8 -4.8 1.1 -5.6 -5.2 5.0 3.1 0.5 4.2 -1.3Mongolia - . -.

Papua New Guinea -37.0 -41.3 -17.9 24 -0.1 -10.2 -6.9 -7.9 -15.9 -7.6 -22.7PhWfiipnes -1.9 -1.3 -1.2 3.2 -2.5 -6.8 -6.7 -42 -5.0 -5.5 -5.8Solomon Islands ... -39.9 -17.0 -8.7 -18.1 -7.0 -27.0Thailand -42 -2.9 -1.0 -0.7 -0.8 -4.4 -2.7 -5.6 -4.9 -7.8 -6.9Tongs... -2.4 -5.1 -5.6Vanuatu . . . -.

Western Samoa ....ik.. .. ... . -31.2 -39.9 -26.7. ..... <....,,<,'.... ,...... .. /. ...... C....

62

1981 198 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

SIJB-SAHAL4ANAFR1CA

-26.4 -37.9 -105 -12.9 -11.2 -9.9 -9.4 -10.0 -3.8 -10.1 Benin-34.1 -19.5 -13.4 -99 3.8 4.9 34.2 0.2 8.2 .. Botswana-14.1 -18.0 -15.9 -12.5 -15.6 -12.7 -11.5 -11.2 -14.3 -11.1 Burkina Faso-13.0 -17.7 -16.9 -16.8 -10.5 -11.7 -17.9 -14.5 -13.1 -10.9 Bunmdi

-6.1 -5.3 -1.7 1.8 4.0 -5.7 -9.8 -7.2 -1.8 -2.5 Cameroon-30.7 -35.8 -37.7 -34.2 -33.6 -20.8 -11.9 -13.1 -9.1 -5.4 Cape Verde-11.2 -15.3 -16.3 -15S4 -16.6 -19.1 -19.1 -4.0 -6.4 -8.7 Central African Republic

-3.3 -7.4 -13.0 -12.1 -30.3 -33.1 -32.5 -23.9 -27.8 -30.0 Chad-26.3 -27.9 -59.7 -40.3 -29.1 -30.3 -22.9 -17.9 -19.7 Comoros

-25.3 -16.7 -20.9 7.7 -9.3 -35.7 -12.6 -23.0 -5.5 -9.5 Congo, People's Republic-16.9 -13.8 -14.1 -1.5 0.6 -3.9 -10.5 -11.3 -10.1 -11.7 COte d'lvoire

-9.9 -13.9 -44.3 -51.3 -46.2 -36.6 Equatorial Guinea-6.4 -9.0 -7.0 -8.6 -6.8 -7.0 -8.8 -8.2 -6.3 6.61 Ethiopia9.7 7.9 2.0 25 -4.8 -31.1 -13.9 -19.4 -3.6 3.7 Gabon

-49.2 -26.0 -25.8 -1. -0.4 -1.8 -10.1 -3.7 -7.8 .. Gambia The-12.0 -4.8 -6.1 -4.1 -5.4 -2.9 -4.3 -5.0 -5.9 -7.2 Ghana

-48.0 -44.0 -47.3 -48.1 -50.8 -35.4 -47.2 -56.7 -39.3 Guinea-Bissau-9.9 -5.5 -2.7 -3.9 -3.6 -2.6 -8.0 -8.4 -10.4 -8.1 Kenya

-34.6 -23.7 -25.2 -29.2 -34.3 -30.2 -24.7 -37.1 -43.8 -26.4 L.esotho0.6 -8.0 -20.3 -9.6 -3.1 -7.5 -14.3 .. . .Liberia

-12.4 -11.0 -9.2 -9.2 -9.0 -8.4 -10.1 -12.6 -11.4 -11.7 Madagascar-15.6 -13.1 -13.8 -6.1 -13.2 -10.1 -7.2 -10.0 -10.8 -8.1 Malawi-17.4 -16.6 -18.8 -19.3 -31.1 -23.5 -16.4 -17.8 -15.4 -14.3 Mali-35.3 -49.4 -37.9 -29.9 -35.0 -36.7 -26.3 -20.6 -13.8 -18.9 Mauritania-14.1 -5.8 -2.9 -6.2 -4.0 5.1 2.1 -3.5 -6.2 -7.6 Mauritius-20.3 -23.5 -2227 -18.8 -13.0 -15.1 -47.6 -52.5 -58.9 -54A Mozambique

Namibia-15.8 -19.5 -11.1 -9.9 -19.2 -6.6 -10.7 -9.7 -11.9 -9.8 Niger-6.4 -7.8 -4.8 0.2 2.8 0.8 -0.3 -0.7 -0.9 .. Nigeria

-13.1 -13.6 -10.7 -8.9 -10.3 -9.6 -11.7 -11.1 -11.0 -10.4 Rwanda-25.8 -17.3 -18.6 -17.6 -16.8 -12.1 -10.2 -9.5 -9.6 -7.7 Senega-20.5 -34.1 -27.5 -18.7 -19.9 -23.9 -18.0 -20.2 -21.8 -14.3 Seychelles-14.0 -16.1 -3.4 -4.4 -1.0 9.5 -6.7 -1.0 .. -15.1 Sierra Leone-30.1 -44.0 -39.5 -42.3 -35.0 -46.3 -45.3 -30.4 -44.1 .. Somalia-12.2 -16.5 -11.7 -8.8 -6.2 -5.8 -4.1 -10.3 -10A -12.0 Sudan-28.0 -34.0 -33.6 -30.9 -27.1 -11.3 4.9 44 -13.5 8.3 Swaziland

-8.7 -9.8 -6.2 -7.8 -7.3 -11.2 -21.8 -24A . .. Tanzania-11.8 -18.9 -14.5 -6.8 -12.9 -15.0 -15.0 -9.4 -8.1 -7.9 Togo-7.4 -10.1 -8.0 0.7 -0.8 -2.1 -11.2 -11.8 -12.7 -13.0 Uganda.6.8 -5.5 -4.7 -6.3 -6.8 -7.2 -11.4 -11.1 -10.2 -16.7 Zaire

-19.1 -15.3 -9.3 -6.0 -17.9 -19.3 8.82 -6.9 -4.6 -13.2 Zambia-11.3 -11.0 -8.1 -3.7 -3.1 -1.6 -0.2 0.8 -3.1 -6.0 Zimbabwe

7: ~ ~ . .SOVTIIASL4

-9.6 -12.3 -9.0 -6.7 4.4 -6.9 -5.5 -5.8 -6.7 -6.7 Bangladesh534.3 -46.7 -49.5 -44.4 -25.5 -25.1 Bhutan

-2.0 -1.7 -1.5 -1.8 -2.7 -2.6 -2.5 -3.3 -32 -3.4 India-4.6 -6.0 -9.8 -8.1 -7.4 48.0 -7.7 -7.4 -10.1 -10.3 Nepal-3.6 -5.0 -1.8 -32 -5A -3.9 -22 -4.4 -4.8 -4.1 Pakistan

-13.7 -14.5 -12.1 -3.4 -9.8 -9.1 -7.4 -8.4 -6A -5.0 Sri Lanka

. - - - - ~ . *. ::.EASTASLI AND PACIFIC

1.1 2.4 1.6 1.0 -3.9 -2.8 0.0 -1.0 -1.1 3.1 China-16.3 -9.5 48.1 -3.9 -4.0 -1.9 -2A -0.3 0.0 -5.5 Fiji-0.9 -5.8 -7.5 -2.2 -2.2 -5.1 -3.0 -1.8 -4A -2A Indonesia-6.8 -3.6 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 4.3 7.5 8.2 2.4 -0.6 Korea, Republic of

-10.0 -135 -11.7 -5.0 -2.1 -0.6 8.1 5.0 -0.7 -3.0 MialaysiaMongolia

-32.1 -31.4 -24.7 -22.9 -15.4 -12.1 -13.4 -15.3 -16.4 -17.3 Papua New Guinea-5.8 -8A -8.7 -4.8 -0.7 2.4 -1.9 -1.7 -4.1 -6.5 Philippin-

-34.1 -19.7 -19.4 -5.5; -20.3 -26.6 -26.7 -34.5 -38.1 .. Solomon Islands-7.7 -3.1 -7.6 -5.4 -4.4 0.2 -1.0 -3.1 -3.8 -7.1 ThLaikand

-10.1 5.7 -24.1 -9.5 -7.2 -3.2 -1.0 -21.0 -.. Tonpa-23.3 -17.4 -7.1 -19.1 -21.2 -30.9 -19.6 . .Vanuatu

-27.4 -18.3 -12.1 -1. -10.8 -5.9 -6.0 -8.0 -4.2 -11.3 Westerm Samoa

63

Table 16. Current account balance before official transfers (cont'd)

Percerzg of GDP 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 Ms7 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

LA 7XNAMERI'CA AND CAR .BBEAN . . . . . .--

Argentina -0.7 -1.6 -0.9 [.8 -. -3.3 1.7 2.7 4.2 -1.1 844Bahamas .. . . -22.1 -19.8 64 12A 85 4.1 04 -2.6Barbados -23.7 -18.0 -194 -18.9 -14.2 -10.4 -15.1 -11.0 -6.1 -5.8 -3.1

Bolivia 0.2 .0.7 -1.0 0.2 7.7 -8.1 -3.3 -5.9 -15.1 -16.1 -1.7Brazil -2.0 -3.4 -2.9 -2.7 -7.2 -5.7 -4.3 -2.9 -3.5 -4.7 -5.5Chile -12 -2.0 -3.9 -2.8 -2.7 -6.9 1.3 42 -72 -5.8 -7.3Colombia 4.6 -62 -25 -0.8 -3.1 -1.4 1.0 1.9 1.0 1.6 -0.6Costa Rica -7.8 -11.0 -8.3 -7.3 -16.0 -11.1 -8.4 -7.4 -10.3 -1317 -13.6Dominican Republic -6.9 -7.8 -2.4 4.2 -8.3 -22 -3.3 -2.9 -6.6 -6.5 -10.9Ecuador -7.3 -102 -4.5 -05 0.6 -5.5 -0.6 -5.7 -9.6 -7.0 -5.7El Salvador 0.7 -1.4 0.8 -3.4 48.6 -5.3 0.8 0.8 -9.5 0.4 0.0Grenada . .. . .. . . ...... -19.8Guatemala -04 -24 -0.5 0.3 -3.2 -1.8 -1.8 .0.7 -4.5 -3.0 -2.1Guyana .. 2.7 -5.3 -21.1 -2.2 4.6 -31.7 -22.0 -4.6 -16.0 -21.4Haiti 1.0 -62 -6.5 -7.8 -11.0 -172 -15.6 -7.1 44A 484 -9.4Honduras -9.3 -3.6 -2.0 -42 -11.9 -11.1 48.5 48.3 -9.0 -9.3 -13.0Jamaica -10.6 -10.7 -10.6 -12.7 -3.5 -10.1 -10.3 -1.4 -2.3 -6.1 -6.5Mexico -2.9 -2.0 -2.0 -24 -3.8 -4.4 -3.7 -22 -3.0 -3.9 -5-5Nicargu -5.5 -5.7 2.0 -8.9 -17.7 -12.7 -2.7 -9.2 -1.7 5.7 -25.8Panama -7.7 -7.8 -92 -9.0 -14.9 -10.3 -102 48.8 -9.7 -12.9 -10.6Paragua -3.2 -3.9 -1.2 -2.0 -4.1 -5.6 -42 -2.8 -4.6 -6.2 -13.5Peru 2.0 .- 0.9 -0.7 -2.8 -5.6 -9.6 48.0 -6.9 -2.0 3.9 -12St. Vincent and the Grenadines . . . . . . . . 0.0 -14.9 -23.2Trinidad and Tobago -12.7 -18.1 -10.9 -1.8 13.9 14.0 11.0 6.0 1.7 -0.3 5.7Uruguay -24 -217 22 0.6 -3.6 -5.6 -2.3 -42 -2.7 -5.1 -7.3Venezuela -0.7 0.0 -0.6 4.4 19.4 6.8 0.8 -7.1- -11.9 0.6 6.8

MIDDLE LA4SFAND NOR771AFRICA.. ..

Algeria -3.3 -3.5 -2.5 -5.1 4.3 -10.8 -5.1 -11.1 -13.5 -4.9 0.5Egypt, Arab Republic of -5.9 -5.7 -5.3 -5.8 -17.7 -212 -10.2 -9.9 -9.2 -10.6 -1.9Iran, Islamic Republic of -44 -0.9 -2.3 0.6 26.9 9.2 11.5 3.5 0.2 13.3 -2.6Jordan.. ..........

morcc -4.1 -2.2 0.3 1.0 2.5 -6.3 -15.1 -16.9 -10.5 -9.8 48.1Oman -. .. .. .. ~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~94 -7.2 -0.6 0.3 -2.5 9.9 14.0

Saudi Arabia 3.9 21.9 32.9 27.6 85.9 44.1 37.9 27.3 2.5 18.5 40.9Syrian Arab Republic -34 -3.1 -0.5 -0.8 4.8 48.2 -15A -17.0 48.6 -6.9 -9.7Tunisia -6.1 -1.2 -1.6 -3.7 0.6 -4.9 -10.3 -12.3 485 -5.1 -5.3

Bulgaria ............... 3.7

Czechoslovakia . . . .. . ... ..... -0O4

Greece -4.3 -3.1 -327 -7.3 -6.1 -4.2 -42 .. -3.0 -4.9Hungaxy ...........

Moltan -12.9 4.9 3.7 7.9 -3A 11.3 9.9 5.9 7.6 2.7 1.8

Portugal -2.6 2.1 .. . . 4.9 .. . . -0.3 -4.3Romania.. . .. . .. ....

Turkey -0.5 -0.2 1.2 3.1 -2.0 -4.7 -4.9 -6.6 -24 -2.1 -6.0Yugoslavia -2.8 -2.7 2.7 24 -3.6 -2.1 0.5 -2.9 -2.3 -5.3 -3.2

Low- & middle-income economies - - .

Low-income economies.. . .. . . ...

Low-Income Africa.. . .. . .. . ...

China and India.. . .. . .. . .-.

Other low-income.. . .. . .. . .. -...

Middle-income economies.. . .. . .. . ...

High-Income economies - - - - ------

OECD members. . . . .. . - - .-

Japan L1 2.6 2.3 0.0 -1.0 -0.1 0.7 [.6 1.7 .08 -0.9"United States 0.5 0.1 -02 017 0.6 14 05q -0.5 -0.5 02 03

WORLD . - . -

64

1981 1982 1983 1984 198 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

- - .. -. .. .. .. - .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LA4TNAMER1C,4 AND CAR IBBEAN

-8.2 -4.1 -3.8 -3.2 -1.4 -3.6 -5.3 -L.7 -2.2 1.6 Argentina-6.5 -5.4 -3.0 -3.0 -7.2 -1.6 -6.6 -5.1 -6.6 .. Bahamas

-11.9 -4.2 -44 1.8 4.1 -0.7 -2.8 0.9 1.A. Barbados-7.5 -1.9 0.0 -2.5 -4.6 48.9 .. Belize

-13.5 -6.4 -7.0 48.6 -11.5 -12.0 -12.2 -9.7 -8.8 -8.0 Bolivia-4.4 -5.7 -3.3 0.0 -0.1 -2.0 -0.5 1.2 0.4 -0.8 Brazil

-14.7 -9.7 -5.9 -11.3 -8.4 -7.0 -4.6 -1.3 -4.3 -3.4 Chile-5.4 -7.8 -7.8 -3.7 -5.2 1.1 0.9 -0.5 0.1 1.6 Colombia

-15.6 -10.5 -10.4 -7.1 -7.7 -4.4 -9.8 -8.5 -9.6 -12.7 Costa Rica-5.5 -6.3 -6.4 -4.5 -4.9 -4.5 48.3 -L.9 -3.2 -1.6 Dominican Republic-7.3 -9.8 -1.5 -2.8 0.3 -5.3 -12.0 -6.0 -5.6 -2.2 Ecuador-7.9 -6.8 -5.4 -5.9 -6.2 -3.0 .4.8 -5.0 -8.1 -6.7 El Salvador

-35.5 42.0 -31.4 -20.1 -21.9 -27.5 -21.7 -15.2 -14.1 .. Grenada-6.7 -4.6 -2.5 -4.0 -2.5 -0.6 -7.5 -6.3 -5.2 .4.5 Guatemala

-31.6 -28.9 -32.9 -22.6 -20.4 -28.8 -35.5 -24.3 -17.8 -55.0 Guyana-15.2 -10.8 -10.7 -10.0 -9.5 -6.5 -6.8 -7.7 -7.2 -5.4 Haiti-11.6 48.7 48.4 -12.0 -9.6 -7.7 48.4 -9.0 -10.0 -14.5 Honduras-12.3 -14.2 -11.1 -15.7 -18.3 -3.1 -65 -Li1 -11.6 -6.0 Jamaica-6.4 -3.7 3.6 2.3 0.2 -L.4 2.6 -1.5 -2.1 -2.2 Mexico

-26.6 -23.0 -23.4 -22.8 -29.1 -29.3 -23.8 .. . .Nicaragua

-0.6 -3.5 7.1 1.6 3.0 4.5 1.7 14.0 4.3 -0.5 Paniama-11.3 -9.1 2.9 -1.9 -5.7 -9.5 -114 -8.2 0.9 -3.0 Paraguay

-7.5 -6.9 -5.5 -1.8 0.0 -5.1 -6.1 -6.4 1.2 -4.8 Peru48.0 -17.3 -6.1 -3.5 0.3 3.6 -13.4 -3.4 -10.9 .. St Vincent and the Grenadines5.8 -7.3 -12.5 -6.4 -1.2 -8.9 -4.8 -2.5 -1. -1.5 Trinidad and Tobago-4.2 -2.7 -1.4 -2.9 -2.8 0.3 -2.3 -0.2 1.9 -0.2 Uruguay5.2 -5.3 5.5 7.8 54 -3.7 -2.9 -9.6 5.8 15.8 Venezuela

- .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -. .. ~~~~~MIDDLE EA4ST AND NORTHAFRJC.A

0.2 -0.4 -0.2 0.2 L.7 -3.5 0.2 -3.8 -2.2 3.2 Algeria-9.1 -9.1 -5.4 -8.2 -9.3 -9.4 -5.2 -4.0 -8.2 -7.2 Egypt, Arab Republic of

Iran, Islamic Republic of-24.9 -20.1 -20.9 -1L.7 -15.4 -14.2 -15.9 -32.2 Jordan

-12.7 -13.2 -7.1 -8.5 47.8 -2.2 -0.1 0.7 4.7 -2.2 Morocco15.0 5.9 4.3 1.0 0.9 -13.9 10.4 .. . .Oman

29.5 9.0 -11.8 -14.8 -11.2 -12.0 -8.8 -5.7 . .. Saudi Arabia-13.8 -10.1 -12.1 -11.5 -12.8 -9.5 -9.3 -6.5 5.4 .. Syrian Arab Republic-5.2 48.7 -7.6 -10.1 -7.7 -7.5 -i.0 tO0 -3.7 -5.2 Tunisia

- .. .. - .. .. .. .. .. .. ~~~~EUROPE0.4 0.7 0.1 1.6 -0.5 -3.9 -2.6 -1.8 -24 -4.5 Bulgaria0.6 1.6 2.0 2.5 1.8 0.5 0.8 2.2 1.9 -2.9 Czechoslovakia-6.9 -6.4 -7.8 -8.4 -12.4 -7.8 -6.3 -5.5 -9.6 .. Greece

-2.3 -0.9 0.2 -2.2 -5.7 -2.6 -2.0 -4.9 -0.2 Hungary3.0 -L9 -3.3 -2.2 -4.1 -1.8 -Li1 -2.2 0.2 .. Malt-8.0 -3.0 -2.1 -4A -4A -1.5 -0.6 -. -2.2 .. Poland

-2.9 IS5 3.2 0.2 -12.3 -1.5 .. PortugalRomania

-3.4 -2.0 -4.2 -3.3 -2.3 -2.9 -1.7 LB8 0.7 -35 Turkey0.6 Li LB 1.7 1.9 4.0 3.1 -0.6 Yugoslavia

- - - - - - - - .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Low- & middle-income economies

-. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ~~~~~~~~~Low-income economies

Low-income AfricaChina and India

-. .* .. .. .. .. .. ~~~~~~~~~Other low-income

Middle-income economies

- .. -.- - - - - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~High-income economies

OECD members0.5 0.7 1.9 2.9 3.8 4.4 3.7 2.9 2.1 .. Japan0.5 0.1 -0.9 -2A -2.7 -3.1 -34 -2.4 -1.9 .. United States

-- - - - ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~- - - - WORLD

65

Table 17. Merchandise exports (BoP): percentage of gross domestic product. .... .... ~~~ .. **** ....... . * ~ *** .**

Per-auepabi*s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

SUJB-SAHARANAAFPJC4 168 15.9 162 19.8 2.52 19.8 20.5 21.3 1&2 20.9 2.13Excldi.erNtigea 20.7 182 1&8 21.2 23.7 19.8 21.2 21.5 19.6 20.9 21.9

Benin 21.4 25.7 20.1 22.6 20.5 21.0 15.1 21.1 16.6 13.7 19.4Botswana 31.1 34.8 40.4 46.2 42.8 45.6 51.7 52.4 51.1 71.0 61.0Burkina Faso 6.1 5.8 7.0 74 9.9 8.8 9.6 9.4 8.2 8.6 94Burundi 10.1 7.8 10.8 1027 9.1 7.7 12.7 16.9 11.4 13.0 7.2Cameroon 18.9 19.2 16.8 23.3 21.8 18.6 19.0 24.0 24.8 23.3 18.9Cape Verde .. . . . . . . 1.6 34 4.1 64Central African Republic 24.3 23.1 18.4 21.5 19.2 14.4 15.5 20.8 18.3 17.2 18.5Chad 12.1 12.1 9.7 10.7 15.3 9.5 16.5 16.2 12.6 12.5 9.8Comoros . . . .. . . .

Congo, People's Republic 21.2 23.5 19.0 22.5 44.6 30.1 29.4 34.8 35.1 41.3 53.4C8te d'Ivoire 34.3 31.5 32.3 34.4 40.8 31.8 37.2 38.5 33.1 29.8 28.7Equatorial Guinea 37A 43.7 29.4 23.5 36.0 .. .

Ethiopia 6.9 6.7 8.0 10.0 9.9 8.6 9.0 9.4 9.2 9.3 11.2G3abon 53.9 59.3 62.4 54.9 62.0 53.3 40~5 46.3 54.8 59.9 48.7Gambia, The 32.0 31.9 33.5 26.2 38.1 51.6 36.7 33.0 22.1 22.9 20.7Ghana 19.3 13.8 18.1 23.7 23.5 28.5 28.2 27.9 24.4 26.5 24.8Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . .

Kenya 17.8 16.5 16.0 18.7 19.6 19.4 21-5 25.2 18.0 16-5 17.4Lesotho 8.2 5.7 9.6 9.5 9.7 9.0 12.1 7.9 12.4 13.5 15.8Liberia 52.3 52.1 52.2 65.8 64.8 54.3 60.0 51.3 51.5 50.3 53.8Madagasa 13.0 12.3 12.4 1.2.1 12.5 14.0 13.2 14.9 15.2 11.9 10.8Malawi 20.3 19.6 19.4 22.0 21.7 22.6 24.7 24.8 19.4 21.0 22.7Mali 9.7 10.7 9.8 11.0 12.6 9.2 10.7 12.6 8.2 9.7 12.6Mauritania 46.4 45.3 44.3 39.4 45.1 35.2 34.7 29.1 21.8 22.8 27.7Mauritius 31.6 26.4 34.4 34.8 47.7 45.7 37.5 37.4 31.7 31.5 38.3Mozamnbique . . . .. . .. .... .. 11.6

Niger 7.2 8.5 9.6 10.5 7.9 13.2 16.1 15.2 16.2 23.0 22.7Nigeria 9.2 11.9 11.9 17.6 28.2 20.2 20.0 21.5 16.6 21.3 25.1Rwanda 11.0 9.4 8.2 17.7 17.4 10.1 17.1 16.4 12.8 19.6 11.5Senegal 18.4 15.2 20.8 17.2 29.6 26.5 26.7 33.9 18.3 17.5 14.0Seychelles 10.9 9.1 6.5 8.1 16.2 12.6 6.2 7.5 7.7 4.9 3.8Sierra Leone 23.6 22.9 25A 26.9 25.1 19.2 18.7 22.4 23.9 20.1 19ASomalia 9.8 11.5 13.5 11.3 13.7 12.5 10.0 14.3 194 18.0 22.1Sudan 14.1 14.1 13.6 17.1 10.7 9.5 10.4 8.9 7.2 6.9 8.8Swaziland . . . .. 68-5 68.3 715 60.7 53.5 54.6 67.9Tanzania 19.1 19.1 20.2 19.5 17.8 14.4 16.8 15.5 11A 12.4 11.3Togo 26.9 25.7 20.8 17.6 38.3 22.8 25.7 25.6 31.8 32.6 41.9Uganda 13.7 11.6 12.6 12.6 12.1 9.7 11.7 17.0 12.4 18.1 18.5Zaire 16.4 12.4 11.2 13.2 15.8 8.4 10.6 8.6 11.9 12.2 15.8Zambia 52.7 40.3 40.3 46.3 47.6 32.6 39.0 35.7 29.6 42.0 37.5Zimbabwe 2,45 23.1 24.0 25.9 27.2 26.3 26.0 25.8 26.5 26.0 27.0

SOU7IA.SL4 4.3 42 4.5 4.8 5.2 5.5 6.5 6.2 59 6.3 5.9

Bangladesh 6.1 4.4 5.5 6.0 4.0 2.4 5.0 5.7 5.0 5.3 5.6Bhutan . . . . . . .

India 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.8 4.3 5.3 6.0 5.7 5.3 54 4.8Nepa 4.9 54 5.7 6.5 5.4 5.3 6.9 6.9 5.4 5.5 4.9Pakistan 6.7 6.2 6.7 12.2 11.6 8.6 8.7 7.5 7.2 8.3 9.9Sri ILanka 14.8 13.7 12.4 12.7 14.2 14.7 15.6 18.6 30.9 292 26A

EASTASL4 AND PACIFiC .61 64 7.1 9.6 12.7 11.1 III 1-17 12.8 14.4 1317

China 2.5 2.8 3.2 4.1 5.0 4.8 4.7 . . 5.3 6.1Fiji 28.2 25.7 22A 194 25.6 23.1 17.4 22.8 22.3 23.8 28.5Indonesia 12.1 13.3 15A 18.7 26.7 21A 21.9 22.2 20.3 27.5 27.9Korea, Republic of 9.9 11.5 15.7 24.2 23.9 23.7 27.0 27.0 25.4 22.8 27.5Malaysia 39.1 36.1 31.9 37.1 42.0 38.8 45.4 44.0 44.7 51.8 52.5Mongolia . .. .. ..

Papua New Guinea 16.1 16.8 25.9 39.6 44.6 33.6 36.5 41.6 36.7 44.0 38.7Phuipie 14.8 14.6 13.4 17.5 18.4 14.3 13.8 15.1 14.2 15.6 16ASolomon Islands .. . . . . 30.0 42.8 51.2 45.7 65.7 63.1Thaiiand 9.7 10.9 12.8 14.1 17.6 14.6 17.4 17.5 16.9 19.1 20.1Tongs. . . . . 21.9 14.1 11.7 18.5 12.8 14.0Vanuatu . . . . . . .

66

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

29.5 16.0 25.8 27.7 1&l 266 20.5 19.9 21.5 .. SUB-SAHARANAFAICA20.3 19.0 19.9 227 21.7 1&3 169 19.5 20.4 21.5 F.rcldhzg Nigeria

175 13.9 17.9 17.8 15.9 12.8 15.6 13.1 17.9 .. Benin

39.5 53.5 66.4 59.5 70.5 72.9 109.1 73.0 72.6 .. Botswana10.1 8.1 8.0 10.9 9.5 7.3 92 9.0 8.3 .. Burkina Faso7.7 8.7 7.4 8.9 9.9 10.7 8.7 11.5 8.5 6.6 Burundi

20.9 20.8 23.3 26.0 28.7 21.3 14.7 13.0 16.3 17.2 Cameroon4.5 2.8 2.4 5.2 4.4 2.7 5.2 1.9 4.0 3.5 Cape Verde

16.9 16.6 18.7 17.9 18.6 13.1 12.2 12.1 13.7 11.6 Central African Republic13-5 9.8 13.3 17.0 8.5 13.1 13.5 13.9 15.3 17.3 Chad

17.0 17.5 6.6 13.7 12.5 5.8 10.4 9.0 6.9 Comoros53.8 51.3 50.8 57.8 53.0 364 38.2 38.1 46.8 53.1 Congo, People's Republic28.9 31.0 30-5 40.0 39.5 34.0 28.3 26.9 27.2 27-5 C8te d'lvoire

26.7 33.2 32.2 34.5 26.5 24.5 Equatorial Guinea9.6 8.5 8.1 9.3 7.5 8.5 7.1 6.6 7.2 5.6 Ethiopia

57.0 59.7 59.2 57.4 53.3 31.0 37.9 37.0 46.0 52.0 Gabon21.3 27.5 26.8 55A 36.4 44.0 40.2 39.2 45.4 44.8 Gambia, The16.8 15.0 10.8 12.8 14.0 13.5 16.3 17.0 15.4 13.9 Ghana

7.1 5.3 12.6 7.4 7.7 9.3 10.3 8.4 9.1 Guinea-Bissau15.8 14.5 15.5 16.7 15.4 16.2 11.4 12.0 11.1 .. Kenya12.1 10.9 8.8 9.2 9.2 9.4 13.1 14.9 14.7 10.5 Lesotho48.3 42.5 39.4 40.8 39.3 37.6 32.9 .. . .Liberia

9.2 9.3 8.8 11.5 10.2 9.9 12.7 11.6 12.7 9.8 Madagaca22.0 20.3 20.1 25.8 21.7 21.0 23.5 22.3 17.8 18.5 Malawi11.3 11.9 15.5 18.1 16.6 13.5 13.5 13.0 13.3 14.1 Mali36.1 32.0 40.0 40A 52.0 49.7 43.0 44.8 44.5 41.1 Mauritania28.6 33.9 33.8 36.0 40.2 46.2 48.7 48.4 47.9 48.0 Mauritius12.3 9.3 5.8 3.8 2.3 1.9 6.7 82) 8.0 8.8 Mozambique

Namibia22.3 19.4 18.9 20.8 18.0 17.8 19.0 15.8 15.2 12A4 Niger19.0 13.1 11.5 12.7 14.5 12.9 30.8 23.2 27.5 .. Nigeria8.6 7.7 8.2 9.0 7.4 9.5 5.6 5.1 4.8 5.1 Rwanda

22.6 19A 24.4 25.6 20.0 17.5 14.6 15.3 16.8 14.5 Senegal3.0 2.6 3A 3.3 2.7 2.1 3.3 6.1 4.8 4.7 Seychelles

12.8 8.3 7.2 12.2 10.0 8.8 25.1 9.1 11.5 15.8 Sierra Leone25.1 22.1 13.4 6.9 10.3 10.2 9.3 5.6 62 . Somalia6.8 5.5 7.7 8.3 5.8 3.4 2.8 5.0 4.7 4.9 Sudan

67.5 64.1 58.3 50.1 48.3 60.0 77.1 79.5 80.0 81.7 Swaziland10.3 6.6 6.1 6.9 4.8 6.9 10.2 12.3 . .Tanzania

39.2 42.0 35.7 40.5 37.5 3.4.6 22.6 23.8 24.7 .. Togo14.4 19.9 16.8 15.9 16.8 11.9 9.0 6.7 9.1 5.3 Uganda13.4 11.7 15.3 24.4 25.8 22.8 22.6 24.6 25.0 .. Zaire24.9 24.3 27.8 32.8 35.4 41.6 40.7 31.8 29.8 33.9 Zambia22.6 19.2 18.5 23.0 25.7 26.6 27.0 28.3 27.0 26.9 Zimbabwe

5.9 5.3 5.5 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.8 6.2 7.1 7.5 SOU1'HASL4

4.8 4.8 5.6 5.7 6.0 5.2 6.1 6.4 6.3 6.7 Bangladesh10.7 8.9 10.2 10.9 12.7 17.6 21.9 .. 27.2 Bhutan

4.9 4.5 4.5 5.0 4.4 4.6 4.9 5.2 6.3 6.7 India5.9 4.8 3.3 4.3 6.2 6.2 5.2 6.0 5.6 5.9 Nepal10.0 7.5 9.2 8.6 7.9 9.2 10.5 11.4 11.5 12.4 Pakistan24.1 20.6 20.1 24.3 21.6 18.5 20.5 20.7 22.0 24.3 Sri L.anka

16.8 16.1 15.9 17.7 167 19.5 22.7 24.0 239 26.7 FASTASU AND PACIFIC

7.9 8.1 7.6 8.7 9.4 110 13.0 12.6 12-5 17.0 China

22.5 21.0 19.3 19.3 18.2 19.1 26.1 32.1 33.4 31.6 Fiji25.2 20.8 21.9 23.7 21.2 18.0 22.7 23.2 24.4 26.1 Indonesia29.6 28.0 28.2 29.2 28.5 32.0 35.2 34.8 29.0 26.9 Korea Republic of46.7 44.7 45.4 48.3 48.5 48.8 56.2 60.1 66.2 68.2 Malaysia

Mongolia33.6 32.5 32.0 35.8 38.0 39.2 39.9 40.7 37.5 37.6 Papua New Guinea14.8 12.6 14.5 16.7 14.1 15.7 16.6 18.1 17.6 17.6 Philippines51.2 44.9 50.0 5353 44.3 44.0 43.0 46.5 42.4 Solomon Islands19.8 19.2 15.9 17.8 18.9 21.1 23.8 26.5 28.5 26.0 Tbailand12.0 11.9 5.6 10.7 12.9 8.5 10.1 7.9 .. Tonga

10.9 17.5 26.2 15.8 7.7 11L3 10.7 .. Vanuatu10.2 12.5 17.8 18.9 18.4 11.3 11.5 13.1 11.5 Westemn Samoa

67

Table 17. Merchandise exports (BoP): percentage of gross domestic product (cont'd)....... ........ .............. .... . ..

P-40wuepebwl 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

LATINAMER!CA AND CAR1BBFANV 9.3 as5 &7 9.7 11.6 me. 10.3 11.1 10.5 11.8 131

Argentina 8.1 7.1 7.5 8.3 7.3 7.6 10.3 13.5 14.7 15.3 14Bahaa . . . 14.2 19.4 19.7 23.3 19.1 17.6 15.0 15.0Barbados 19.7 16.3 16.1 16.8 19.8 235 17.5 17.2 20.1 19.6 21.7

Boliva 18.7 16.3 15.8 20.4 34.0 25.8 28.5 28.7 26.8 28.0 30.7Brazil 6.5 5.9 6.7 7.7 7.4 6.9 6.5 6.8 62 6.8 8.6Chile 13.6 9.8 7.1 12.7 19.5 22.0 21.5 16.4 16.0 18-5 17.1Colombia 10.9 9.6 11.3 12.3 12.1 12.9 14.4 13.7 13.6 12.3 11.9Costa Rica 23.5 20.9 22.5 22.5 26.4 25.1 24.6 26.9 2,45 23.3 20.7Dominican Republic 14.4 14.4 17.5 18.9 21.8 24.8 18.1 17.0 14.1 15.8 14.5Ecuador 14.0 14.9 17.2 23.5 33.0 23.5 24.6 21.0 20.0 23.0 21.5El Salvador 23.0 22.6 26.2 26.9 29.4 29.8 32.6 34.0 26.1 32.9 30.1Grenada . . . . . .. . ..... 27.7Guatemala 15.6 14.5 16.0 17.2 18.4 17.6 17.4 21.2 18.0 17.7 19.3Guyana 48.2 51.2 50.0 44.3 63.0 69.7 62.7 58.8 59.5 56.3 65.8Haiti 9.9 6.7 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.8 11.3 13.9 15.0 12.3 14.8Honduras 24.6 26.6 26.4 29.2 29.0 27.5 30.5 31.7 33.0 34.2 33.4Jamaic 24.3 22.0 21.0 20.7 31.7 28.3 22.1 22.7 32.2 33.7 35.9Mexdoo 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.9 3.2 3.6 5.3 5.7 6.5 8.0Nicargu 22.7 22.7 28.8 25.7 25.1 24.0 30.2 30.3 31.8 39.3 21.8Panama 12.8 12.0 11.6 11.2 1527 18.0 13.8 13.9 12.4 12.7 63.7Paraguay 11.0 10.0 11.1 12.9 13.0 12.4 11.9 15.6 13.9 11.3 12.7Peru 14.3 11.0 10.6 10.4 11.2 7.9 8.8 12.1 16.0 22.5 19.0SL Vincent and the Grenadines . . . .. . .. . .. 40.9 37.0 36.6Trinidad and Tobago 27.4 24.2 23.5 25.5 45A 40.4 42.2 37A 34.3 35.8 40.8Urugua 9.7 7.2 13.0 11.4 10.2 11.0 15.6 15.0 14.1 11.0 10.7Venezuela 19.4 21.0 19.2 23.5 36.9 27.3 24.7 21.8 18.9 24.6 27.5

MIDDLE EASTAND NOR77HAPRJCA 19.7 22.0 19.4 21.9 34.7 32.5 31.9 29.1 24.5 24.2 24.2

Algeria 20.7 16.0 18.0 22.3 372 28.9 29.3 28.6 24.0 28.5 32.2Egypt, Arab Republic of 10.6 10.3 9.3 10.4 20.2 16.4 16.2 16.0 17.2 22.0 16.8Iran, Islamic Republic of 20.7 27.8 23.8 22.7 46.7 39.7 37.1 28.6 22.5 26.9 13.3

Morocco 12.3 11.5 12.6 14.6 22.2 17.0 13.4 11.6 11.2 12.2 12.8Oman . . . .. 73.7 67.6 62.3 59.1 58.3 61.1 62.7Saudi Arabia 54.0 50.5 57.4 68.5 107.7 68.8 76.4 69.4 55.8 78.1 86.8Syrian Arab Republic 92 7.6 9.8 11.0 15.2 13.6 14.0 13.9 11.4 16.6 16.2Tunisia 13.1 12.7 14.0 _15.2 24.6 18.5 17.3 15.2 15.6 21.4 -24.7

EUROPE .. . . . . 19.2 14.8 14.8 14.6 17.7 14.2

Czechoslovakia . . . . . .. ..... 12.7Greece 6.1 5.7 6.6 7.5 9.4 9.3 9.9 9.6 9.5 10.2 10.2HungSy 32.8 30.9 34.2 38.0 41.9 43.4 39.6 41.4 39.5 41.4 40.1Miala 14.9 19.5 27.8 34.8 45.4 41.7 49.6 53.0 48.1 48.7 44.9Poland . .. .. ....... 24.7Portuga 15.5 15.0 15.3 16.0 17.1 13.2 11.5 15.5 15.3 17.5 18.6Romania .. . . . . 24.4 25.0 26.7 26.7 28.0 32.2Turkey 4.6 5.4 5.4 6.3 5.2 3.9 4.7 3.7 4.4 3.3 5.1Yugoslaia 12.2 12.3 14.2 14.1 14.2 13.2 13.1 11.4 10.6 9.9 12.4

Low. & mtddkt-leome teonomles 10.9 10.9 114 13.2 17.6 15.5 16.4 16.6 15.3 17.0 17.7

Low-income economies 6.0 6.0 64 7.7 10.7 93 10.4 10.6 93 11.0 12.1L.ow-income Africa 15.2 14.3 14.4 18.1 23.3 17.5 18.4 18.9 15.7 18.9 21.9China and India 2.8 3.0 34 4.0 4.7 5.0 52 5.1 4.9 54 5.6Otber low-income 9.1 8.8 10.0 12.8 17.3 13.7 15.6 16.2 15.4 19.3 19.8

Middle-income economies 15.1 14.9 15.5 17.6 24.8 21.5 22.3 22.5 20.5 23.0 25.4

High-ineome eeonomies 10.6 10.6 10.9 12.3 15.1 14.3 14.7 14.7 14.6 15.9 17.0

OECD miembers 10.4 10.3 10.6 11.9 14.3 13.6 14.0 14.0 13.9 15.0 16.0Japan 9.3 10.2 9.2 8.7 11.8 10.9 11.7 115 9.8 10.0 12.0United States 4.2 4.0 4.1 5.3 6.8 6.8 6.5 6.1 6.4 7.5 8.3

WORLD 10.3 10.3 10.6 12.1 1" 14.3 143 15.0 14. 16.0 17.2

68

1981 198 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

123 IZO 14.0 15.0 14.1 11.7 126 iz 123 114 LA 77NAMERIC4 AND CARIBBFAN

15.9 13.4 12.1 10.4 12.8 8.7 7.9 9.7 16.2 11.6 Agntina

12A4 13.5 13.0 12.8 12.7 11.9 10.1 9.7 8.7 .. Bahamas17.2 21.0 25.9 29.7 25.0 18.6 9.1 9.4 8.6 .. Barbados

47.3 46.0 43.8 40.8 41.3 37.8 .. Belize25. 26.3 26.0 25.9 21.0 14.1 12.0 12.3 16.0 18.1 Bolivia8.8 7.1 10.6 12.7 11.2 8.2 8.6 9.6 7.7 5.9 Brazil

11.8 15.2 19.4 19.0 23.8 25.0 27.6 31.9 31.8 29.9 Chile8.7 8.0 7.7 11.2 lOS5 15.3 15.5 13.6 15.2 17.8 Colombia

38.2 33.3 27.1 27.3 23.9 2,4.6 24.4 25.6 25.3 23.9 Costa Rica16.3 10.5 11.5 17.3 16.5 13.3 14.0 19.2 13.8 9.6 Dominican Republic18.1 18.7 22.2 25.6 23.9 19.4 19.2 22.0 23.3 25.0 Ecuador23.1 20.1 20.4 17.6 17.4 19.7 12.7 11.2 8.6 10.7 El Salvador25.6 23.1 23.5 17.7 19.3 22.2 21.0 19.7 14.9 .. Grenada15.0 13.4 12.1 12.0 10.9 14.4 13.8 13.7 13.4 16.0 Guatemala61.0 50.1 39.5 50.0 46.7 42.8 64.6 50.5 72.9 60.7 Guyana10.3 11.9 11A 11.8 11.1 8.5 9.7 8.2 7.7 8.2 Haiti28.2 23.5 23.2 22.8 22.5 23.5 20.8 23.3 29.4 34.5 Honduras35.4 26.0 21.1 29.6 28.2 24.1 24.3 25.8 25.8 29.0 Jamaica8.0 12.2 15.0 13.8 11.7 12.3 14.7 11.8 10.8 11.3 Mexico

20.9 16.8 18.1 13.7 10.6 9.4 8.6 .. . .Nicaragua

65.5 56.3 38.3 36.9 40.3 46.0 46.9 51.6 56.4 68.8 Panama9.7 8.9 9.9 12.8 15.3 16.5 16.2 22.0 28.5 22.2 Paraguay

12.9 12.8 15.1 1.5.1 17.6 10.5 9.7 13.7 12.4 9.2 Peru41.7 38.6 45.0 53.6 56A 53.9 36.8 53.1 42.9 .St. Vincent and the Grenadines38.1 27.9 25.4 26.5 29.0 28.5 29.2 32.4 35.4 34.8 Trinidad and Tobago11.2 13.7 22.8 19.1 18.1 18.6 16.1 18.5 20.5 20.5 Uruguy25.6 20.6 17.9 26.5 23.0 14.1 21.7 16.7 29.8 35.9 Venezuela

25.6 26.3 23.4 21.8 19.1 11.4 16.2 .. .. . MIDDLE EASTAND NORTH AFRJCA

31.8 29.9 26.1 24.2 22.5 12.8 14.0 14.2 19.4 23.7 Algeria17.1 15.0 13.3 12.9 11.3 10.0 6A4 10.6 8.7 9.6 Egypt, Arab Republic of11.3 15.5 13A4 10.4 7.5 3.0 7.2 7.4 9.6 14.8 Iran, Islamic Republic of

12.2 16.0 16.6 12.6 15.1 17.3 25.1 27.5 Jordan14.9 13.2 14.8 16.9 16.7 14.2 14.8 16.3 14.7 16.7 Morocco64.7 58.5 53.7 50.1 49.7 39.1 46.7 .. . .Oman

72.7 55.3 41.8 37.5 31.6 27.5 31.5 32.3 . . Saudi Arabia14.2 12.2 10.8 10.4 10.9 7.8 11.9 12.8 26.3 .. Syria Arab Republic29.0 24.3 22.8 22.1 20.5 19.9 21.8 23.7 28.8 28.1 Tunisia

20.0 19.8 21.4 2315 22.9 21.0 22.2 229 21.1 EUROPE

30.5 29.7 33.0 33.8 37.7 36.6 36.6 40.4 37.9 35.5 Bulgaria26.3 27.1 27.5 29.5 29.5 29.1 29.2 29.2 28.2 26.4 Czechoslovakia12.9 10.7 11.7 13.0 12.8 11.5 12.2 11.2 11.1 Greece39.2 39.0 42.7 44.6 41.6 38.7 38.2 34.7 22.0 21.3 Hungary41.6 37.6 36.7 41.1 41.6 40.0 39.7 41.4 45.7 Malta19.6 17.7 15.4 15.4 154 16.1 18.8 20.1 19.0 Poland17.0 17.6 25.3 27.2 27.4 24A4 25.3 26.0 28.3 Portugal29.7 23.8 25.7 33.0 25.5 24.2 Romania8.2 11.1 11.5 14.9 15.6 13.0 15.2 16.8 14.9 12.0" Turkey

14.4 16.2 20.6 22.2 22.3 16.8 17.1 20.7 17.3 16.2 Yugoslavia

16.8 16.2 16.7 17.7 17.1 15.2 17.5 18.2 18.3 19.0 Low. & middle-Incomne economies

11.6 10.1 9.6 10.7 10.8 10.2 11.5 12.1 13.1 15.8 Low-income economies17.2 13.1 12.5 14.0 14.3 13.1 17.3 16.9 18.2 .. Low-income Africa6.7 6.7 6.3 7.3 7.3 8.1 9.3 9.5 10.1 12.5 China and India

18.4 15.4 15.8 16.5 17.7 13.8 14.6 17.9 20.2 21.7 Other low-income

24.0 22.0 21.8 22.2 20.7 17.6 20.4 21.0 . .. Middle-income economies

16.8 15.9 15.2 15.7 I54 14.6 14.7 15.2 15.7 .. High-Income economies

15.8 14.9 14.3 14.6 14A 13.6 13.7 14.1 14.6 .. OECD membesa12.8 12.7 12.3 13.3 13.0 10.4 9.3 9.0 94 . Japan7.9 6.8 6.0 5.9 5A 5.3 5.6 6.7 7.0 .. United States

16.9 15. 15.1 15.6 1.1 14.1 14.6 15.1 15.6 WORLD

69

Table 18. Merchandise imports (BoP): percentage of gross domestic product

Percetge poInts 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

SUB-SAHARA.NAFR[C4 24.6 15.9 14.7 15.6 16.6 1&U 1&4 19.6 20.3 1&8 19.5Erdui&WgNige,ia 1I.1 19.3 16.4 16.9 226 21.8 20.9 21.5 21.3 21.6 24.3

Benin ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~24.4 28.9 28.2 28.1 32.8 37.2 36.6 41.7 37.6 29.8 43.5Botswana 68.1 71.5 69.4 68.7 58.8 58.2 54.9 62.0 67.4 70.9 67.5Burkina Faso 11.1 13.7 14.5 17.4 22.2 22.5 19.3 22.0 19.5 20.1 21.5Burundi 9.2 11.8 12.7 10.3 12.5 14.7 13.0 13.9 15.8 18.5 18.3Cameroon 16.4 18.2 18.1 17.7 17.3 19.6 18.0 21.4 21.6 21.9 19.4Cape Verde .. . . . . . . 57.8 65.4 70.6 56.2Central African Republic 22.1 23.6 21.0 19.8 21.0 22.0 16.9 20.7 19.7 18.7 232Chad 16.0 15.1 14.2 16.1 18.0 20.7 18.9 21.6 20.8 9.1 7.6Comoros . . .. . .. . ...

Congo, People's Republic 26.3 30.8 29.1 23.4 33.0 35.5 31.2 30.6 32.1 30.3 32.0C8te dlIvoire 25.9 25.A 24.9 27.9 29.1 26.0 24.9 25.5 25.9 24.4 24.9Equatorial Guinea 31-9 38.2 36.2 22.7 14.4 . . .

Ethiopia 8.1 8.4 7.6 7.5 9.3 10.3 9.6 11.1 13.4 15.3 16.9Gabon 30.8 28.2 36.2 32.0 22.6 24.0 17.5 21.0 23.3 18.3 16.0Gambia, The 28.6 33.4 33.8 33.7 36.1 43.1 50.0 38.7 44.7 40.4 59.0Ghana 16.9 15.2 10.5 15.1 24.5 23.1 25.0 27.0 21.3 20.0 20.4Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . .

Kenya 23.2 26.9 21.6 21.7 30.2 26.0 23.3 24.8 30.8 25.6 32.3Lesotho 42.2 52.4 63.4 65.6 78.3 101.3 128.3 109.0 91.2 109.2 115.5Liberia 36.7 37.8 37.4 39.3 46.8 40.0 47.1 47.8 45.6 42.9 42.8Madagascar 12.8 14.8 12.6 10.7 12.4 14-5 12.0 13.2 15.1 19.1 18.9Malawi 28.5 25.5 27.5 27.8 30.3 36.7 27.2 22.7 27.8 30.0 24.9Mali 11.1 13.3 13.8 20.0 25.4 17.4 12.6 11.2 17.3 18.0 18.9Mauritania 34.4 40.3 43.6 35.9 40.2 43.8 51.9 54.7 49.1 44.4 45.3Mauritius 29.3 29.9 31.3 36.0 40.5 42.0 43.7 44.7 41.3 39.9 45.6Mozambique . . . . . . .... .. 29.8

Niger 8.5 7.7 9.2 11.8 14.1 14.1 18.6 18.7 23.1 25.0 26.7Nigeria 6.9 8.8 7.4 8.4 7.2 13.3 14.8 16.8 18.4 15.1 14.3Rwanda 9.6 10.5 10.6 114 18.3 14.1 15.7 13.3 16.6 15.4 16.8Senegal 23.6 24.9 26.2 30.0 39.3 3221 34.3 39.2 33.9 29.7 29.0Seychelles 54.3 68.2 68.5 67.8 64.9 66.9 67.3 59.9 60.6 56.2 56.8Sierra Leone 24.8 24.5 24.2 29.4 35.1 24.9 24.6 25.9 32.6 34.2 35.1Somalia 12.8 15.0 15.1 19.2 28.6 19.8 19.0 35.9 42.4 5&.1 66.5Sudan 13.3 13.4 13.2 13.0 15.1 17.1 20.0 14.7 15.5 14.7 19.8Swaziland .. . . . 42.8 48.4 57.6 56.5 66.3 81.6 99.1.Tanzania 22.1 25.1 23.0 23.5 29.5 26.0 19.1 18.6 23.8 21.8 21.2Togo 26.5 26.4 24.2 20.6 17.5 34.3 29.2 32.5 49.8 52.1 46.1Uganda 9.3 11.8 8.2 8.0 9.7 9.3 7.5 11.4 11.8 12.1 18.4Zaire 11.9 12.2 12.2 12.4 15.0 9.7 13.4 13.0 6.7 7.3 10.6Zambia 27.2 33.8 30.0 22.1 27.0 38.5 25.4 27.2 22.0 22.5 28.7Zimnbabwe 23.0 23.2 21.3 22.8 2.5.6 24.1 18.8 19.2 18.8 21.1 25.0

SO(ffHASL4 6.0 58 5.7 6.0 7.3 U. 7.9 7. 9.0 lAS9 118

Bangladesh 9.7 8.6 14.5 13.1 10.1 9.8 17.1 12.3 13.8 13.6 18.3

India 4.0 4.3 4.2 4.4 5.7 6.0 5.7 5.8 7.1 8.4 9.2Nepal 8.7 9.6 8.3 10.6 11.0 10.9 11.6 11.8 12.2 12.8 14.6Pakistan 12.1 10.2 9.2 14.1 17.0 18.6 16.0 16.0 15.4 19.4 20.5Sri Lanka 15.4 14.2 12.6 12.9 17.6 1&.1 16.1 16.0 32.9 38.8 45.9

E.4STASL4 AAND PA4CIFC 7.1 7.1 7.2 9.1 1312 12.3 12.7 12.9 1.11 145 154

China 2.4 2.1 2.5 3.6 5.5 4.9 4.5 4.5 4.7 5.6 6.1Fiji 42.0 45.9 44.0 45.7 42.0 33.8 32.7 35.9 36.0 40.5 40.9Indonesia 11.5 12.4 12.5 15.5 17.0 17.0 17.3 15.5 15A4 16.8 16.2Korea, Republic of 20.3 22.2 21.1 28.4 3.4.2 31.6 29.1 28.3 28.9 29.6 34.5Malaysia 30.7 31.0 29.4 29.0 39.7 36.2 32.8 32.9 35.0 36.9 42.7Mongolia . .

Papua New Guune 46.5 49.6 34.8 22.3 29.2 37.2 28.7 34.1 35.3 34.2 40.1Philippines 15.2 15.2 14.9 14.9 21.4 21.9 20.0 18.8 19.6 20.8 21.9Solomon Islands 55A 45A 44.6 46.1 56.1 63.8Thailand 16.2 15.6 16.2 17.0 20.4 19.1 18.6 21.4 20.4 2,4.8 26.0Tongs 53.8 50.7 42.0 45.1 50.0 52.0Vanuatu ..

Westem ..Samoa 49.4 61L6 50.7~~. .. . ..t............. ...

70

1981 198 1983 1984 1985 1986 197 1988 1989 1990

223 19.4 16.9 15.5 14.5 15.5 1&8 19.4 20.5 .. SIB-SAIL4RANAFRIC4

243 2±2 20.4 .... 19.8 X ~~*19.3 20.7 21.1 ***~******225 ErAdudi Nigeria

49.6 55.6 25.6 27.9 24.8 22.9 24.4 23.5 24.0 .. Benin67.7 67.3 63.8 51.3 47.8 52.1 55.3 49.0 42.6 .. Botswana22.1 23.1 21.8 20.9 24.6 21.5 19.0 17.7 19.3 .. Burkina Faso16.6 21.1 17.0 18.6 13.0 13.8 14.1 15.3 13.8 16.6 Burundi19.1 16.6 14.9 14.9 13.4 13.7 13.9 11.7 11.5 12.3 Cameroon61.6 68.8 75.5 62.4 63.0 45.1 39.6 38.7 39.0 32.5 Cape Verde20.8 20.0 20.9 22.0 23.8 20.3 18.9 21.4 22.8 21.4 Central African Republic13.2 13.9 16.9 19.8 22.8 28.2 27.8 21.7 23.7 28.2 Chad

21.8 25.8 30.4 24.6 17.6 22.2 21.4 17.9 16.8 Comoros40.3 30.7 31.0 28.2 29.2 27.7 18.3 23.6 22.0 22.3 Congo, People's Republic24.5 23.7 2,4.1 22.7 20.2 17.5 17.8 16.5 14.9 17.1 C6te d'Ivoire

27.8 25.9 40.0 43.7 35.4 .. Equatorial Guinea17.3 19.2 17.7 21.2 20.4 20.8 20.0 19.3 17.1 14.7 Ethiopia21.8 20.0 21.5 20.9 23.3 28.2 21.6 24-5 21.4 17.3 Gabon60.8 44.4 44.0 60.7 43A 57.3 51.2 50.0 56.8 57.8 Gambia, The22.6 14.6 12.3 12.1 14.8 12.4 18.7 19.1 19.0 18.7 Ghana

37.2 35.7 43.4 37.7 40.7 27.1 38.1 40.8 35.0 Guinea-Bissau26.8 22.8 20.0 21.8 20.7 20.1 20.4 21.2 23.4 .. Kenya

119.9 130.6 137.3 140.7 132.6 126.0 126.7 131.1 125.2 116.6 Lesotho38.7 34.8 35.1 29.7 24.1 23.9 27.4 .. . .Liberia

14.2 12.8 10.8 12.3 11.8 10.2 12.3 13.0 12.7 14.8 Madagasa19.7 18.1 17.7 13.4 15.6 13.1 15.0 19.0 19.0 17.5 Malawi19.7 18.9 22.3 24.3 31.0 22.7 17.7 18.5 17.1 17.7 Maui51.6 56.9 48.0 41.6 46.7 47.6 38.4 35.7 34.7 38.3 Mauritania41.9 36.8 35.4 39.9 42.6 42.2 49.6 56.2 58.1 59.4 Mauritius31.6 30.7 25.2 19.1 11.2 11.8 40.7 55.4 58.6 55.3 Mozambique

Namiibia27.3 26.2 18.7 18.5 24.0 16.7 18.9 16.8 18.0 17.2 Niger19.9 16.0 12.7 9.5 8.3 7.9 16.7 14.4 17.9 .. Nigeria15.7 15.2 13.1 12.4 1.2.8 13.3 12A 12.0 11.7 10.9 Rwanda41.1 31.6 37.0 35.0 30.9 23.5 20.5 20.3 21.7 18.1 Senegal51.5 56.2 50.8 48.9 49.8 43.0 38.9 47.7 47.6 50.9 Seychelles23.7 19.5 9.0 13.8 10.7 7.8 20.7 12.1 18.1 19.7 Sierra Leone53.0 60.9 49.3 59.1 37.7 35.9 34.7 20.3 30.9 .. Somalia19,5 19.7 17.8 13.8 9.5 6.4 4.3 11.1 10.5 10.3 Sudan87.2 86.6 88.9 80.6 74.2 63.9 67.2 74.5 82.4 89.4 Swaziland17.9 15.2 11.2 13.1 12.6 18.7 29A 32.9 . .. Tanzania43.0 49.7 38.1 36.7 404 40.0 29.0 25.8 25.7 .. Togo17.4 19.3 15.6 11.2 11.5 9.3 13.7 12.2 20.4 17.9 Upanda11.3 9.5 11.0 15.0 17.3 15.9 18.2 19.3 20.2 .. Zaire26.6 25.9 21A 22.5 25.4 31.1 28.2 18A4 19.0 26A Zambia23.9 21.5 17.2 19A 21.1 20.3 19.9 20.1 22.4 25.0 Zimbabwe

11.4 10.7 10.9 10.4 10.4 9.8 9.5 10.5 11.0 11.3 SOVTHASL4

17.0 19.8 18.7 16.7 16.9 15.2 14.9 15.6 16.4 16.4 Bangladesh41A 39.5 37.7 43.8 42.3 32.0 36.7 .. 39.2 Bhutan

8.7 7.8 7.4 7.9 8.1 7.7 7.7 8.7 9.4 9.9 India15.5 15.9 18.6 16.6 16.6 17.9 18.0 17.8 20.3 21.2 Nepal19.8 18.8 19.6 19.2 19.3 18.8 17A 18.0 17.9 18.0 Pakistan38A 36.5 32.7 28.3 30.2 27.1 27A 28.3 284 29.5 Sri Lanka

17.2 16.5 16.9 17.1 19.7 19.5 20.4 221 23.2 26.0 EASTASIA AND PACIFIC

72 6.4 6.7 84 13.3 14.0 13.0 13.5 12.9 13.4 China44.0 36.9 375 33.2 33.5 28.6 28.3 36.8 42.1 44.0 Fiji17.9 18.9 20.8 17.2 14.5 14.9 16.5 16.4 17.4 20.1 Indonesia34.9 31.5 30.3 30.4 28.5 28.0 29.4 28.1 26.8 27.6 Korea, Republic of47.1 47.5 44.0 39.6 37.0 37.1 37.7 44.1 55.8 624 Malaysia

Mongolia43.9 43.0 38.0 37.7 36.1 35.3 36.2 38.2 38.2 36.8 Papua New Guinea20.6 19.2 21.7 18.8 15.5 16.4 19.6 20.8 23.5 26.3 Philippines58.7 45.5 49.5 38.8 44.9 46.6 47.2 57.7 53.5 Solomon Islands25.6 21.2 23.2 22.4 22.5 20.2 24.7 30.0 32.7 36.7 Thailand58.8 57.7 59.9 49.5 51.8 46.7 50.5 54.6 .. Tonga

44.1 44.9 41.4 44.2 41.2 46.8 40.3 .. Vanuatu48.8 42.0 44.3 46.8 53.2 46.3 54.4 59.5 61.2 . Western Samoa..

71

Table 18. Merchandise imports (BoP): percentage of gross domestic product (cont'd)

Perceuveponas 1970 197 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

LAT7NAMERICA AND CARIBBFAN 69 U8 U 9.1 11.7 11.7 10.8 11.2 11.2 ... 11.8 13.

Argentina 6.8 6.7 6.5 3.0 6.0 9.1 7.3 9.1 8.0 11.8 16.6Bahamas .. . . 57.9 65.0 57.1 60.7 54.8 56.2 52.4 60.0Barb,ados 58.9 55.0 54. 53.6 54.5 49.0 50.3 50.5 52.1 56.5 57.6

Bolivia 13.3 12.9 12.0 15.1 19.8 27.3 25.9 26.2 30.9 27.2 18.7Brazil 5.9 6.6 7.2 7.8 12.0 9.7 8.1 6.8 6.8 8.0 9.8Chile 10.6 9.0 8.4 12.8 17.2 21.1 14.9 16.1 18.7 20.2 19.8Colombia 11.1 11.5 9.8 9.6 12.2 10.8 10.8 10.1 11.0 10.7 12.8Costa Rica 29.1 29.5 27.2 27.0 38.9 32.0 28.8 30.1 29.8 31.2 28.5Dominican, Republic 18.7 18.6 17.0 18.0 23.0 21.5 19.3 18.5 18.1 20.7 22.9Ecuador 14.9 19.2 15.2 16.0 23.6 23.3 19.7 20.4 22.3 22.4 19.1El Salvador 18.9 20.9 21.7 25.5 33.1 30.7 29.8 30.0 30.9 27.7 25.1Grenada . .. . .. . .. . ... . 77.6

Guatemala 14.0 14.6 14.0 15.2 20.0 18.4 21-8 19.8 21.1 20.3 18.7Guyana 44.8 42.3 44.9 52.1 53.7 60.7 74.3 65.0 51.0 55.5 65.3Haiti 10.6 10.6 10.9 10.3 12.5 15.5 18.7 20.2 20.7 19.7 21.8Honduras 28.1 24A 22.0 26.7 37.5 33.1 32.1 32.9 34.5 35A 37.5Jamaica 32.0 30.5 29.5 30.2 34.2 33.9 26.7 20.5 29.1 36A 38.7Meidco 5.8 5.1 5.3 6.1 7.5 6.7 6.1 6.4 7.3 8.5 9.7Nicargua 22.7 23.0 23.7 30.3 35.7 30.9 27.1 33.6 27.2 24.8 38.8Panama 32.4 31.6 32.3 31.7 46.0 44.7 40.0 38.2 35.2 38.8 84.1Paraguay 12.9 12.5 10.2 12.8 14.9 15.0 13.9 17.2 16.9 16.9 23.0Peru 9.7 9.0 9.1 10.2 14.1 14.6 13.5 15.2 13.2 12.6 15.0St. Vincent and the Grenadineas. . . . . . . . 74.4 81.6 90.0Trinidad and Tobago 33.6 39.6 35.5 28.4 23.6 26.9 30.6 27.6 29.7 29.0 28.7Uruguay 8.8 7.4 8.2 8.6 11.5 14.1 14.8 16.8 14.5 16.3 16.9Venezuela 12.8 12.9 13.5 13.1 12.9 16.8 19.6 -23.3 23.4 _17.4 _15.7

MIDDLE EAST'AND NOR THAFRJCA 15. 1 15.9 16.2 17.7 22-6 2&3 25.0 25.4 22 6 20.3 2319

Jordan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..~~~~~~~~~~~..... . .. .. ....... .... . . ..... . . ..... ...... . ... .

Oman .. .. .. .~~~~~~~~~~~. 3.5. .. ..... ... 43.3 ..39.1. 38.1... ... 42....2 3.4....... 29.8.Saudiraia 221 195. 17.6 16.9 127.8 15.1 22.3 295. 327. 23.2 22.0Syrpa Arab Republic o 14.1 14.7 134. 17.6 20.1 20.9 27.5 31.2 23.8 430.8 30.7Irun, iamReulco 2042 19.8 20.2 22.8 2749 28.6 31.6 3194 29.8 34.4 35.9

MoroccPE. 14..1.0 1.6 2.0 25.9 24.9 24.9 717. 212 20.1

GreiAabe 215.1 15.7 17.2 216.9 121.9 20.6 21.8 21.7 20.6 23.2 24.0Syrin Aab 3eulc1. 4.7 36 . 1.6 329 338 4.0 48.1 47.5 45.7 46.7 4448 40.7

PoTunisa 20.4 2419 2.8 2 3.2.98 21 240 2. 27.7 86 3. 1 26.78 0. 34.4 3.9

EROPEi . .. . . . 2449 24.8 27.3 28.7 316 37.0Tupriea. . . 88 12 1. 1. 15 & . 128Czecosloakia 12 22 18 2. 59 2. 81 1. 75 1. 19.1

Lo-reedc-e cm eoome 1514 115 131.7 17.2 179219 2.0 214 216.7 1064 13.7 17.7LH-inom coomy 634.7 63 6.6 29 738 4604.1 9.414 0. 10.7 11.7 11.8 40.2Mlta inom6Aria 2. 14.1 582. 672 9142 16.1 16. 180A 1807 174.0 178.8

China an2nda3.0 34.0 23.1 23.9 52.5 24.3 45.9 57.0 56.7 6.6 74.3

Ourkery~mc 12.1 18.3 . 8 12.1 14.5 18. 90 19.6 18.3 19.3 21.8 20.3Midl-icoe coomes15.6 20.7 15.5 6. 20. 0 5. 20.7 198 2040.1 206175 1.1 219.3

HLgh- mIddncome e conoome es10.2 10.3 103 12.0 15.2 17.0 14.8 14.9 14A 16.2 17.6

LoE -incmemAbers 9.92 .8 1 021 11.6 13 5 1.1 16.4 14.3 14.3 13.7 17.0 16.8

Othrowan om 72.4 6.8 62.3 7.4 1.5 9.9 109.0 9.0 71.3 9.83 11.8 2.

United States 4.0 4.2 4.6 5.2 7.1 6.2 7.0 7.7 7.9 8.6 9.3

WORLD 10.0 10.0 10.2 11.7 15.0 13.9 143 14.8 143 15. 16.9

72

1981 192 198 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

126 11.1 9.4 9 .3.:~ 9.2 9.3 9.8 9.7 9.3 9.0 LATINAMERJC.AAND CARIBBFAN

14.6 8.5 6.4 5.3 5.3 5.6 6.7 5.2 6.5 3.9Ageta55.8 47.8 47.4 42.4 47.2 41.0 42.5 37.6 38.7 .. Bahamas55.7 512 54.4 52.9 46.5 39.7 31.6 33.6 34.9 .. Barbados

59.1 58.0 51.3 50.4 55.8 57.2 .. Belize22.8 15.7 17.1 14.7 15.6 15.4 15.0 13.4 16.1 20.7 Bolivia8.3 6.8 7.5 6.5 5.8 5.2 5.0 4.2 4.1 3.8 Brazil

20.0 15.0 14.4 17.1 18.5 18.4 21.1 21.9 25.6 25.3 ChiIe13.0 13.7 11.5 10.5 10.5 9.8 10.4 11.5 11.5 12.3 Colombia41.6 30.9 28.4 27.1 25.5 23.7 27.5 27.7 30.1 32.6 Costa Rica20.0 17.2 18.7 25.1 28.6 24.9 31.3 34.7 29.4 24.7 Domidnican Republic16.9 17.6 13.4 15.3 13.3 14.6 19.5 15.8 16.7 15.7 Ecuador26.0 22.9 22.4 22.1 22.9 22.8 20.3 17.7 18.2 21.1 El Salyador75.5 73.7 70.3 49.8 56.7 66.2 61.8 56.8 49.5 .. Grenada17.9 14.7 11.7 12.5 11.1 1.2.1 18.8 18.0 17.7 18.8 Guatemala70.4 52.7 46.1 46.5 45.6 51.1 72.9 52.1 77.5 87.8 Guyana24.5 20.3 20.0 18.6 17.2 13.5 14.4 12.8 12.0 10.9 Haiti32.4 23.6 25.1 27.4 25.1 23.0 22.0 23.9 29.3 36.0 Honduras47.2 41.0 34.6 43.7 49.8 34.3 36.5 36.3 40.6 45.5 Jamaica

9.6 8.3 5.7 6.4 7.2 8.8 8.7 10.8 11.2 12.5 Mexico37.9 29.9 29.8 24.5 27.5 24.7 21.4 .. . .Nicaragua

85.5 71.2 53.1 55.0 55.7 56.5 57.6 55.6 67.3 81.7 Panama18.5 15.3 9.6 15.9 20.8 24.8 22.4 26.9 25.9 23.6 Paraguay15.1 14.5 13.7 10.2 10.7 10.7 11.6 14.2 7.5 8.0 Peru74.1 70.3 69.4 68.9 63.6 62.0 63.0 68.5 66.0 .. St. Vincent and the Grenadines25.7 31.1 28.0 21.4 18.6 25.3 22.1 23.8 24.1 25.9 Trinidad and Tobago14.4 11.4 14.6 15.2 14.3 13.9 14.7 14.7 14.5 15.2 Uruguay15.5 17.1 7.9 12.1 12.1 13.0 18.5 20.1 16.4 14.3 Venezuela

27.1 21.6 224 21.6 1&2 1(3 17.5 19.9 . .. MIDDLE EASTAND NORTH AFRICA

22.7 21.9 19.5 17.4 15.2 12.5 10.3 12.5 17.0 15.6 Algeria33.8 32.9 31.5 33.3 30.3 26.5 224 31.8 30.5 30.1 Egypt, Arab Republic of12.6 9.5 11.2 8.9 64 4.5 7.6 8.2 9.7 11.4 Iran, Islamic Republic of

63.8 58.8 57.2 41.9 43.7 46.2 54.2 66.8 Jordan25.1 24.7 23.7 28.0 27.3 20.5 20.5 19.7 22.1 24.9 Morocco31.6 34.2 29.8 29.9 30.3 31.5 21.7 .. . .Oman

19.4 25.8 30A 28.6 23.5 23.3 24.9 26.3 . . Saudi Arabia28.3 22.2 22.7 20.9 23.2 17.8 19.6 18.9 17.0 .. Syrian Arab Republic40.6 38.6 36.1 36.5 31.0 30.5 29.3 34.5 40.7 41.2 Tunisia

25.2 2310 2317 2513 25.1 2313 246 25.7 24.1 EURIJ OPE

31.7 30.8 34.5 34.6 39.5 41.4 40.2 43.1 39.9 38.1 Bulgaria25.7 26.4 26.6 28.4 28.8 30.0 29.8 28.4 27.9 29.8 Czechoslovakia27.4 23.1 24.0 25.5 28.0 22.8 24.2 22.7 24.7 CGreece39.0 37.3 40.7 40.8 39.4 40.7 37.9 32.7 20.2 18.7 Hungai68.9 63.3 62.3 63.9 66.2 60.4 64.5 66.4 70.1 Malta2.3.6 17.8 15.0 14.5 14.9 15.5 17.6 18.5 18.9 Poland38.1 38.5 36.9 37.7 34.4 29.9 35.0 47.2 39.2 Portugal29.5 20.1 21.6 26.9 21.9 20.4 Roman*a14.9 16.1 17.4 2,0.8 21.3 18.3 19.9 19.3 20.2 20.8 Turkey18.8 19.3 23.2 239 23.5 17.8 17.0 19.4 17.2 21.4 yugsal

184 16.7 16.0 16.1 15.9 115.2 164 17.5 176 18.5 Low- & middle-income economies

13.5 12.6 11.9 12.1 13.8 13.5 13.3 14.5 15.1 16.1 Low-income economies20.7 17.9 15.0 13.3 12.3 13.3 17.7 18.5 20.0 .. Low-income Africa

7.8 7.0 7.0 8.2 11.1 112 10.6 11.5 11.5 11.8 China and India21.1 21.3 22.3 21.1 23.0 19.9 18.6 22.5 24.7 26.0 Other low-income

21.1 19.8 19.5 19.2 17.6 16A 18.3 19.2 19.1 .Middle-income economies

16. 16.0 15.3 16.0 15. 14A 14.7 15.0 15.7 .. Higbilneome economies

16.0 15.1 14.5 15.1 14.8 13.7 13.9 14.0 14.7 .. OECD members11.1 11.0 9.6 9.8 8.8 5.7 5.3 5.7 6.7 .. Japan8.8 7.9 8.0 8.9 8.5 8.8 9.2 9.3 9.3 .. United States

1I. 15.6 15.0 154 15.0 13.9 144 14.8 154 . WORLD

73

Sample Country Pages

COUNTRY 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

CURRENTGNPPERCAPfTA(USS) 210 210 220 250 300 360 410 460 530 590 670POPULATION (thousands) 35,745 36,884 38,017 39,142 40,257 41,359 42,450 43,532 44,602 45,659 46,700

USE AND ORIGIN OF RESOURCES (Biow of cLtIu local CtUrency)Gross National Product (GNP) 148 153 170 221 279 303 346 402 485 553 653

Net Factor Income from Abroad 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -4 -6 -5GDP at Market Prices 147 153 170 222 279 303 347 404 488 559 659

Resource Balance -7 4 -2 -3 -7 -14 -9 -22 -21 -38 -42Exports of Goods & NFServices 22 25 31 41 60 56 70 81 97 126 160Imports of Goods & NFServices 29 29 33 45 67 70 79 102 118 164 201

Domestic Absorption 154 158 172 225 286 317 355 425 509 596 700Private Consumption, etc. 100 103 116 144 185 205 234 274 317 378 445General Gov't Consumption 17 18 19 22 26 31 38 43 55 67 81Gross Domestic Investment 38 37 37 60 74 81 83 109 138 152 174

Fixed Investment 35 36 39 50 65 69 79 105 123 143 166IndirectTaxes, net 16 17 18 23 33 33 36 45 53 65 76

GDP at factor cost .131 137 152 199 246 271 310 359 435 494 582Agriculture 38 37 43 62 75 82 93 100 120 134 153Industry 37 42 46 60 74 78 96 118 144 170 203

Manufacturing 24 27 31 43 54 57 68 81 98 118 140Services,etc. 72 75 81 101 129 144 158 185 224 255 303

Gross Domestic Saving 31 33 35 57 68 67 75 87 117 115 133Gross National Saving 32 33 35 58 72 68 74 86 113 109 129

(Bllions of 1987 local eunvicy)Gross National Product 434 454 472 519 545 570 621 680 747 780 824GDP at Market Prices 434 455 474 521 543 569 622 682 754 792 829

Resource Ba'anee -66 -34 -35 -72 -55 -57 -45 -64 -61 -89 -76Exports of Goods & NFSerices 72 85 100 95 102 98 121 135 151 167 180Imports of Goods & NFSeryices 138 120 135 167 157 154 166 199 212 256 256

Domestic Absorption 499 489 509 592 598 626 667 746 815 881 905Private Consumption, etc. 328 320 347 384 396 413 443 476 499 562 580General Gov't Consumption 43 45 47 50 50 57 68 75 85 98 101Gross Domestic Investment 128 124 116 158 152 156 156 196 232 221 224

Fixed Irnvestment 119 119 120 132 132 131 148 184 204 212 220

GDP at factor cost 390 411 427 471 484 514 563 613 680 708 741Agiculture 110 115 113 124 127 133 141 144 162 159 162Industry 119 130 141 155 162 170 197 228 254 270 280

Manufacturing 73 81 92 106 113 119 137 157 171 185 190Services etc. 205 211 221 242 254 267 284 310 339 363 388

Memo Items

Capacity to Import 107 101 128 155 142 123 148 156 175 198 203Terms of Trade Adjustment 34 16 28 60 39 26 27 22 23 30 23Gross Domesic Income 468 471 502 580 582 595 649 704 778 823 852Gross National Income 468 470 501 579 585 596 648 702 770 810 847

DOMESTIC PRICES/DEFIATORS (hider 2987 = 100)OveraLl (GDP) 34.0 33.7 35.9 42.7 51.4 53.3 55.7 59.1 64.7 70.6 79ADomestie Absorption 30.8 32.3 33.7 38.0 47.8 50.7 53.2 57.0 62.4 67.7 77.4Agriculture 34.7 32.0 38.2 49.8 59.3 61.5 65.7 69.5 73.9 84.5 94.6Industry 31A 32.0 33.0 38.3 45.9 46.1 48.5 51.9 56.8 62.8 72.5

Manufacturing 32.3 33.3 34.2 40.2 47.5 47.5 49.7 51.8 57.3 63.6 73.6Consumr Price Index 29.7 29.9 31.3 362 45.0 47A 49A 53.1 57.3 63.0 75.4

MANUFACIVRINGACTIVITYEmployment (1987-100) .. ..

Real Earnings per EmpL (1987=100) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Real Output per EmpL (1987=100) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Earnings as % of Value Added 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.7 24.8 24.7 24.7 24.6 24.5 23.2 23.2

MONETARY HOLDINGS (Bil-ibofeur Lacal caency)Mony Supply, Broadly Defined 47 54 67 82 99 115 137 164 193 222 273

Money 19 21 25 30 33 35 41 45 55 64 71CuffengyOutsideBanks 12 13 15 19 21 22 26 29 33 41 46Demand Depis 7 8 10 11 12 12 16 17 21 23 26

Quasi-Money 27 33 42 53 66 80 96 119 139 159 202

76

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 NOTES COUNTRYestimate

750 780 810 840 800 800 860 1,030 1,220 1,420 .. CURRENT GNP PER CAPITA (US S)47,727 48,740 49,739 50,720 51,683 52,654 53,605 54,536 55,448 55,801 .. POPUIATION (thousands)

(Bdion of cWwh local cwnzy) USE AND ORIGIN OF RESOURCES748 807 903 962 997 1,073 1,231 1,482 1,767 2,031 .. Gross National Product (GNP)-12 -13 -7 -11 -18 -22 -22 -25 -23 -20 Net Factor Income from Abroad760 820 910 973 1,014 1,095 1,253 1,507 1,791 2,051 f GDP at Market Prices-48 -14 -66 -42 -29 23 7 -23 -42 -66 .. Resource Balance181 193 185 216 245 290 376 515 650 772 .. Exports of Goods & NFServices229 207 251 259 274 267 368 538 692 837 .. Imports of Goods & NFServices808 834 976 1,016 1,043 1,072 1,246 1,530 1,833 2,117 .. Domestic Absorption511 535 621 643 656 689 799 939 1,098 1,172 .. Private Consumption, etc.

97 110 119 130 143 145 147 157 178 191 .. General Gov't Consumption200 190 236 243 244 239 300 435 556 754 .. Gross Domestic Investment188 192 219 239 240 239 296 407 545 729 .. Fixed Investment85 87 105 116 114 127 150 203 238 .. .. Indirect Taxes, net

675 733 806 858 901 968 1,104 1,304 1,553 .. B f GDP at factor cost163 157 186 175 170 178 206 250 271 255 .. Agriculture240 259 286 326 345 377 435 540 677 803 .. Industry170 176 194 218 225 259 299 373 455 535 .. Manufacturing357 405 439 473 499 540 612 717 842 994 .. Services, etc.

152 175 170 200 215 262 307 412 515 689 .. Gross Domestic Saving141 164 167 190 199 241 287 388 492 675 .. Gross National Saving

(Blios of 1987 kcal cwreny)866 901 978 1,043 1,071 1,120 1,231 1,398 1,578 1,747 .. Gross National Product881 917 982 1,053 1,088 1,143 1,253 1,421 1,598 1,762 f GDP at Market Prices

-54 -2 -72 -41 -10 20 7 -11 -11 -37 .. Resource Balance195 218 206 242 267 306 376 477 581 660 .- Exports of Goods & NFServices249 220 277 283 277 287 368 488 592 697 .. Imports of Goods & NFServices

935 919 1,054 1,093 1,098 1,124 1,246 1,432 1,609 1,799 .. Domestic Absorption573 580 657 669 677 718 799 873 990 1,062 .. Private Consumption, etc.114 118 127 136 146 146 147 153 155 159 .. General Gov't Consumption247 220 270 289 276 259 300 406 464 578 .. Gross Domestic Investment230 225 254 282 267 257 296 361 437 542 .. Fixed Investment

791 827 878 938 975 1,019 1,104 1,259 1,432 1,572 B f GDP at factor cost170 176 183 194 205 206 206 227 241 237 .. Agriculture296 305 330 358 358 386 435 511 599 691 .. Industry202 207 225 240 239 264 299 350 401 457 .. Manufacturing415 436 469 501 525 551 612 683 759 834 Services, etc.

Memo Items:

197 205 204 237 248 312 376 467 556 643 .. Capacity to Import2 -13 -1 -5 -19 5 0 -10 -25 -18 .. Terms of Trade Adjustment

883 903 981 1,047 1,069 1,148 1,253 1,411 1,573 1,745 .. Gross Domestic Income868 888 977 1,037 1,051 1,125 1,231 1,388 1,554 1,729 .. Gross National Income

(Idr 1987 - 100) DOMESTIC PRICES/DEFlIATORS86.3 89.5 92.7 92.5 93.2 95.8 100.0 106.0 112.1 116.4 .. Overall (GDP)864 90.8 92.6 92.9 95.0 95.4 100.0 106.8 113.9 117.7 .. Domestic Absorption95.7 89.3 101.2 90.5 82.7 86.5 100.0 1105 112.7 107.3 .. Agriculture81.1 84.8 86.6 90.9 96.5 97.7 100.0 105.7 113.2 116.2 .. Industry83.8 85.1 86.5 90.9 94.1 97.9 100.0 106.8 113.5 117.3 .. Manufacturing85.0 89.4 92.8 93.6 95.8 97.6 100.0 103.9 109.4 115.9 .. Consumer Price Index

MANUFACTURING ACTIVIVT1Employment (1987.100)Real Earnings per EmpI. (1987 100)Real Output per Empl. (1987= 100)

23A 23.5 23.6 23.6 23.6 23A 23.6 23.6 .. .. .. Earninp as % of Value Added

(Buofcs t<w zW lkca wrmLy) MONETARY HOLDINGS316 393 485 581 650 734 873 1,034 1,312 1,650 D Money Supply, Broadly Defined

73 78 82 89 86 102 132 149 175 195 .. Money48 54 60 64 64 71 87 99 119 138 .. Currencyq Ouside Banks26 24 22 25 22 31 46 50 56 58 .. Demand Deposits

242 315 403 492 564 632 741 885 1,137 1,455 .. Quasi-Money

77

COUNTRY 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 197S 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

(Bis -oftwcW local cuwiq)GOVERNMENT DEFICIT (-) OR SURPLUS . -7 -7 2 -6 -14 -13 -18 -20 -32

Cunrent Revenue .. 22 26 38 39 42 52 63 77 97Current Expenditure .. .. 20 26 28 35 41 47 60 75 %

Current Budget Balance .. .. 2 1 10 4 2 5 4 2 1CapitalRecerpts .. .. 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0Capital Payments 9 8 8 10 16 18 21 23 33

BAIANCE OF PAYMENTS (Miuiofw ofwlent US dolks)Exports o, Goods & Services 1,171 1,278 1,589 2,133 3,173 2,971 3,621 4,178 5,133 6,663 8,575

Merchandise, fob 686 802 1,046 1,515 2,405 2,177 2,959 3,454 4,045 5,234 6,449Nonfactor Services 406 407 485 547 624 603 508 531 819 1,034 1,490Factor Services 79 68 59 70 143 191 154 194 269 394 636

Imports of Goods & Services 1,470 1,496 1,700 2,323 3,501 3,676 4,108 5,315 6,326 8,808 10,861Merchandise, fob 1,148 1,152 1,325 1,835 2,793 2,850 3,152 4,238 4,904 6,785 8,352Nonfactor Services 262 277 302 398 565 616 735 829 985 1,329 1,615Factor Services 60 67 74 91 143 211 220 248 437 694 895

Long-Term Interest 33 40 41 55 85 104 107 125 195 321 469

Private Current Transfers, net 3 7 30 117 215 56 29 22 6 23 75Workers' Remittances .. 18 24 44 104 187

Curr. A/C Bal before Off. Transf. -296 -212 -80 -74 -113 -650 -458 -1,115 -1,187 -2,123 -2,212Net Official Transfers 46 37 29 27 26 24 18 18 34 37 142

Curr. A/C Bal after Off. Transf. -250 -175 -51 46 -87 -625 -440 -1,098 -1,153 -2,086 -2,070

Long-Term CapitaL net 110 80 156 51 388 190 297 412 636 1,476 2,084Direct Investment 43 39 68 77 189 22 79 106 50 51 187Long-Term Loans 90 45 107 -4 253 200 248 330 626 1,334 1,802

Disbursements 220 203 246 209 422 454 519 647 1,232 1,974 2,578Repayments 131 157 139 212 169 254 271 317 606 640 776

Other Long-Term Capital -23 4 -19 -23 -53 -32 -30 -24 -39 91 95

Other CapitaL net 58 84 91 211 183 384 224 694 543 574 -175Change in Reserves 82 10 -196 -216 485 51 -81 -9 -27 36 161

Memo Item: : (Lcw7 p- US dol-)Conversion Factor (Annual Avg) 20.800 20.800 20.840 20.620 20.380 20.380 20.400 20.400 20.340 20420 20.480

(Mi&-s of US dogws), o-atdng at ad ofyewEXTERNAL DEBT (Total) 726 782 891 903 1,161 1,352 1,686 3,344 5,029 6,625 8,258

Long-Term Debt (by debtor) 726 782 891 903 1,161 1,352 1,686 2,080 2,935 4,285 5,955Central Bank, incL IMF credit 0 0 0 0 0 0 78 99 249 367 348Central Government 173 198 212 239 245 237 350 409 735 1,144 1,481Rest of General Government 4 7 5 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0Non-financial Public Enterprises 127 130 149 181 246 345 428 646 949 1,452 2,287Priv. Sector, incl non-guaranteed 422 447 525 479 668 769 829 926 1,001 1,324 1,837

Short-Term Debt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,264 2,094 2,340 2,303

Memo Itebms (Mllion fcUS doila)Int'l Reserves Excluding Gold 82350 788.00 963.40 1,206.80 1,75820 1,678.80 1,79750 1,812.70 2,008.60 1,842.80 1,560.20Gold Holdings (at market price) 8750 102.10 151.90 262.70 436.40 328.20 315.30 395.40 548.30 1,257.00 1,466.10

SOCLU INDICATORSTotal Ferility Rate 5.5 52 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.8Infant Mortality Rate 72.6 68.8 65.0 61.7 58.3 55.0 54.0 53.0 50.0 47.0 44.0Life Expectancy at Birth 58A 59.0 59.6 59.9 602 60.6 60.9 612 61.5 61.9 622Urban Population, % of total 13.3 13.7 14.1 14.4 14.8 152 15.6 16.0 16.5 16.9 17.3Food Prod per capita (1987=100) 85.1 84.6 79.3 93.0 89.4 95.0 975 94.3 105.1 99.6 103.4Labor Force, Agriculture (%) 79.8 78.8 77.8 76.9 76.1 75.3 74.3 734 72.5 71.7 70.9Labor Force, Female (%) 47.3 47.3 47.2 47.2 47.1 47.1 47.1 47.1 47.1 47.1 47.1Primary SchL EnrolL Ratio 83.0 .. .. .. .. 83.0 83.0 83.0 92.0 95.0 99.0Primary SchL EnrolL Ratio, Female 79.0 .. .. .. .. 80.0 79.0 80.0 89.0 92.0 97.0Secondary Schl. EnrolL Ratio 17.0 .. .. .. .. 26.0 27.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 29.0

. > .Z S t <;-s , . : : :. 7 ....8.......

-78

.............................. .. . . . . ..... . ... 'l'l.".."..........

19*) 19*2 19*3 1984 1985 19*6 1987 1984 19*9 1990 NOTES COUNTRY

(Billion Of -unw loca cunvjwy)-26 -54 -37 -34 -56 -48 -28 15 55 82 C GovERNMEnt DEFICIT ()OR SURPLUS117 121 146 157 166 177 203 257 323 4.01 .. Current Revenue112 131 144 157 175 181 190 200 228 .. Current Expenditure

5 -11 2 0 -9 -3 14 57 95 Current Budget Balanceo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. Capital Receipts

31 43 38 34 , 47 45 42 42 401. Capital Pay-eats

(Million of cu,'e US dolkm) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS9,254 9,415 9,227 10,415 10,22 12,136 15,763 21,725 26,933 31,223 f Exports of Goods & Service6,902 6,835 6,308 7,338 7,059 8,803 11,595 15,781 19,824 20,864 Merchandise, fob1,612 1,717 1,846 1,964 2,041 2,302 3,070 4,647 5,522 8,391 Nonfactor Services

740 864 1,073 1,113 1,122 1,031 1,098 1,297 1,588 1,968 .. Factor Services

11,993 10,602 12,378 12,699 11,925 12,114 16,353 23,616 29,631 37,155 f Imports of Goods & Servilces8,931 7,565 9,169 9,236 8,391 8,415 12,019 17,856. 22,772 29,435 . Merchandise, fob1,782 1,621 1,865 1,860 1,769 1,804 2,342 3,481 4,360 4,971 .. Nonfactor Services1,280 1,415 1,344 1,603 1,764 1,895 1,992 2,27 2,499 2,749 Factor Services

705 710 747 845 910 1,030 1,066 1,161 1,105 1,219 Long-Term Interest

50 75 153 59 47 64 100 47 46 257 Private Current Transfers, net74 Workers' Remittances

-2,688 -1,111 -2,998 -2,22 -1,656 86 -490 -1,844 .2,652 -5,675 . Carr. A/C Bal before.Off. Transf.119 108 124 115 118 161 125 189 197 .. Net Official Transfers.

-2,569 -1,003 -2,874 -2,109 -1,537 247 -365 -1,655 -2,455 -5,675 .. Curr. A/C Bal after Off. Transf.

1,869 1,363 1,468 1,746 1,606 55 375 1,210 4,198 .4,300 f Long-Term Capital, net288 189 348 400 162 261 182 1,082 1,650 1,811 Direct Investment

1,593 1,325 1,256 1,507 1,519 -131 39 103 1,520 -513 Long-Term Loans2,216 2,120 2,265 2,88 3,176 1,889 1,923 2,472 3,800 1,140 Disbursements

623 796 1,009 1,379 1,657 2,020 1,884 2,369 2,280 .1,653 ... Repayments-13 -150 -136 -161 -75 -75 154 25 1,028 3,002 Other Long-Term Capital

744 -441 1,24 879 13 381 902 3,011 3,269 3,384 f Other Capital, net-43 81 161 -516 -82 -684 -912 -2,566 -5,012 -2,009 .. Change in Reserves

(bx-al --,wy per US dolar) Mermo Iteff:21.820 23.000 23.000 23.640 27.160 26.300 25.720 25.290 25.700 25.590 . Conversion Factor (Annual Avg)

(MIJJOA of USdoliai), owstaizin ateird of year10,809 12,198 13,868 14,981 17,528 18,554 20,707 21,827 23,466 . .. EXTERNAL DEBT (Total)7,931 9,157 10,563 11,430 14,328 15,714 18,043 17,027 17,354.. . Long-Term Debt (by debtor)

858 846 1,040 903 1,122 1,249 1,26 957 562 . .. Central Bank, inci IMF credit1,815 2,123 2,466 2,641 4,009 4,785 6,105 6,026 5,493 . .. .Central Government

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . .. Restof General Govemment2,994 3,703 4,210 4,305 5,573 6,282 7,234 6,712 6,352 . .. Non-financial Public Enterprises2,264 2,485 2,847 3,580 3,624 3,398 3,448 3,331 4,947 . .. Priv. Sector, mcl non-guaranteedZ,878 3,041 3,305 3,551 3,200 2,840 Z,664 4,800 6,112 . . .. Sbort-Term Debt

(Millon of US dog-m) Memso items:1,731.80 1,537.60 1,607.10 1,920.60 2,190.10 2,804.40 4,007.10 6,096.60 9,515.30 13,305.10 IntlC Reserves Excluding QToId

988.60 1,136.30 94&80 766.70 813.20 972.20 1,198.60 1,015.80 992.90 953.30 .. Gold Holdings (at market price)

SOCIAL INDICATORS3.7 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 Total Fertility Rate

41.0 38.0 36.6 35.1 33.7 32.2 30.8 29.6 28A4 27.2 Infant Mortality Rate62.5 62.9 63.3 63.7 64.1 64.6 65.0 65A4 65.8 66.1 .Life E-xpectancy at Birth17.8 18.3 18.8 19.3 19.8 20A4 20.9 21.5 22.0 22.6 Urban Population, % of total

105.9 104.7 106.5 108.0 112.7 102.0 100.0 108.7 111l4 Food Prod, per capita (1987=100)454 451 44.8 44.6 ~~~~Labor Forme, Agriculture ()

46.8 46.6 46.3 46.1 45.9 45.6 44 451 48 446Labor Force, Female (%)97.0 97.0 96.0 96.0 95.0 87.0 . . . .. Primaty Schi. Enroll. Ratio

300 .. .. .. . ... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Primary Schi. Enroll. Ratio, F7emale300 31.0 30.0 30.0 28.0 28.0. . Secondary Schi. Enroll. Ratio

79

Codes for Generaland Country Notes

GENERAL

Code letters in the Notes column of the country pages refer to the following general footnotes:

A GNP per capita in US$ is calculated using an alternative conversion factor.

B GDP by industrial origin data for at least some years are in purchaser values and not at factor cost.

C Data are for fiscal years; see Country Notes.

D Money supply reflects total liquid liabilities.

E State and local government accounts are thought to contribute at least 20 percent of centralgovernment tax revenue.

F Break in comparability of data, see the IMF's Government Financial Statistics Yearbook.

G Data are for persons engaged, not employees.

H Partial rebasing into 1987 prices would yield a large rescaling deviation; therefore GDPhas been rescaled directly from the original base year to 1987 prices.

I Partial rebasing into 1987 prices has resulted in a rescaling deviation of more than 5 percent of privateconsumption.

J Break in comparability of data; see UN's Yearbook of Industrial Statistics.

COUNTRY

f Indicates country-specific notes. These are listed in the pages following, under main topic headings, andin alphabetical order, by country.

80

Co.ntry NotesCountry Notes

National Accounts

The BAHAMAS BRAZILMISCELLANEOUS: SOURCES:

1984-87 Other services include tourism AU components in GDP by expenditure categories

BAHRAIN AU components in GDP by industri originSOURCES: GNP at market pricesAU Indicators 1969-90 IBGE, Departanento do Contas Nacionais1980-88 Ministry of Finance and National Economy of Bahrain BULGARIA

BANGLADESH SOURCESBREAKS IN COMPARABILIY: AU Indicators1960-72 Manufacturing includes mining and quafrying Central Statistical Office and WB estimates

BARBADOS BURKINA FASOSOURCES: SOURCES:AU components in GDP by expenditure categories AU Indicators1975 Barbados Economic Report 1980, Ministry of Finance and 1950-69 UNECA

Planning (cunfent prices) 1970-89 Institut National de la Statistique and WB estimates197685 Brbads SatisicalServce;Cental Bnk REAKS IN COMPARABILIMY

1976-85 Barbados Statistical Service; Central Barik 1960-88 Net factor income from abroad includes workers' remnit-AU components in GDP by industrial origit1975 Barbados Economic Report 1980, Ministry of Finance and

Planning (current prices) BURUNDIBREAKS IN COMPARABILITY:

BESUN 1965-66 Agriculture includes construction (constant prices)SOURCES:

AUlIndicators CAMEROON

1960-67 UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), 12/80 SOURCES:AU Indicators

BHUTAN 1960-90 Direction de la Statistique and WB estimatesSOURCES: MISCELLANEOUS:

AU Indicators 1950-90 Fiscal year data refer to years ending June 301980-88 National Accounts Statistics 1980-88, Central Statistical

Office, March, 1990 CAPE VERDEMISCELLANEOUS:

BOTSWANA 1970-90 Data for GDP by industrial origin are at market pricesSOURCES:

AUIndicators CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC1960-63 lTNECA (current prices) SOURCES:1974-79 Botswana Statistical Abstract AU Indicators1980-87 Bark of Botswana Annual Report, 1987 1960-69 UNECAAU components in GDP by expenditure categories BREAKS IN COMPARABILITY:1970-71 UN, Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) (current 1960-76 Private consumption includes change in stocks

prices) CHAD

GDP at mp deflator SOURCES:

1965-72 GDP deflator fromn Statistical Abstracts for 1965, 1966, AU Indicators1968,1969, and 1972 (constant prices) 1976 UNECA

Netfactor income from abroad AU components in GDP by expenditure categories1974 Bank of Botswana Annual Report 1985 (cuffent prices) 1977-85 UNECAMISCELLANEOUS: BREAES IN COMPARABILTY:1968-90 From 1968 data are in new UNSNA concept and areinfiscal 1982-85 Net factor incomne fron abroad includes private transfers

year ending June 30 (current prices)1972-90 Data break in the series in 1972 and 1974 1960-85 Agriculture excludes forestry and fishing1965-89 Exports exclude non-factor services1965-89 Iimposts include goods and net nonfactor services CHILE

SOURCES:

AU Indicators1960-69 Central Bank of ChileConsumerprice index

1960-89 Base year is 1987

82

CHINA The GAMBIASOURCES: MISCELLANEOUS:

AU Indicatorn 1950-87 Fiscal year ending July 301960-77 Estimated based on China Statistical Yearbook GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF

CONGO MISCELLANEOUS:SOURCES: 1969-89 Excludes the former German Democratic RepublicAU indicators GREECE1960-66 UNECAMISCELLANEOUS: SOURCES:

1973-90 Manufacturing includes other mining (except petroleum) AU14ndicat o

COSTA RICA 1980-88 Ministry of National Economy and OECD publicationsBREAKS IN COMPARABILIrY: MISCELLANEOUS:

1960-89 Manufacturing includes mining and quarrying 1950-90 Data for imports of goods and nonfactor services excludeships operating overseas

COTE D'IVOIRE 1950-90 Data for fixed investment exclude ships operating overseasBREAKS IN COMPARABILITY:

1960-73 Exports of goods and nonfactor services excludes nonfactor GUINEA-BISSAUservices SOURCES:

1960-71 Imports of goods and nonfactor services excludes nonfactor AU Indicatorsservices 1970-74 UNECA

1960-80 Net factor income fron abroad includes workers' remit- 1980-81 Ministry of Planning and WB estimatestances BREAKS IN COMPARABILrrY:

1970-83 Private consumption includes change in stocks and discrep-CYPRUS ancy in GDP expenditure estimateSOURCES:

AU components in GDP by expenditure categories HAMAU components in GDP by industial origin Consumerprice index1976-90 Dept. of Statistics and Research, Ministry of Finance 1960-90 Base year is 1987MISCELLANEOUS: MISCELLANEOUS:

1975-90 Data (except population and GNP per capita) relate to South 1966-90 Fiscal year ending September 30Cyprus 1970-75 Exports and imporns exclude extemal transactions related to

assembly industryDOMINICA 1970-75 Gross domestic fixed investment excludes imports relatedSOURCES: to assembly mdustryAM components in GDP by industrial origin1977-90 Dominica Statistics Department, February 1989 HONG KONG

SOURCES:ECUADOR AU IndicatorsSOURCES: 1960-90 Census and Statistics Departmnent, various issuesAU Indicators MISCELLANEOUS1965-69 Central Bank of Ecuador 1970-90 GNP per capita is GDP per capita

EGYPT, ARAB REPUBLIC OF INDUAMISCELLANEOUS: MISCELLANEOUS:

1960-80 Data are for calendar year 1950-90 Fiscal year ending March 311981-90 Fiscal year ending June 30 ISRAEL

ETHIOPIA SOURCES:Consumerprice index AU components in GDP by expenditure categories1960-90 Base year is 1987 1960-90 Central Bureau of StatisticsBREAKS IN COMPARABILrrY: AU components in GDP by industrial origin1970-90 Private consumption includes change in stocks 1972-86 UN, Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, various issues (current1970-90 Gross domestic investment excludes change in stocks prices)MISCELLANEOUS: Consamerprice index1965-90 Fiscal year ending July 7 1960-90 Base year is 1987

FIJI MISCELLANEOUS:SOURCES: 1980-90 Data relate to new SNA, therefore not comparable to earlierAU components in GDP by expenditure categories years1975-76 Bureau of Statistics, Fiji JAMAICAMISCELLANEOUS: SOURCES:1960-76 Break in series from 1976-77 AU Indicators

GABON 1960-90 Statistical Institute,National Income and Product AccountsSOURCES:AU Indicators JORDAN1950-66 UTNECA MISCELLANEOUS:BREAKS IN COMPARABILIrY: 1983-90 Data (exceptpopulation during 1983-89) relate to East Bank1971-90 Other services includes gas, electricity and water (current cdy

prices) KENYAMISCELLANEOUS: SOURCES:

1971-90 Mining includes oil research activities AU Indicators

1972-90 Kenya Economnic Surwy, various issues and WB esimates

83

AU components in GDP by industrial origin MOROCCO1979-90 Kenya Economic Swwy, various issues and WB estimates SOURCES:MISCElLANEOUS: AU components in GDP by expenditure categorier1950-90 Data series not stictly comparable-breaks in 1964 and 1960-69 UN, Yearbook ofNationalAccounts Statistis, vanous edi-

1972 tions (cuent prices)

KOREA, REPUBLIC OF AU components in GDP by induswtria originSOURCES: 1960-69UN,YearbookofNationalAccowntsStatistics,vatiousissuesAUlnficabtos (cuffent prices)1955,1960-69: Nadonal Incomne Account 1984, Bank of Korea NAMIBIA1970-88 National Accounts, Bank of Korea AUlInicators1989 Monthly StatisticalBulletin, April 90, Bank of Korea 1980-89 stry of Finance, Statisticall&onomicReviewl990M[ISCELLANEOUS:1908MiityoFiac,SastalEoocReew90

1955-89 Break in series frotn 1969-70 NEPAL1989 Monthly StatisticalBulletin, April 90, Bank of Korea Consumerprice index

LESOTHO 1960-90Baseyearis 1987SOURCES: MISCEOlNEOUS:AUlIndicators 1960-90 Break in series in 1974 and 19751966-75 UNNationalAccounts Yearbook 1976 and LesothoNational 1960-90 Fiscal year ending July 15

Accounts 1973/74, 1975/84 and 1976186, and WB estimates (cur- NIGERret prices) SOURCES:

MISCFLLANEOUS: All Indicators1960-75 Fiscal year ending on March 31 1960-66 UNECA

LIBERIA 1976-77 UNECAConsumerprice index NIGERIA1960-87 Base year is 1987 SOURCES:JREAKS IN COMPARABILTY: AUIndreator1981-86 Other services includes ownership of dwellings and gas, 1950-69 Federal Office of Statistics

el1ecticit, and water 1973-80 Federal Office of Statistics,various issues and WB estimates

1960-86 Agriculture includes informal construction and informal Imports of goods and nonfactor servicesmanufacturing Exports of goodr and nonfactor services

1950-80 Central Bank of Nigeria, various issues (current prices)MADAGASCAR BREAKS IN COMPARABILIT-Y:SOURCES: 1950-80 Private consumption includes change in stodcsAU components by GDP by expenditure categories MISCELLANEOUS:1960-65 UN (UNECA) 1950-79 Fiscal year ending March 31

1967-69 Data exclude the three eastem statesALAWI 1980-90 Data are for calendar year

BREAKS IN COMPARABILI:1955-63 Public administration and defense includes other services PAKISTAN

(current prices) SOURCES:1955-63 Agriculture includes informal agriculture (current prices) AUIndicators

1977-89 Fedeml Bureau of StatisticsMALAYSIA MISCELIANEOUS:Consumerprice index 1960-90 Fiscal year ending June 301960-89 Base year is 1987 1981-90 Data based on new methodology adopted in 1988-89

MALTA PANAMASOURCES: SOURCES:AU Indicators AU Indicators1955-72 UN, YearbookofNationalAccountsStatistics,variousissues 1980-89 Directorate of Stadstics and Census1973-86 National Accowuts ofMattese Islands, various issU MISCELLANEOUS:1987-88 DepL of Econonric Plminng. Economic Survey 1989 1980-84 Data on transport value added includes Panama Canal

CommissionMAURITAN14SOURCES: PAPUA IVEW GUINEAAUlndieators SOURCES:

1960-72 UN, Office for Development Research and Pdicy Analysis AUlni-SatsortBREAKS IN COMPARABILTY 1961-76 Statistical:Budkiin, varous issues andCompendiumofSla-1960-90 Private consmption includes public enterprises tistics, PNG1960-90 Agriculure includes informal manufaduring 1961-76 Fiscal year data adjusted to calendar year

MEICO PERUBREAKS IN COMPARABILEY: SOURCES:1960-79 Manufacturing includes oil refinery AUIndicator

1979-90 National Instiute of Statisics and WB ecmaeMAURl17US BREAKS IN COMPARABIL:BREAKS IN COMPARABILI: 1969-78 Other c includes wholesae and rea trade1950-63 Private consumption includes changes in stods

84

PORTUGAL ST. VNCENT AND THE GRENADINESSOURCES: SOURCES:AU components in GDP by expenditure categories AU components in GDP by expenditure categories1960-76 OECD, National Accounts of OECD Countries, various 1977-88 Ministry of Finance, Statistical Unit; OECS Secretariat

editions (current prices) AU components in GDP by industrial originConsumer price index 1977-90Ministry of Finance,Ministr.yof Planning and Development,1960-89 Base year is 1987 OECS SecretariaL

RWANDA SUDANSOURCES: SOURCES:AUlIndcaton AU components in GDP by industrial origin1970-81 UN, Yearbook of National Accowuts, and Monthly Buletin 1965-69 Sudan National Account, various issues (curent prices)

of Statistics (current prices) MLSCEUJANEOUS:

GDP at marketprices 1960-90 Fiscal year ending June 30AU components in GDP by industrial origin SURIAME1976-79 UN, Yearbook of Nationa Accouns (constant prices) BREAKS IN COMPARABILrMY:Netfactor incomefrom abroad 1977-88 Gross donestic fixed investment includes change in stodcs1982-85 UN, Yearbook of National Accounts (current prices) (current prices)Net indirect taxes1970-74UNECA (cufrentprices) SWAZILAND8REAKS IN COMPARABILrrY: Consumerprice index1969-75 Services includes constuction 1960-89 Base year is 19871969-75 Services includes mining and quarrying and gas, electricity, MISCELLANEOUS:

and water (constant prices) 1960-79 Fiscal year ending March 31 through 1976, June 30 from1976to 1979

SAUDIARABIAMISCELLANEOUS: SWITZERLAND1963-89 Fiscal years are based on the Jilamic (Hijri) year Consumerprice index1984-89 Data not conparable, break in series 1984-89 1960-89 Base year is 1987

SENEGAL SYRIANARAB REPUBLICSOURCES: BREAKS IN COMPARABILrrY:AU Indicators 1963-69,1975-88 Private consumption includes change in stocks1975 Ministbre du Plan et de la Cooperation 1963-69, 1975-88 Gross domestic investrnent excludes change in1977-80 Direction de la provision, Ministry of Economny and Finance stoch

SEYCHELLES TANZANIAConsumerprice index SOURCES:1960-89 Base yearis 1987 AU ndicatorsSOURCES: 1964-75NationalAcounts ofTanzania and EconomicSurvey, variousAUlncators issues, (curent prices)1976-82 UN, Yearbook ofNationalAccounts 1976-78 Bureau of statistics:Nationat Accounts ofTanania

MISCELLANEOUS:SIERRA LEONE 1950-90 Data are for mainland Tanzania onlyMISCELLANEOUS: BREAKS IN COMPARABILrrY:1960-89 Fiscal year ending June 30 1960-63 Banking, insurance and real estate indudes wholesale, retail

SINGAPORE and ownership of dwellings (current prices)SOURCES: TOGOAU Idi cators SOURCES:1960-90 Deparument of Statistics, Singapore AU indicatorsMISCELLANEOUS: 1960-65 UNECA, 12(781969-90 Exports GNFS are BOP data (currnt prices) 1980-89 Ministry of Planning 11/901969-90 Emports GNFS are residual item (current prices) MISCELLANEOUS:

SOM4,LIA 1960-79 Data for agriculture represent food crops onlySOURCES: TONGAAlIndcators Consumerprice index1970-90 Official data and WB estimates (currentprices) 1960-89 Base years 1987

SOUTH AFRICA MLSCUJbANEOUS:SOURCE ICA 1975-89 Break in series from 1981-82

AU Indicators 1960-90 FIscal year ending June 301965-76 UN, Yearbook ofNationalAccoints TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO1977-89 Sout Afican Quarterly Bdletin, various issues SOURCES:MISCELLANEOUR AU components in GDP by industrial origin1960-89 Dah includes Nanmbia exeept GNP per capita 1980-84 Central Statistical Office

.BREAS IN coMpARABiLYrrySRJLANKA 1970-89 Banking, insurance and real estate includes ownerhip ofSOURCES.: dwenings

1960-90 Central Bank of Ceylon, Annual Report and WB estimates TURKEY(currenprices) SOURCES:

MISCELLANEOUS, AlU Idl cators1970-90 Break in seiies 1981-82 1950-69 Tuaish State Insitte of Statistics

85

AU components in GDP by expenditure categories ZAIRE1970-71 OECD Economic Surveys, Nov. 1978 (Except exports and SOURCES:

imports of goods and nonfactor services) All Indicators1980-89 WB consultants for Bureau of Statistics & Bank of

UGANDA Zaire 5/90SOURCES: BREAKS IN COMPARABILITY:

AU components in GDP by expenditure categories 1960-67 Construction excludes informal construction1950-62 UN MISCELLANEOUS:

AU components in GDP by industrial origin 1960-79 Data not comparable due to breaks in series in 1960, 1967,1962-90 Central Statistical Office 1970, and 1977Netfactor incomefrom abroad ZAMBlA1960-62 Background to Budget SOURCS

Net Indirect AU indicator-s1960-62 Background to Budget and National Accounts of Uganda 1977-89 CSO's data fron Monthly Digest of Stat istics

(current prices) BREAKS IN COMPARABILITY:BREAKS IN COMPARABILITY: 1955-63 Mining and quarrying includes manufacturing (current1963-89 Services includes water prices)Consumerprice index 1955-64 Banking, insurance and real estate excludes real estate

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (current pric-es)CUNITErpD i A Bindex 1964 Other services includes hotels and restaurants (current prices)

Consumer price index 1965-85 Public administration and defense includes water1960-89 Base year is 1987 MISCELLANEOUS:

URUGUAY 1950-77 Data series has breaks in 1964, 1970 and 1977 and notSOURCES: stictly comparableAUIndicators ZIMBABWE1966-69 Central Bank of Uruguay, Indicators of Econonic and SOURCES:

FinancialActivity General government consumption

VANUATU Resource balanceSOURCES: 1960-69 Monthly Digest of Statistics, Zwe. Nat. Act and BOPAU components in GDP by expenditure categories 1974,1978 (current prices)1983-87 UN and UNDP estimates GDP at market prices

Gross domestic investmentWESTERN SAMOA 1960-69 Zimbabwe National Income and Expenditure Report 1985MISCELLANEOUS: (current prices)1979-85 Break in series in 1983 and 1984

86

Balance of Payments

ALGERIA CAMEROONSOURCES: SOURCES:

AU indicators AU indicators1990WB 1980-90 WB

MISCELLANEOUS:ARGENTINA 1980-90 Fiscal year ending June 30SOURCES:

AU udicdors CAPE VERDE1990 WB SOURCES:

AU indicatorsBAHAMAS, The 1978-89 WBSOURCES:

AU idicators CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC1989 WB SOURCES:

AU indicatorsBANGLADESH 1988-90 WBSOURCES:

AU indicators CHAD1973-90WB SOURCES,MISCELLANEOUS: AU indkcators1973-90 Fiscal year ending June 30 1988-90 WB

BELGIUM CHILEMISCELLANEOUS: SOURCES:

Includes Luxernbourg AU indicators

BENIN 1990 WBSOURCES: CHINAAU uidkcaors SOURCES:

1980-90WB AU indicatorsBREAKS IN COMPARABILIY: 1981-90 WB1974-79 Errors and omission includes smuggling COMOROS

BHUTAN SOURCES:

AU indicators AU indicatorsSOURCES 1990 WB1981-90 WB

CONGOBOLIVIA SOURCES:

SOURCES: AU indicatorsAU indicators 1987-90 WB1990WBMISCELIANEOUS: COSTA RICA1981-87 Large unrecorded transacticns not included SOURCES:

AU indicatorsBULGARIA 1990 WBSOURCES

ALL Indicators COTE D'IVOIRE1980-90 WB SOURCES:

AU indicatorsBURKINA FASO 1990 WBSOURCES:

AU indkators CYPRUS1987-90WB SOURCES:

AU indicatorsBURIINDI 1990 WBSOURlCES:

AU indicators CZECHOSLOVAKIA1970-90 WB SOURCES:

AU indicators1981-90 WB

87

CZECHOSLOVAKIA JAMAICASOURCES: SOURCES:

AU indors AUixdicaor1981-90WB 1990WB

EGYPT, ARAB REPUBLIC OF JORDANSOURCES: SOURCEs,

AU indk4ttors AU ixdicatos1974-90WB 1977-90WBMSCELLANEOUS:1981-90 Fiscal year ending June 30 KENYA

SOURCES:

EL SALVADOR AU IndicatorsSOURCES: 1990WBAU indicators1989-90WB LESOTHO

SOURCES:

ETHIOPIA AUIndicatorsSOURCES: 1989-90 WBAU indiators1975-90WB LIBERIAMISCELLANEOUS: SOURCES:

1975-90 FIscal year ending July 7 AU Indicalor

GABON 1988-90 WBSOUtRCES: LUXEMBOURGAU indicators MISCIMIANEOUS:

1990WB See Belgium coimty page.

GAMBIA, 7he MALAWISOURCES SOURCES:

AU indicators AU indator1989 WEB 1989-90WB

GHANA MALAYSIASOURCES: SOURCES:

AU iikatorn AU indiators1990WB 1990 WB

GUATEMALA MALISOURCES: SOURCES:

AU indialor AU indicators1990WB 1990 WB

GUINEA-BISSAU MAURITANIASOURCES: SOURCES:AU indiedor AU indcaon1989-90 WB 1990WB

GUYANA MAURJTIUSsouRCEs: SOURCES:AU indicators AU idicato1986-90WB 1988-90WB

HAM MEXICOMISCELLANEOUS: SOURCS:

1965-90 Fscal year ending September 30 AU indicatr

HONDURAS 1989-90 WBSOURCES: MOROCCOAU indicators SOURCES:

1990 WB AU indckatr

HUNGARY 1990WBSOURCES: MOZAMBIQUEAU ipdkators SOURCKS:

1982-1989 WB AU indicator

INDIA 1980-90 WBSOURCES: NEPALAUindicirs MLSCtRUANNJOU:1970-90 WB 1973-90 Fiscal year ending July 15

ISQCLIANECOUSG1970-90 Fical year ending March 31 ICARAGUA

INDONESIA AU indicatorsSOURCES: 1989-90 WBAU bdlcatos1990WB

88

NIGER MlSCEUlANEOUS:SQURCES: 1979-90 Fiscal year ending March 31

-AU i m SYRIANARAB REPUBLIC1990WB SOURCES:

NIGERIA AU indicatorsSOURCES: 1990 WBAU Indiator 7H LAND1990 WB SOURCES:

PAKISTAN AU indicatorsSOUYCES 1990 WBAU indkatorn TOGO1990 WB SOURCES:MbOCELLANNOUS: AU indkators1967-90 Imports includes some services 1990 WB1973-90 Fiscal year ending June 30

PAPUA NEW GuINEA ~~TONGAPAPUA NEW GUIMEA MISCELLANEOUS:

AU itdcas Fiscal yearending June 301990 WB TRIIDAD & TOBAGO

PARAGUAY SOURCES:PARAGUAY AU indwatorssoEntc s. 1990WBAU indkiator99sW1980-90WB TUNISIA

PERU ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SOURCES:PERU AUindicatorsSOURC ES 1990WB

1990 WE TURKEYi990WB SOURCES:.PHll,lPPINES AU indicatorSOURCES 1990 WB

1909WB UGANDA

RWANDA AU indCorsSOURCnES 1989-90 WBAU indkautors

1990 WB URUGUAYBREAKS IN COMPARABILMY: SOURCES:1987 Official transfer includes official transfers deemed capital AU indiators

grants (credit) 1990WBSAO TOME & PRINCIPE VENEZUELAS0URCES: SOURCES:AU indicators AU indicadors1985-90WB 1990WB

SENEGAL WESTERN SAMOASOURCES: SOURCES:AU indcators AU indkators1990 WB 1990 WB

SIERRA LEONE YUGOSLAVIASOURCES: SOURCES:AU ipdkators AU indicators1989-90WB 1990 WB

SOMALIA ZAMBIASOURCES: SOURCES:AU iubceors AU indkiaors1986-89 WB 1989 WB

SR LANKA ZIMBABWESOURCES: SOURCES:AU indcators AU indicatrs1990WB 1988-90 WB

SUDANSOURCES:AU indkctors1979-90WB

89

Country List andBase Years for National Accounts

Algeria 1980 Greece 1970 PapuaNew Guinea 1983Antigua 1977 Grenada 1984 Paraguay 1982Argentina 1970 Guatemala 1958 Peru 1979Australia 1984 Guinea-Bissau 1979 Philippines 1972Austria 1985 Guyana 1977 Poland 1984Bahamas, The 1977 Haiti 1976 Portugal 1977Bahrain 1985 Honduras 1978 Romania 1980Bangladesh 1985 Hong Kong 1980 Rwanda 1976Barbados 1974 Hungary 1988 Sao Tome and Principe 1986Belgium 1985 Iceland 1980 St. Kitts and Nevis 1977Belize 1984 India 1980 SL Lucia 1977Benin 1978 Indonesia 1983 St. Vincent andBhutan 1980 Iran, Islamic Rep. 1974 the Grenadines 1977Bolivia 1980 Ireland 1985 Saudi Arabia 1970Botswana 1980 Israel 1986 Senegal 1979Brazil 1980 Italy 1980 Seychelles 1986Bulgaria 1982 Jamaica 1974 Sierra Leone 1985Burkina Faso 1979 Japan 1985 Singapore 1985Burundi 1980 Jordan 1985 Solomon Islands 1980Cameroon 1980 Kenya 1982 Somalia 1985Canada 1985 Korea, Rep. of. 1985 South Africa 1985Cape Verde 1980 Kuwait 1984 Spain 1986Central African Rep. 1987 Lesotho 1980 Sri Lanka 1982Chad 1977 Liberia 1971 Sudan 1982Chile 1977 Libya 1975 Suriname 1980China 1980 Luxembourg 1985 Swaziland 1980Colombia 1975 Madagascar 1984 Sweden 1985Comoros 1985 Malawi 1978 Switzerland 1985Congo 1978 Malaysia 1978 Syrian Arab Rep. 1985Costa Rica 1966 Mali 1985 Tanzania 1976CMte d'Ivoire 1984 Malta 1973 Thailand 1972Cyprus 1985 Mauritania 1982 Togo 1978Czechoslovakia 1984 Mauritius 1982 Tonga 1982Denmark 1980 Mexico 1980 Trinidad and Tobago 1970Dominica 1977 Mongolia 1986 Tunisia 1980Dominican Rep. 1970 Morocco 1980 Turkey 1968Ecuador 1975 Mozambique 1980 Uganda 1987Egypt, Arab Rep. 1987 Namibia 1980 United Arab Emirates 1980El Salvador 1962 Nepal 1975 United Kingdom 1985Equatorial Guinea 1985 Netherlands 1980 United States 1980Ethiopia 1981 New Zealand 1982 Uruguay 1983Fiji 1977 Nicaragua 1980 Vanuatu 1983Finland 1985 Niger 1972 Venezuela 1984France 1980 Nigeria 1984 Western Samoa 1980Gabon 1979 Norway 1985 Yugoslavia 1972Gambia, The 1977 Oman 1978 Zaire 1987Germany, Fed. Rep. 1980 Pakistan 1981 Zambia 1977Ghana 1975 Panama 1970 Zimbabwe 1980

90

Country Conversion Factorswhere differences from the IMF's International Financial Statistics annual exchange rates occur

I. Fiscal Year Conversion Factors

Australia 1970-89 Nepal 1970-89Bangladesh 1970-90 Nigeria 1970-79Botswana 1970-90 New Zealand 1970-90Cameroon 1970-90 Pakistan 1970-90Gambia, The 1970-90 Sierra Leone 1970-90Haiti 1970-90 Sudan 1976-90India 1970-90 Tonga 1970-90Iran 1970-84

IH. Trade-Weighted Conversion Factors

Dominican Republic 1982-84 Nicaragua 1982-87Ecuador 1982-85 Paraguay 1982-86Egypt, Arab Republic 1974-90 Peru 1986-89El Salvador 1982-85 Romania 1973-90

and 1989-90 Sudan 1988-89Guatemala 1985-86 Suriname 1989-90Honduras 1988-90 Syria 1981-90Iran 1985-90 Uganda 1988-90Jamaica 1981-83 Zambia 1990

III. Conversion Factors Estimated by World Bank Staff

Argentina 1970-81 Guinea-Bissau 1970-86Bolivia 1974-85 Somalia 1977-90Ghana 1973-87

91

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