1 Women in a Bind: The Decline of Marriage, Markets and the State Mimi Abramovitz Silberman School of Social Work at Hunter, City University of New York &The Graduate Center, CUNY July 19. 2013 The Cabell Brand Center & the Shephard Program at Washington & Lee
37
Embed
Women in a Bind: The Decline of Marriage, Markets and the State - Mimi Abramovitz
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
Women in a Bind:The Decline of Marriage, Markets and the
State
Mimi Abramovitz
Silberman School of Social Work at Hunter,City University of New York &The Graduate Center, CUNY
July 19. 2013
The Cabell Brand Center & the Shephard Program at Washington & Lee
2
The Three Pillars of Women’s Economic Security
1. Marriage
2. The Market (Labor Market)3. The State (The Welfare State)
3
Decline of Marriage Adults Married (18 yrs. +) 1960: 72% 2010: 51%
Proportion of Age 18-29: Married1960: 59% 2010: 20%
Proportion of Population: Married 1972: 10.8 per 1000 pop 2000: 8.3 per 1000 pop2011: 6.8 per 1000 pop
Source: U.S. Census (2010) America’s Families and Living Arrangements, Historical Tables Marital Status of the Population, 15 Years and Older by Sex and Race, 1950 to Present
Source: US Census,CPS, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2010 and earlier ; US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Vital Statistics of the United States, 1950
7
MARITAL STATUS of Women by Race
1960 2012
Black Women 60% 26%
White Women 67% 51%
SOURCE: US Census, American Families and Living Arrangements, Detailed Tables for Current Population Report, P20-537 T.A1 2000, 2009
8
Men in the Labor Force (20 years +)
1948: 88.2%1960: 85.6%
1965: 84.1%
1970: 82.9%
1975: 80.4%1980: 79.4%
1985: 78.1%1990: 78.4%1995: 77.0%
2000: 76.9%
2005:75.6%
2010: 74.3% 2013: 72.7%
Source; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statists, Household Data . Table A-1. . :
9
10
Declining Male Wages and Purchasing Power
Median Weekly Wage
(Male 16 yrs. +)
Year ( Current 2012) (Inflation adjusted )
1979 $ 299 $393 2012 $ 868 $376
Source: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistic
11
Dual Earner Couples
1970 2011
Percent of Dual Earner Couples
46% 60%
Wives % of Family Income
27% 40%
Wives Earned More Than Husband
18% (1987) 29%
Source: US Dept .of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Women’s Bureau,Women in the Labor
• Source: US Dept of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,, Labor Force Statistics From The Current Population Survey. Labor Force Statistics From The Current Population Survey.1948-2013.
13
Job Loss Among WomenDuring the Economic Recovery
2009- 20135.8 million jobs
added to the private sector
Gains by GenderWomen gained 2.2 jobs
Men gained 3.6 Jobs
Source : National Women’s Law Center
14
Declining Values of Women’s Wages and Purchasing Power
Median Weekly Wage (Female 16 yrs. +)
Year (Current) (Inflation adjusted )
1979 $ 185 $251 2012 $ 693 $301
Source: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistic
15
June 10, 1963 -President John F. KennedySigns the Equal Pay Act Into Law
Source: Brunner, Borgna, The Wage Gap :A history of Pay Inequity and the Equal pay Act.
“Big Government”: especially the welfare state spending viewed as undercutting Private investment & increasing the debt, deficit and interest rates.
Victories of Social Movements: Empowered workers, women and persons of color which led to increased labor costs.
“Personal Irresponsibility”: Welfare State programs uncut the work ethic, heterosexual marriage and family formation.Source: Abramovitz, M. (2004)
22
The U- Turn in Public Pollcy
Beginning in the mid -1970s the main or overriding goal goal of U.S social
welfare policy has been to> Redistribute income upward from the have
nots ( the 99%) to the haves ( the 1%) The era of cuts backs began with President Reagan in 1980 (Reaganomics) and has persisted in varying degrees furing every Presidential Administration since then/
23
Main Cutback Tactics-Tax Cuts
-Reduced Social Spending
-Privatization of Public Services
-Shift Federal Responsibility for social Welfare to the State
-Weaken Social Movements-Penalize “Personally Irresponsible
Behavior”Source: Abramovitz, M (2004)
24
Spending Cuts : #1
Entitlement Spending ( % of GDP)
1983: 9.5% of GDP ( high)
2012: 8.4% of GDP
25
26
Spending Cuts: #2 Discretionary Spending ( Non Defense)
Share of all Federal Spending 1962: 68% 2012: 36%
Share of GDP 1962-2012Average: 3.9%
Never Below 3.2%Projected for 2022: 2.8%
( 14% lower than lowest point in last 50 yrs)
27
Discretionary( non Defense) Spending Levels as a Share of GDP. 1962-2022