Wind Energy Planning and Project Development · Wind Energy Department Research areas: • Atmospheric physics • Aeroelastic design i.e. aerodynamics and structural design • Wind

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Niels-Erik ClausenRisø National Laboratory

African Development Bank Wind Energy Workshop

Tunis 28-29 October 2004

Wind Energy Planning and Project Development

Presentation Outline

• Brief profile of Risoe National Laboratory

• The Risoe Wind Energy Department

• Wind resource measurements and mapping

• Wind power development

• Selected experiences in Africa

• Ideas for emerging markets

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Risø National LaboratoryA National Research Institution under the Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation

Europe

Risø National Laboratory

Denmark

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Risø's mission

through research, innovation and consultancy.

To promote environmentally responsible technological development that creates value in the areas of:

EnergyIndustrial technology

Bioproduction

Risø's vision

To impact international development in our research areas by forming the basis of the development of new products and consultancy for the benefit of the environment, health and general prosperity

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The results of Risø’s activities are: New knowledge New technologies Innovative product developmentResearch-based consultancyfor the use of industry, governmental bodies and society

Risø's results

Risø research programmes

Wind energy

Systems and technology analysis

Energy materials

Danish Polymer Centre

Optics and plasma research

Plant biotechnology

Radiation research and safety

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Research-based testing of turbines and components

Testing ofMW turbines

Basic design for wind turbines at sea

Design ofmulti-MW turbines

Next generation of calculationmodels in supercomputers

Virtual wind tunnel

Global calculation and prediction tool. Short term prediction tool

Wind resources

Risø’s research aims within wind

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Tunis Oct. 2004

Wind Energy Department

Research areas:

• Atmospheric physics

• Aeroelastic design i.e. aerodynamics and structural design

• Wind turbines, certification and design guidelines

• Wind power meteorology, resource estimation

• Electrical design and control

• Integration of wind turbines in large as well as isolated grids

• Wind turbine diagnostics and testing

• Blade testing

• Staff: 125

• Annual turnover: USD 13 million

Tunis Oct. 2004

Risoe Energy for Development

…is the focal point for Risoe’s activities related to energy in developing countries

• Developing tools and guidelines for planning and implementation of renewable energy into energy systems

• Creating guidelines for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects with wind

• Developing education and training programmes

• Supporting the EU Energy Initiative (EUEI) aiming at improving energy access in Africa (funding by Danida)

www.e4d.net

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Tunis Oct. 2004

Renewable Energy in Denmark

• 2003: Wind Energy contribute 20% of electricity consumption

• Waste Incineration Plants for district heating• 10 centralised biogas plants• Totally 14% of primary energy consumption

from Renewable Energy

Tunis Oct. 2004

Wind turbines in Denmark

End of 2003:

Onshore capacity 2653 MW

Offshore capacity 423 MW

offshore onshore

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Tunis Oct. 2004

Wind Energy Activities Worldwide

Risø WindConsult offers consulting services to clients world wideWAsP - the world leading standard in Wind Resource Calculation and Micro-siting is implemented world wide

Tunis Oct. 2004

Feasibility, wind and EIA studies

Cape Verde

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Tunis Oct. 2004

Project Development Steps

• Wind resource assessment (min. one year)

• Access to land

• Grid connection

• Feasibility study

• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

• Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)

• Request for proposal EPC contract

• Construction

• Operation & Maintenance

Tunis Oct. 2004

Wind Farm Feasibility Study 1/2

Technical issues

• Wind resource

• Electrical system (stability and power quality)

• Analysis of load pattern

• Land availability

• Soil conditions

• Environmental impact

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Tunis Oct. 2004

Wind Farm Feasibility Study 2/2

Economic Issues

• Budget for implementation of project– Capital cost of wind farm– Development costs– Cost of land

• Operation & Maintenance budget

• Key indicators NPV, IRR, ROE etc.

• Financing

Tunis Oct. 2004

Wind Energy from ”Skratch”

1. Establish a Preliminary Coarse Wind Climate Map using the Meso-Scale Model

2. Pre-feasibility study with the aim of planning a dedicated wind measurement programme for a few selected regions of your country

3. Procure, install and operate the wind measurement programme

4. Revise and update the Wind Climate Map 5. Feasibility Study 6. Courses and capacity building

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Tunis Oct. 2004

Wind measurements

Data logger – automatic, reliable, rugged, battery-powered

masts - siting, height, access

High quality sensorscalibration/durability

Start early:It takes one yearto collect 12 monthsof data

Tunis Oct. 2004

Meso-scale windmap

•Geostrophic wind field NCEP/NCAR•Height contours GTOPO30 database•Surface roughness GLCC database

•Resolution 10 to 2.5 km

•Vertical layers approx 30

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Tunis Oct. 2004

Wind Atlas Methodology

Local observation

Obstacles

Roughness

Orography

© Risø

Local prediction

WIND ATLAS DATA

WAsPWAsP

KAMM &

WAsP

Global Data Bases

Tunis Oct. 2004

WAsP

• WAsP has become the de-facto standard for wind resource assessment and micro-siting

• Sold in more than 90 countries to more than 1300 users

• Annual average production• Area: wind farm - 1 m to 10 km

• www.wasp.dk

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Tunis Oct. 2004

Wind Resource Map for Denmark

E [W/m2] at 45 m a.g.l. ∆x=2.5km ∆x=200m

Tunis Oct. 2004

Meso-scale example: Tunisia

standardized [z0 = 0.2mm] wind power density at 50m

Domainwhole country 600 x 960 km

Simulations

143 wind classessimulations

5km and 20km resolution

By courtesy of Jake Badger Risø, MED2010 project, 2002

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Tunis Oct. 2004

Meso-scale example: Ethiopia

By courtesy of Jake Badger Risø, SWERA project, 2004

Tunis Oct. 2004

Wind Farm Planning

Wind AtlasLand, bird migration,restrictions, etc

Power SystemTopographic Maps &

Other data

§§Legislation

Masterplans

EIA

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Tunis Oct. 2004

Egypt • Wind Atlas for the Gulf of Suez, Wind Atlas for Egypt • Ass. to development of Technology and Planning • Hughada Technology Center• Site calibration

60 MW Zafarana Wind Farm, Gulf of Suez

Tunis Oct. 2004

Cape Verde Wind Farms

Mindelo 900 kW, Praia 900 kW, Sal 600 kW - 15 % wind energy penetration

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Tunis Oct. 2004

Cape Verde Wind FarmsIsolated Power Systems

Consulting Services phase I- technical assistance to ELECTRA, the utility:

• project co-ordination• feasibility study and project design• wind resource assessment and wind farm site selection • power system modelling - wind farm sizing • wind farm layout optimization and micro-siting• technical specifications for tendering of wind turbines• tender evaluation - wind turbines• supervision of construction• power performance verification - wind turbines• technical assistance and training in power system operation

Tunis Oct. 2004

Energy management in LesothoDANCED 1999-2002

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Tunis Oct. 2004

LesothoProject output

h Data recovery

Mean Wind Speed

Max value of 10min Mean WS

Max 3 sec

gust WS

Mean temp

Mean air pressure

Mean air density

m (agl)

% m/s m/s m/s Deg C mbar kg/m3

Letseng la Terae 25 98 6.56 25.84 31.89 6.14 702.5 0.876 Quthing/Masitise 25 90 5.10 23.74 38.16 14.94 830.2 1.004 Sani Top 9.5 100 5.54 27.38 35.97 6.61 725.7 0.904

Energy Policy Framework & Energy Action PlanImplementation Support ProjectsPower Sector Monitoring and GovernanceCapacity buildingWind energy survey report

Tunis Oct. 2004

Proposed Pre-feasibility actions

• Visit candidate sites for wind measurements• Visit met-office stations with indications of wind

resources• Liason with country authorities within power,

planning and meteorology to plan wind measurements

• Information on the infrastructure and power sector• Information on energy planning and policy • Collect information on physical planning issues on

a national and regional level to identify areas suited for wind energy development

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Tunis Oct. 2004

Ideas for Emerging Markets…

• Establish regulatory framework (e.g. Renew. Portfolio Standard, physical planning, EIA)

• Tie subsidies & tax deductions to project quality and performance e.g.

– Certifications of wind turbines– Power performance guarantees– Availability guarantees– Application of international standards – IEC– EIA procedures

• Demonstration projects

Tunis Oct. 2004

Ex: US Renewable Portfolio Standard

• New renewable energy requirements should be high enough to trigger market growth in the country

• Requirements should apply to all electricity providers

• Requirements can be met using tradable renewable energy credits ?

• Retail providers that do not comply with the RPS target must pay significant financial penalties

US States with RPS

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Tunis Oct. 2004

Summing up

• Applications– Large scale WE: Extensive track record & experience– Small scale / decentralised WE: proven solutions – caution needed

• Project preparation– Siting, wind resource assessment– Grid integration - interaction - connection– Feasibility (technical – economical – institutional – environmental)– Commissioning - monitoring – evaluation

• National & international framework– Government support needed– National wind energy technology centers– Type approval systems (certification)– Standards for design, testing, certification– National guidelines for project preparation