Window and Door-Industry Glossary

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ANSI: American National Standards Institute, a clearinghouse organization for all types of standards and product specifications.

Annealed glass: Standard float glass.

Arch-top: One of several terms used for a variety of window units with one or more curved frame members, often used over another window or door opening. Also referred to as circle-heads, circle-tops and round-tops.

Argon: An inert, nontoxic gas used in insulating glass to reduce heat transfer.

ASHRAE: American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, a national association that establishes standards for building energy performance.

Astragal: Center post between two swing-ing doors.

ASTM International: Formerly, the American Society for Testing and Materials, an organization that establishes material standards (including glass) and test methods. It has also produced a window installation standard.

Awning: Window with sash swinging outward from bottom.

Backbedding: Material or compound used to seal the glass to a window sash.

Balance: Mechanical device (normally spring loaded) used in single- and double-hung windows as a means of counterbalancing the weight of the sash during opening and closing.

Bay: A combination of window units that projects to the exterior. Usually features a large center unit with two flanking units at 30¡ or 45¡ angles to the wall.

BETEC: Building Environment and Thermal Envelope Council. Part of the National Institute of Building Sciences, an organization representing government and industry, BETEC is involved in communicating government policy and influencing standards development within the industry.

BIM: Building information modeling. A 3D, object-oriented approach to computer-aided architectural design. Enables data for manufacturer's details to be imported right into project design, and presents 3D models of products in place in building. Also provides access and ability to add to detailed imagery and information to everyone involved in the building process and building operations after project completion.

BIVP: Building-integrated photovoltaics. A term used for products, such as commercial glazing, with solar-power collection cells built in.

BOCA: Building Officials and Code Administrators. One of the three model code groups in the U.S. that has now merged into the International Code Council.

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Jambliner: The track installed inside the jambs of a double-hung window, on which the window sash slide.

J-Channel: Installed or built-in to the side of a window or door, this channel is designed to accommodate the ends of siding pieces to provide a finished appearance.

Kaizen: A Japanese management philosophy typically translated as "continuous improvement." Using this concept, employees are given the authority and resources to solve problems to make improvements. In kaizen events, teams of managers, employees and others are brought together to improve an entire process. These process-improvement methods are often introduced into a company in conjunction with a lean manufacturing philosophy.

KD (Knocked down): Unassembled window or door.

Laminated glass: Two or more sheets of glass with an inner layer of transparent plastic to which the glass adheres if broken. Used for enhanced safety and security, as well as sound reduction.

Lean manufacturing: A business philosophy and/or strategy that focuses on eliminating waste, which includes all steps or processes that do not add value to the final product or service. It is usually employed along with the concept of kaizen, or continuous improvement.

LEED rating system: A "green building" rating system established by the U.S. Green Building Council. Currently applicable to new commercial construction and major renovations, the program is being expanded to include residential construction as well. LEED stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design.

Life-cycle analysis (LCA): An assessment of the environmental impact of a product that takes into account its entire lifespan. For a window or door, this would include energy and materials used to manufacture, its energy savings contribution during its useful life, and its disposal and/or capacity to be recycled.

Lintel: A structural component or beam above a window or door opening that supports the wall above. Also referred to as a header.

Lite: A piece of glass. In windows and doors, refers to separately framed panes of glass (as well as designs simulating the look of separately framed pieces of glass). Sometimes spelled "light."

Low-emissivity (Low-E) glass: A coated glass product that reflects heat.

Masonry opening: Area in a masonry wall left open for windows or a door.

MDF: Medium-density fiberboard. A wood-fiber composite used in a variety of window, door and millwork applications.

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Polycarbonate: A plastic material used for glazing.

Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB): Plastic material used as the interlayer in the construction of some types of laminated glass.

Plate glass: Flat glass produced by grinding and polishing to create parallel plane surfaces affording excellent vision. Although the term is still used commonly, most window glass is now produced using the float process. See float glass.

Pre-hanger: A company that buys doors, framing, hardware, glass lites and other components, and prepares (or pre-hangs) the unit for installation.

Prime window: A primary window, as opposed to a storm or combination unit added on.

Pro dealer: A term used for building product dealers and/or distributors that cater to professional customers such as home builders and remodeling contractors.

Projected window: A window in which the sash opens on hinges or pivots. Refers to casements, awnings and hoppers.

Pultrusion: The process used to produce fiberglass composite profiles or components for the production of windows and doors. Term also is used generally to refer to the composite profiles or lineals cut and processed to make window and door components.

PVC: Polyvinylchloride. An extruded material used for window and door framing.

Pyrolytic glass: A glass product that is coated, usually to provide low-emissivity or solar-control benefits, during the manufacturing process at the molten glass stage. Commonly referred to as a hard coat, this type of coating offers a surface that is generally as durable as an ordinary glass surface, and therefore requires no special handling and does not need to be used in an insulating glass unit. The other type of glass coating is a sputter-coat, which is applied in a secondary process. Sometimes referred to as a soft-coat, these types of coatings generally require some additional care in handling and fabrication and must be used within an insulating glass unit.

Radiation: The transfer of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves from one separate surface to another. Low-E glass is designed to reduce this type of heat transfer by reflecting electromagnetic waves.

Rail: Horizontal member of the framework of a window sash or door.

Reflective glass: Window glass coated to reflect visible light and solar radiation striking the surface of the glass.

RESFEN: A computer program designed to calculate energy use based on window selection in residential buildings.

Resin: A term commonly used within the industry that refers to the raw materials used by PVC extruders to produce vinyl window profiles. The word is also used to describe a liquid material that is used in the production of laminated glass.

RF: Radio frequency. Technology used with bar code scanners and other input devices in plant and warehouse tracking systems.

RFID: Radio frequency identification. A technology that uses electronic tags and labels on products, pallets or carts along with wireless scanners and other devices to automatically track the location of components and products throughout the manufacturing and/or distribution process.

Roof window: An operable unit similar to a skylight placed in the sloping surface of a roof.

Rough opening: Framed opening in a wall into which a window or door unit is to be installed.

Round-top: One of several terms used for a variety of window units with one or more curved frame members, often used over another window or door opening. Also referred to as arch-tops, circle-tops and circle-heads.

R-value: Resistance to thermal transfer or heat flow. Higher R-value numbers indicate greater insulating value. R-value is frequently used by the insulation industry and is the reciprocal of U-factor, a value more generally used in the window industry.

Safety glass: A strengthened or reinforced glass that is less subject to breakage or splintering and less likely to cause injury if broken. Law requires glass in doors to be some type of safety glazing product, such as tempered or laminated glass.

Sash: An assembly of stiles and rails (vertical and horizontal members) made into a frame for holding glass.

Sash cord: Rope or chain in double-hung windows that attaches the sash to the counter balance.

Sash lift: Protruding or recessed handle on the inside bottom rail of the lower sash on a double- or single-hung window.

Sash stiffener: A reinforcement, usually inserted into a sash profile prior to assembly, designed to increase the strength of the unit.

Sash weights: Concealed cast-iron weights used to counterbalance the sash of older double-hung windows.

SBCCI: Southern Building Code Congress International One of the three model code groups in the U.S. that merged to form the International Code Council.

Self-cleaning glass: Glass treated with a special coating. Currently, commercially available products feature a coating that uses the sun's UV rays to break down organic dirt through what is called a photocatalytic effect. The coating also provides a hydrophilic effect, which reduces the surface tension of water to cause it to sheet down the surface easily and wash away dirt.

Shading coefficient (SC): A measure of a window's ability to transmit solar heat, relative to that ability for 1/8-inch clear glass. The lower a unit's shading coefficient, the less solar heat it transmits, and the greater its shading ability. It is being phased out in favor of the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC).

Sheet glass: A transparent, flat glass found in older windows, now largely replaced by float glass.

Sidelites: Narrow fixed units mulled or joined to operating door units to give a more open appearance.

Sill: The main horizontal member forming the bottom of the frame of a window or door.

Sill pan: A product placed under a window or door during the installation process that is designed for water drainage.

Simulated divided lites (SDLs): A type of grille or grid design that creates the appearance of a number of smaller panes of glass separated by muntins, but actually uses larger lites of glass with the muntins placed between and/or on the surfaces of the glass layers.

Single glazing: Use of a single lite of glass in a window. Generally not as energy efficient as insulating glass or other forms of double glazing.

Single-hung: A window resembling a double-hung, or vertically sliding window, with a fixed, non-operating top sash.

Single-strength glass: Glass with thickness between 0.085 and 0.100 inch.

Six Sigma: A statistics-driven approach to quality control developed originally by Motorola.

Skin: A single piece of material used as the face of a door.

Slab: A term for a complete door panel that has not been prepared for installation into a frame.

Smart window: Generic term, sometimes used for windows offering high energy efficiency or windows featuring switchable glass to control solar gain.

Solar-control glass: Glass produced with a coating or tint that absorbs or reflects solar energy, thereby reducing solar gain.

Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC): A rating, which is now generally replacing shading coefficient, measuring a window's ability to transmit solar heat. It measures both the solar radiation which is directly transmitted, as well as the solar radiation absorbed by the glass and subsequently transmitted. The lower a unit's solar heat gain coefficient, the less solar heat it transmits, and the greater its shading ability. It is approximately equal to the shading coefficient divided by 1.15. It is expressed as a number without units between 0 and 1.

Solid-core door: Flush door produced with a solid material placed within the door skins.

Soft-coat glass: A glass product that is coated in a secondary process known as sputter-coating, usually to offer low-emissivity or solar-control benefits. The term refers to the fact that these types of coatings generally require some additional care in handling and fabrication and must be used within an insulating glass unit. A hard-coat or pyrolytic glass is coated during the manufacturing process at the molten glass stage. This type of coating offers a surface that is generally as durable as an ordinary glass surface, and therefore requires no special handling and does not need to be used in an insulating glass unit.

Sound transmission class (STC): A rating measuring a window's acoustic properties or its ability to reduce sound transmission. An STC rating is determined by measuring the sound transmission over a selected range of sound frequencies. The higher the number, the less sound transmitted.

SPD: Suspended particle device. A type of switchable glazing that typically uses laminated glass construction with the interlayer material featuring "suspended particles" that align when the glass unit is charged to provide a clear view and scatter when there is no charge, changing the glazing to translucent.

Spectrally selective glass: A coated or tinted glazing with optical properties that are transparent to some wavelengths of energy and reflective to others. Typically, spectrally selective coatings are designed to allow high levels of visible light or daylight into a building and reflect short-wave and long-wave infrared radiation.

Splayed window: Window unit set at an angle in a wall.

Sputter-coating: A secondary manufacturing process in which a thin layer of materials, usually designed to offer low-emissivity or solar-control benefits, is applied to glass. Sputter-coatings are commonly referred to as soft-coats, as they generally require some additional care in handling and fabrication and must be used within an insulating glass unit. A hard-coat or pyrolytic glass is coated during the manufacturing process at the molten glass stage. This type of coating offers a surface that is generally as durable as an ordinary glass surface, and therefore requires no special handling and does not need to be used in an insulating glass unit.

Stile: The main vertical frame members of a sash or door.

Stile-and-rail door: Traditional type of wood door constructed with vertical stiles and rails with openings filled with raised wood panels or glass.

Stool: Interior trim piece sometimes used to extend a window sill and act as a narrow shelf.

Stop: A moulding used to hold, position or separate window or door parts. Also, the moulding or component on the inside of a window frame against which the window sash rests or closes. Also called a bead, side stop, window stop and parting stop.

Super window: A generic term for a window with a very low U-value. Typically, it incorporates multiple glazings, low-E coatings, gas fills and an insulating spacer.

Tempered glass: Glass heat-treated to withstand greater than normal forces on its surface. When it breaks, it shatters into small pieces to reduce hazard.

Tenon: A rectangular projection cut out of a piece of wood for insertion into a mortise.

Thermal break: A thermally insulating or low-conductance material used between interior and exterior aluminum (or other conductive material) window and door components.

Tilt window: A single- or double-hung window whose operable sash can be tilted into a room to allow cleaning of the exterior surface on the inside.

Transom: Window used over the top of a door or window, primarily for additional light and aesthetic value.

Triple glazing: Use of three panes of glass or plastic with two airspaces between. Generally refers to a sealed insulating unit.

True divided lites (TDLs): Traditional window construction incorporating smaller panes of glass actually separated by muntins, rather than simulating such an appearance with larger lites of glass and a muntin grid or grille placed between or on the surfaces of the glass layers.

Two-step distributor: An industry term for a wholesale company that buys building products from the manufacturer and sells them to lumberyards and home centers, which in turn sell to builders, contractors and homeowners. A wholesaler that buys building products from a manufacturer and sells them to builders, contractors and homeowners is referred to as a one-step distributor.

U-factor: Rate of heat flow-value through a building component, from room air to outside air. Also referred to as U-value. The lower the U-factor, the better the insulating value. U-factor, a rating more generally used in the window industry, is the reciprocal of R-value, a rating commonly used in the insulation industry.

Ultraviolet light (UV): Invisible rays of solar radiation at the short-wavelength violet end of the spectrum. Ultraviolet rays can cause fading of paint finishes, carpets and fabrics, as well as deterioration of some materials.

Vinyl: Generic term for polyvinylchloride or PVC, an extruded material used for window and door framing.

Warm-edge: A type of insulating glass construction using an airspacer offering lower thermal conductance than traditional aluminum spacer. Warm-edge IG units typically offer higher resistance to condensation and an incremental improvement in window energy performance.

WDMA: Window and Door Manufacturers Association. Formerly the National Wood Window and Door Association, this trade organization has established many standards related to wood window and door products.

Weatherstripping: A material or device used to seal the openings, gaps or cracks of venting window and door units to prevent water and air infiltration.

Weep hole: A small opening in a window or sill member through which water may drain to the building exterior.

Weld: A term used for a type of corner construction, used with vinyl and other types of windows and doors, in which a small amount of material at the two pieces are melted or softened, then pushed together to form a single piece. This also is referred to commonly as a fusion-weld.

Wildland/urban interface: An area where buildings are bounded by wild or natural areas in regions where wild fires are a concern. Some fire and code officials are looking at the establishment of fire-resistance requirements for exterior building products in these "interface" areas.

Wind load: Force exerted on a surface by moving air.

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