WMO SAND AND DUST STORM WARNING ADVISORY AND ASSESSMENT ... · Storm Warning, Advisory and Assessment System (WMO SDS-WAS). ... CBS reviewed SDS-WAS IP in 13 Oct 2009 and accepted

Soon-Ung Park

WMO SDS-WAS Asia NodeCenter for Atmospheric and Environmental Modeling

WMO SAND AND DUST STORMWMO SAND AND DUST STORMWARNING ADVISORY AND ASSESSMENT SYSTEM (SDSWARNING ADVISORY AND ASSESSMENT SYSTEM (SDS‐‐

WAS)WAS)Achievements and Implementation plan in 2011Achievements and Implementation plan in 2011‐‐20152015

4th JSC/WWRP in Geneva, Switzerland (21-24 Feb. 2011)

Impacts of airborne sand and dust aerosolsHuman health and air quality

- The air quality standard of PM10 for human health in Korea is 100 μg m-3 (24 hr mean)

- The estimated economic cost amounts about US$20 billion for this dust event in Korea (air flight cancellation, increase of defect rate of semiconductor manufactures, sales reduction at the department store, shortening of air filter change, disruption of painting of ship manufacture, defect rate increase in glass manufactures Co., passenger car wash, Cough complainment)

PM10 Concentration

Day (March 2002)

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

CO

N (μ

g m

-3)

0

200

400

600

800

1000PM10

Standard (24hr)

- Intercontinental transport of fine aerosols (PM2.5) was associated with 400,000 premature mortalities (-100,000 from non-dust aerosols) of adults 30 years and older (in 2000)

- Meningitis in sub-Saharan belt is one of the most feared epidemic diseases in Africa. DSS is associated with epidemics 1996-7: 250,000 people affected, 25,000 fatalities.

- Valley Fever caused by a soil-dwelling fungus endemic to the central valley of California and the desert southwest of the US, Mexico, and locations in central and south America.

Respiratory (asthma) and other diseases

Khaled International Airport was closed for several hours in themiddle of the day after a dense dust storm occurred.

- Visibility reduction causing airport closure and road accidents

Riyad, 11 March 2009

Transportation

- Visibility reduction causing airport closure and road accidentsKuwait Times - 22 June, 2008Sand storms in the northern Gulf have disrupted oil exports for several days from OPEC members Iraq and Kuwait. The storms had prevented seven of eight ships from docking there since Saturday.

1. More than 500 traffic accidents were reported in Kuwait within 48 hours on Thursday and Friday, while in Bahrain a further 20 accidents were reported, according to local media.

2. Hospitals in all three Gulf states reported large numbers of patients being admitted with respiratory problems. In Bahrain, more than 150 people required hospital treatment, Bahrain's Gulf Daily News reported.

3. The adverse weather conditions also caused some problems at airports around the region, with both Bahrain and Kuwait reporting minor disruption.

Bloom of Trichodesmium - Canary Islands, August 2004 Dust over W Africa, July 2004

REFERENCE: A. G. Ramos et al., 2008:Saharan Dust and Bloom of Diazotrophic Cyanobacteria in the NW African Upwelling, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 10, EGU2008-A-11763, 2008

Chlorophyll-a vs. dry dust deposition (model); no upwelling during the event

Canary Islands

Dust

Chl-a Trichodesmiumin situ sampling

Biological productivity in the oceans

Annual Total Dust Deposition in 2007

Source Region Yellow Sea Korea East Sea

Dep

ositi

on [

ton/

km2 ]

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

㎍C

ON

( /

m3 )

0

50

100

150

200

Wet dep. Dry dep.mean PM10

Dust deposition in Asia

- A severe dust storm in Eastern Mongolia on 26-27 May 2008 caused the total cost of US$500,000* 52 persons death* 242,000 livestocks killed* damages of 110 buildings, 221 houses, 668 telecommunication poles

- Dust storm in Gansu, China

Minqin county in Gansu province. Sand covered 1/8 of China from April 14-18, 2006. 330,000t fell in Beijing on Sunday night.

Agriculture

- Airborne dust affects precipitation processes and the atmospheric energy and radiation budget

(a) VER. INT. CON.

19 MARCH (LST)9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

VIC

(g m

-3)

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

(b) SRF and SHF

19 MARCH (LST)

9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

SRF

and

SHF

(W m

-2)

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

SRFSHF

(c) T

19 MARCH (LST)9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

SRF

and

SHF

(W m

-2)

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

dT (o C

)

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

CNCdT

(d) SLP

19 MARCH (LST)9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

P (h

Pa)

1015

1020

1025

1030

1035

1040

dP (h

Pa)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

CNCdP

(e) W.S

19 MARCH (LST)9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

WS

(m s

-1)

3

6

9

12

15

dWS

(m s

-1)

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

CNCdWS

(f) Emission

19 MARCH (LST)9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

E (g

m-2

hr-1

)

0

2

4

6

8

dE(g

m-2

hr-1

)

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

CNCdE

(g) Stability (2 km height)

19 MARCH (LST)

9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

dPT/

dZ (o C

(100

m)-1

)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

dPT/

dZ(o C

(100

m)-1

)

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

CNCdPT/dz

(h) Stability (surface layer)

19 MARCH (LST)9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

dPT/

dZ (o C

(100

m)-1

)-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

dPT/

dZ(o C

(100

m)-1

)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

CNCdPT/dz

REGION I [95-103E, 40-45N]

Weather prediction

Impact of the dust radiative forcing

- Aerosol provide chemical reaction-surfaces for gaseous pollutants and produce chemically different aerosols. These are deposited through dry and wet depositions in the source regions and downstream region.

Soil chemical composition change

Dust + PM

TOTALMIX

OCBC

SIA

(W m-2)

Direct radiative forcing (W m-2) at the surface (1-31 Mar 2002)

Affect atmospheric chemistry and radiative balance causing possible climate change

Dust + PM

TOTALMIX

OCBC

SIA

(W m-2)

Direct radiative forcing (W m-2) at the TOA

Dust + PM

TOTALMIX

OCBC

SIA

(W m-2)

Direct radiative forcing (W m-2) at the atmosphere

Aerosol Surface(W mg-1)

TOA(W mg-1)

Atmosphere(W mg-1)

Total mass con.

(mg m-2)

Asian dust -0.03 -0.02 0.01 51.48

SIA -0.20 -0.18 0.01 8.58

Mixed type -0.19 +0.01 0.19 10.92

BC -5.67 +1.35 6.21 0.16

OC -0.31 -0.25 0.07 1.56

Sea salt -0.04 -0.04 0.00 5.46

Radiative balance

WMO SDS-WASTo deal with these important phenomena required internationally collaborated research and resulted in the birth of WMO Sand and Dust Storm Warning, Advisory and Assessment System (WMO SDS-WAS).

WMO SDS-WAS Mission :

To enhance the ability of countries to deliver timely and quality Sand and Dust Storm forecasts, Observations, information and knowledge to users through an international partnership of research and operational communities.

ObjectivesProvide user communities forecasts, observations and information on the SDS through regional centers using WIS and WWWIdentify and improve SDS products through consultation with the operational and user communities

Enhance operational SDS forecasts through technology transfer from researchImprove forecasting and observation technology through coordinated international research

Build capacity of relevant countries to utilize SDS observations, forecasts and products for meeting societal needsBuild bridges between SDS-WAS and other communitiesConducting aerosol related studies (air quality, biomass burning, etc.)

Community Service

Improvement ofSDS forecast

model

Capacity Building

September 2004: International Symposium on SDS, Beijing, CMA, followed by SDS Experts Workshop

2005 JSC WWRP approved an SDS-Project

May 2007: 15th WMO Congress endorsed launching of the SDS-WAS.

August 2007: Korean Meteorological Administration hosted the 2nd International Workshop on SDS

November 2007: WMO/GEO Expert Meeting on SDS-WAS (Barcelona Supercomputing Centre); 100 international experts

2008: WMO accepted a China Meteorological Agency offer to host a regional centre for Asia/Central-Pacific node of SDS-WAS, and a Spanish offer to host a regional centre for North Africa, Middle East and Europe.

End 2008: SDS-WAS Draft Implementation Plan and two regional steering groups met for Nodes in Northern Africa, Middle East and Europe (Tunis) and for Asia (Beijing)

May 2009: WMO briefed the Arab League on SDS-WAS

Sept 2009: Barcelona WMO/ESA Consultation Workshop on SDS Satellite products

Oct 2009 : 2nd Regional Steering Group of WMO SDS-WAS Asia node was held in Seoul, Korea

WMO SDS-WAS History

14th session of CBS in Dubrovnick (25 March-2 April 2009) requested CBS experts to review the draft SDS-WAS Implementation plan to clarify the SDS-WAS Center (Nodes) in the context of the WMO Global Data Processing and Forecasting System (GDPFS) and Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) structures.

CBS reviewed SDS-WAS IP in 13 Oct 2009 and accepted by WMO-CAS on its XV Session in Incheon Korea (18-25 November 2009)

CAS recommended for the WMO Secretariat to appoint a small ad-hoc joint task team with representatives from the CBS Open Programme Area Group for Data Processing and Forecasting System (OPAG-DPFS) and CAS to prepare an amendment to the GDPFS manual in association with operational aspects of SDS-WAS

The ad-hoc joint task team was formed in July 2010* Experts from CBS and two SDS-WAS regional nodes

Improved dust source specification and parameterization

Influence of local and mesoscale atmospheric processes on dust storm generation

Advanced methods in observing the SDS, including surface-based, aircraft and satellite methods

4-D assimilation of dust-related observations

Inclusion of direct and indirect radiative forcing effects of dust in atmospheric weather and climate models

The role of dust as ice nuclei affecting storm development and precipitation

Dust impact on high impact hydrometeorological and environmental phenomena (e.g. monsoons, tropical cyclones, mesoscale convective complexes, flooding and droughts)

Developing ensemble systems for SDS prediction

Dust and health issues (e.g. meningitis, valley fever, asthma, etc)

Dust as a transmitter of disease and contaminants

Photochemical effects of dust and its impact on atmospheric ozone and other oxidants

Impact of dust on marine productivity

SDS reanalysis studies producing dust climatologies

SDS model validation and model intercomparisons

Research plan

Structure

Flow of information between SDS-WAS components

Two active research nodes (Asia node, NA-ME-E node) were established with the supporting regional centers in China and Spain

Established node portals (observations, forecasts and other information)

- The web portal of the Regional Center for Northern Africa, Middle East and Europe of the WMO SDS-WAS (http://www.bsc.es/sds-was)

Current Achievements

- The web portal of the WMO SDS-WAS Asia node (http://219.239.44.102 for Regional Center)

- http://sds-was.nimr.go.kr/support.html for Korea-

- http://www.jma.go.jp/en/kosa (observation) for Japanhttp://www.jma.go.jp/en/kosafcst/index.html (prediction) for Japan

- These web portals are available during the Asian dust event period.

Standardization of the display of different products (NA-ME-E node)

Scientific meetings coordinated jointly by WMO and regional partners were organized- NA-ME-E node organized a technical seminar with participation of AEMET, BSC, EUMETSAT and the WMO : Lectures on Atmospheric mineral dust and its impact on human health, Environment and economy (Barcelona, 13 Nov. 2010)

- The 3rd WG meeting for Joint research on dust and sand storms among Mongolia, China, Korea and Japan (Jeju, Korea, 8-10 Nov. 2010) : Presentations of collaborated research results including the monitored data analysis, model intercomparison for a severe dust event case that occurred in Asia on 26-30 May 2008.

Multi-decadal region dust model reanalysis was performed to serve as a information source for regional dust climate studies.

Annual total dust deposition was estimated over the ocean to serve as a information for the atmospheric chemical input into the ocean.

CNCYES

ECSNWP3

EASNWP2

NWP1

(a) DRY

(ton km-2)

(b) WET

(ton km-2)(c) PM10

(μg m-3)

(d) DEPOSITION

2010

Several organizations established daily dust forecasts- In Asia, ADAM2 of Korea, CUACE/Dust of China and Masingar of Japan have been used as

operational forecastings - In Europe, METEO FRANCE, UK MET Office, BSC-AEMET-CSIC, Spain etc.

Building observational capacity through aerosol measurement instrumentation

- New sun photometers in Northern Africa (framework AERONET)- New sun photometers in China (framework CMA Aerosol Remote Sensing Network)- Visibility meters (framework KMA dust network)

Utilization of the lidar retrievals of vertical profiles of aerosol (cooperation with EARLINET/GALION) with incorporation of PM10 aerosol measurements- Spanish air quality network- CMA Atmospheric Watch Network- KMA dust aerosol network- NIES Lidar network in Japan

Utilization of the satellite data for the identification of dust events- SDS index retrievals from FY-2C/2D in China- IODI retrievals from MTSAT-IR in Korea

WMO and/or its SDS-WAS partners support/participate dust aerosol- related project

- Meningitis Environmental Risk Information Technologies (MERIT) – impact of dusty weather on meningitis outbreaks in Sahel

- GMES and Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) EU project – dust and health aspects; chemical weather forecast, including dust aerosol modeling

- “GAW Aerosol Lidar Observation Network”(GALION) – observing vertical profiles of aerosol including dust

- Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) Working Group on the atmospheric chemical input into the ocean

- The Fennec project: Dust processes and the western Sahara ‘heat low’ (leaded by UK NERC)

Coordination of capacity building activities- NA-ME-E regional center

* Training week on satellite meteorology (8-12 Nov 2010) with some lectures and practical work on mineral dust monitoring and forecasting

* Training week on WMO SDS-WAS products (15-19 Nov 2010)

- KMA installed the ADAM2 model to National Agency for Meteorology, Hydrology and Environmental Monitoring of Mongolia (Aug 2010) as a dust storm forecasting model in Mongolia

- Training workshop for the KMA-CMA joint SDS station operators (27 Jan - 5 Feb 2010)

The implementation of the SDS-WAS includes;

- enhancing effective cooperation between partners in regional nodes, that will include exchange of agreed observations and model products (2011-2013)

- developing an integrated aerosol monitoring network in Asia (2011-2013)

- developing and implementing a routine verification system (2012-2014) – TS score or HR (Hit Rate) or FAR (False Alarm Rate)

- developing a dynamic aerosol model including natural and anthropogenic aerosols (2011-2014)

- strengthening cooperation with organization/networks/projects providing SDS-related observations (NASA, ESA, GALION, AEONET, CAWNET, CARSNET, KMA dust network, etc.

- models inter-comparisons (2012-2014)

- developing of a unified Asian dust forecast model (2014- )

- dust reanalysis (2012- )

Implementation in the period of 2011-2015

- ensemble forecasting (2014- )

- considering establishing new nodes and/or sub-nodes (Americas, SW Asia, Australia) (2012- )

- establishing RDP/FDP project (continuous)

- supporting field campaigns, to be used for a better understanding of the SDS process, to evaluate of model performance (2013- )

- data assimilation (2011- )

- establishing user-oriented studies (e.g. case studies of event affecting air/ground transport; studies linking public health and dust, etc.) (continuous)

- studies on emission process (continuous)

- mineral dust fractions; impact of deposited dust on environment (continuous)