WiMAX Technology IntroductionV1

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Huawei Confidential

Security Level:2013/9/9

WiMAX Technology

Introduction



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Name: WIMAX Technology Introduction

Version: V1.0

Release Date: 12-26-2006

To be presented to: Huawei new comer and green hand for WiMAX

Content: Divided into seven major parts：

1. WiMAX Advantage

2. 16d VS 16e

3. 2.5GHz VS 3.5GHz

4. WiMAX VS HSDPA/EVDO




Revision Record

Version Update Time Modifier Comment

1.00 12-26-2006 WiMAX Marketing

Support Department

(gaowei)

initialization




Contents

WiMAX Advantage

16d VS 16e

2.5GHz VS 3.5GHz

WiMAX VS HSDPA/EVDO

OFDM/OFDMA AMC

MIMO

AAS

QoS

All IP Architecture




OFDM/OFDMA

F r e q e n c y

Time

OFDM OFDMA

O u t p u t

P o w e r

Frequency

OFDM OFDMA

Compared to OFDM, OFDMA has more granulation in

frequency domain.

Power control on DL sub-channel for users to obtainpower gain.

Data-subscribers per user are distributed randomly in the

whole bandwidth to gain frequency diversity .

OFDM is robust to frequency-selective fading for multiple

narrowband sub-carriers

Sub-carriers are orthogonal and overlap and thus to

improve spectrum efficiency

Orthogonality between sub-carriers enables OFDMA

system to employ IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform)

and DFT for modulation and demodulation.

Large Scale Integrated circuit is easy to implement

IDFT/DFT with low cost.




Time Domain

Input data stream is divided into several parallel sub-streams of reduced data rate and thus

increases symbol duration;

Each sub-stream is modulated and transmitted on a separate orthogonal sub-carrier;

Increased symbol duration improves the robustness of OFDM to delay spread

Introduction of the cyclic prefix (CP> channel delay spread) provide multi-path immunity and

tolerance for synchronization errors and Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI);

To reduce the complex of channel equalization method;




Frequency domain

Sub-carrier DC Sub-carrier

Guard Sub-carrier Pilot Sub-carrier Data Sub-carrier

Sub-channel #1 Sub-channel #2

OFDMA symbol is made up of subcarriers, the

number of which determines the FFT size used.

Data subcarriers: for data transmission

Pilot subcarriers: for various estimation

purposes

Null carrier: no transmission at all, for guard

bands and DC carrier

Active subcarriers are divided into subsets of

subcarriers termed a subchannel

Permutation zone: PUSC, FUSC, PUSC withall subchannels, optional FUSC, AMC and FUSC

with all subchannels

With the OFDMA sub-carrier structure, it

supports a wide range of bandwidths from 1.25

MHz to 20 MHz.

The scalability is achieved by adjusting the FFT

size7 to the channel bandwidth while fixing the

sub-carrier frequency spacing.




Frequency reuse

On the edge of sector, partial sub-channels are allocated.

On the core of sector, full sub-channels are allocated.

Schedule depends on the MS`s CINR.

Frequency reuse mixed by PUSC + FUSC improves the capacity and reduce

interference.

F1,F2 and F3 are partial sub-channels of

one frequency, allocated equally or non-

equally




DL sub-frame consists of Preamble、FCH（frame control header ）、DL_MAP and DL data burst.

UL sub-frame consists of Ranging sub-channel, UL data burst. Ranging sub-channel is contention interval for

contention ranging and bandwidth request from all MSs.

Radio resource allocation per frame is changeable.

Number of OFDM Symbols in DL and UL for 5/10MHz BW ranges from (35, 12) to (26:21)

Asymmetric DL/UL capability is implemented by different number of DL/UL sub-channels allocation.

For each SS, the maximum number of bursts to decode in one downlink subframe is 64.

In UL, every MS is only allocated one burst.

Frame structure




Data Modulation

64-QAM constellation

Every sub-carrier bears 2-bit useful data with modulation 16QAM , coding 1/2 and 4-bit with 64QAM

2/3.

Different modulation scheme maps data to specific amplitude and phase of sub-carrier.

Compared to 1xEVDO-Rev A and HSDPA, WiMAX first employs 64QAM modulation for DL.

1xEVDO-Rev B with 64QAM needs a hardware upgrade from Rev A and Rev B software

upgrade is only limited to 16QAM.

QPSK constellation 16-QAM constellation




AMC

Modulation scheme on sub-carrier is changeable.

AMC introduced by OFDMA system user different modulation and coding based on

the channel condition to provide robust link adaptation in mobile environments.

MS under good channel condition can get more higher data rate and average

system throughput is also improved

AMC is a replacement for power control to improve system performance.

Channel measurement in 802.16 is based on RSSI and CINR.

Mobile WiMAX supports AMC in both downlink and uplink with variable

packet size.

16QAM QPSK64QAM

Modulation/FEC

rate

Norimalized

C/N(dB)

QPSK 1/3 0.5

QPSK 1/2 6

QPSK 2/3 7.5

QPSK 3/4 9

16-QAM 1/2 12

16-QAM 2/3 14.5

16-QAM 3/4 15

16-QAM 5/6 17.5

64-QAM 1/2 18

64-QAM 2/3 20

64-QAM 3/4 21

64-QAM 5/6 23

Default normalized C/N

values per modulation




物理层

FEC

（RS,BTC,

CTC）

Modulation

MappingRandomization IFFT

Cyclic

PrefixInterleave

DL PHY Process

UL PHY Process

Remove

Cyclic

PrefixFFT

Freq.

Domain

Equalizer

De-Map

Symbols

Viterbi &

RS Decoder

De-Randomization

De-

Interleave

Data to

MAC layer

Data from

MAC layer

RF

TX

baseband

RF RX

(Timing &

Frequency

Correction etc)

baseband

DL/UL PHY Process

技术




MIMO means Multi-input antennas and Multi-output antennas, through transmit and receive the

wireless data on several antennas in parallel , this feature can improve the spectral efficiency and

system capacity , of course it can supports higher speed date rate, but it need more TRX

hardware and more capacity of baseband processing.

MIMO技术

MIMO优势




MIMO优势

Spatial multiplexing and diversity:

Spatial multiplexing can subdivide input data stream into sub-stream

and transmit these in multiple antennas .

Space diversity uses multiple antennas transmit the same data to

terminal and realize diversity effect.

Space time code improves coding gain and system performance by spatial

diversity.

Tradeoff between capacity and link quality by mixing multiplexing and

diversity.

Spatial multiplexing (SM) Space time code (STC)

AAS T h l




AAS Technology

Benefits of AAS system:

Increase Range Extension by Beamforming

Improve system capacity by allowing subscribers to transmit with less power, reducing

Multiple Access Interference, and hence increasing the number of simultaneous subscribers

in each cell.

SDMA Allow different subscribers to share the same spectral resources by spatially

separating signals

Switched beam System Adaptive Array System

AAS VS MIMO




AAS VS MIMO

AAS MIMO

Feature Use relationship among differentantennas,

Near between antennas

Use independence of differentantennas,

far between antennas

Application Low performance in macro cell

with higher antenna location

High performance in micro and

indoor environment

BS Many channels

High influence to system

Difficult compatibility

Two channels

Deal with baseband signals

Low influence to system

Easy compatibility

Terminal Low influence，

Upgrade only signal part

High influence,

Support for multi-antenna

Hi h D t t




OFDMA

Modulation/Coding

MIMO

High Data rate

Net ork Entr Process




Network Entry Process

Obtain SF QoS

Parameters from GW

Establish SF

in air interface

Establish R6 tunnel

between BS and GW

End

Scan DL channel to synchronize

SS basic capability

negotiation

Authorization and

key exchange

Register

Begin

Obtain transmit

parameters

Initial Ranging

MS sends initial Ranging code

in initial Ranging opportunity

MS sends initial Ranging code

in periodic Ranging opportunity

MS sends RNG-REQ in

allocated bandwidth

Handover Process




Handover Process

Handover Trigger: MS Trigger: When MS detects unqualified DL signals, MS triggers

Handover to serving BS (MOB_MSHO-REQ) BS Trigger: When BS detects the MS unqualified UL signals or BS

cannot afford load resource, BS triggers MS to handover to other

target BS (MOB_BSHO-REQ)

GW Trigger: GW optimizes resource and triggers MS to handover

among BSs

Handover Type: Hard Handover

Macro diversity handover Fast BS switching

Example of Handover




Example of Handover

BS

BS

ASN GW1 HA R8

R6

R3

Before HOAfter HO

BS ASN GW2

R8

R6

R3 R4

服务 ASN GW

MSS

原服务 BS

BS

BS

ASN GW1 HA R8

R6

R3

BS ASN GW2

R8

R6

R3 R4

Serving

ASN GW

MSS

Serving

BS

Target BS

a) HO with new R1 and R8

BS

BS ASN GW1 HA R8

R6

R3

BS ASN GW2

R8

R6

R3 R4

MS

c) HO with new R6 and R4 Without CoA

BS

BS

ASN GW1 HA R8

R6

R3

Before HO

After HOBS ASN GW2

R8

R6

R3 R4

MS

Serving BS

Target

BS

Target ASN-GW

BS

BS ASN GW1 HA R8

R6 R3

Before HO BS ASN GW2

R8 R6

R3 R4

Anchor

ASN GW

MS

Target ASN-GW

Serving

ASN GW

Serving

BS

Target BS Before HO

After HO

b) HO with new R6

Serving

ASN GW

ServingASN GW

After HO

d) HO with new R6 and R4 and with CoA

Idle Mode




Idle Mode

Idle Mode provides a mechanism for the MS to become periodically available for DL broadcast

traffic messaging without registration as the MS traverses an air link environment populated by

multiple base stations

Idle Mode benefits the MS by removing the requirement for handoff and other normal operations

Idle Mode benefits the network and base station by eliminating air interface and network handoff

traffic from essentially inactive MSs while still providing a simple and timely method (paging) for alerting the MS about pending DL traffic

Paging Cycle Paging Cycle

Paging OffsetPaging Listening

Interval(N)

Nframe(Nframe mod PAGING_CYCLE == PAGING_OFFSET)

Paging Unavailable Interval

Sleep Mode




Sleep Mode

Sleep mode is a state in which an MS conducts pre-negotiated periods of absence from the Serving

BS air interface.

Sleep mode is intended to minimize MS power usage and decrease usage of Serving BS air

interface resources.

Sleep Mode provides flexibility for the MS to scan other base stations to collect information to assisthandoff during the Sleep Mode.

Power Saving Classes differ by their parameter sets, procedures of activation/deactivation, and

policies of MS availability for different types of connections

Unavailability interval is a time interval that does not overlap with any listening window of any activePower Saving Class

Availability interval is a time interval that does not overlap with any Unavailability interval

All IP architecture




All IP architecture

Data path uses IP datagram to transmit

Besides IP CS, ETH CS is also supported

WiMAX has capability to integrate seamlessly with IP network

QoS Guarantee




QoS Guarantee

Mobile WiMAX can meet QoS requirements for a wide range of data services and applications.

In the Mobile WiMAX MAC layer, QoS is provided via service flows.

BS and MS establish a unidirectional connection between the peer MACs to provide a certain type

of data service.

The QoS parameters associated with the service flow define the transmission ordering and

scheduling on the air interface. The connection-oriented QoS therefore, can provide accurate controlover the air interface.

QoS Guarantee




QoS Guarantee

WiMAX network includes wireless and IP network. QoS in Wireless network is guaranteed

by IEEE802.16 and QoS in IP network by Diffserv and MPLS technology.

The classifier consists of priority, CID and a set of matching criteria (destination IP address,

for example) applied to each packet.

Specific service is classified to the connection defined by the CID with corresponding QoS.

BS

C l a s s i f i e

r

S c h e d u l e

rMS

C l a s s i f i e r FTP Service

VoIP Service

MAC Connections with

QoS Parameters

PDU(SFID,CID)PDU(SFID,CID)

BE

UGS

E2E QoS




E2E QoS

In the IP network, DSCP in IP header can be labeled for different QoS; Priority field in VLAN also can be used for QoS.

DSCP（DiffServ Code Point）

BS ASN-GW

Version

Length Len ID Offset TTL Proto FCS IP-SA IP-DA Data

ToS

1 Byte

07 123456

DSCP unused

IPv4 header

RFC2474

IEEE802.1Q DA SA TYPE Data CRCTAG

TPID Pri VLAN IDCFI

Contents




Contents

WiMAX Advantage

16d VS 16e

2.5GHz VS 3.5GHz

WiMAX VS HSDPA/EVDO

WiMAX protocol suite

Protocol difference

Target market

Summary

IEEE 802 16系列协议WiMAX protocol suite




IEEE 802.16系列协议

Protocol Frequency PHY MAC Duplex mode

IEEE 802.16-

2004

802.16 10~66GHz SC FDD/TDD

802.16a 2~11GHz Sca AAS/ARQ/STC FDD/TDD

OFDM AAS/ARQ/MESH/STC FDD/TDD

OFDMA AAS/ARQ/STC FDD/TDD

802.16b 5~6GHz Sca/OFDM/

OFDMA AAS/ARQ/STC/MESH/DFS TDD

802.16c 10~66GHz Corrigendum to 802.16 and system profiles for 10~66GHz

802.16d 2~11GHz Corrigendum to 802.16a and consolidate802.16/802.16a(802.16b)/802.16c/802.16d to form IEEE

802.16-2004 (2~66GHz)

IEEE P802.16e 802.16e 2~6GHz Sca/OFDM/OFDMA, support for mobility based on 802.16-

2004

IEEE P802.16f 802.16f MIB (Management Information Base) on 802.16-2004

IEEE P802.16g

802.16g

NMS (Network Management System)on

802.16-2004

IEEE P802.16h 802.16h Corrigendum to 802.16-2004

IEEE 802.16.2 802.16.2 Define co-exist for 802.16 (10～66GHz)

IEEE 802.16.2a 802.16.2a Define co-exist for 802.16a (2～11GHz)

WiMAX protocol suite

Protocol difference




Protocol difference

Parameters 802.16d 802.16e

Air interface technique OFDM/OFDMA SOFDMA

FFT Size 256/2048 128,512,1024

System bandwidth 1.25MHz-28MHz 1.25MHz-20MHz

Pilots Fixed(8) Fixed & Variable

PreambleLong preamble on DL

Short Preamble on ULDL preamble only

Sub channelization UL only FUSC & PUSC

Mobility No High (120Km/h)

Mobile Handoff Support No Yes

Power Management No Sleep/Idle

Frame Length 2.5,4,5,8,10,12.5,20ms 2,2.5,4,8,10,12.5,20ms

Protocol difference




Convergence Sub Layer

MAC Layer

PHY Layer

Security/PrivacyKey, AES, EAP Handoff

BandwidthManagementConnectionManagement

Power management

IPPacket

Classifier Ethernet ATMHeader

Suppression

PDU

OperationNet Entry

PHY BurstScheduling

OFDM2-11GHz 256FFT

OFDMA2-11GHz 2048FFT OFDMA 2-11GHz128, 256, 512,1024, 2048

802.16d 802.16e WiMAX

802.16e is the mobile extension from 802.16

Modification in PHY from OFDM to Scalable OFDMA

Modification in MAC for security, handoff, roaming, & resource management

Protocol difference

Target Market




Target Market

Nomadic Fixed Simple Mobility Portable Full Mobility

Fixed

（16d/16e）

Nomadic

（16e）

Portable

（16e）

Simple Mobility

（16e）

Full Mobility

（16e）

Application

Enterprise access Backhaul、

high-level family outdoor

access

Family indoor access and

personal terminal access

（not support handover ）

Family outdoor access and


（ support handover ）

Middle-rate mobile


High-rate mobile

personal terminal

access

Terminal Outdoor Indoor, PCMCIAIndividual CPE，PCMCIA,

Embedded portable terminal

Individual CPE，PCMCIA ，Personal handing

terminal，Embedded handing terminal

Mobility N/A Not support >5Km/h， >60Km/h >120Km/h

Contents




Contents

WiMAX Advantage

16d VS 16e

2.5GHz VS 3.5GHz

WiMAX VS HSDPA/EVDO

Scenarios

Indoor coverage

Outdoor coverage

PCMCIA coverage

Scenarios




Regulation for Mobility at 3.5GHz

77%

13%6% 4%

Fixed Only

Fixed and Portable

(Limited Portability)

Fixed/Portable/Mobile

Under Revision

3.5GHz: Mainly used for fixed wireless broadband, such as DSL extension

2.5GHz: Future Personal Mobile Broadband

Source from Maravedis

Sce a os

Indoor Coverage




Dense Urban: 3.5GHz coverage is 53.9％ of 2.5GHz

Urban: 3.5GHz coverage is 51.7% of 2.5GHz

Suburban: 3.5GHz coverage is 65.7% of 2.5GHz

Source from Huawei

g

Outdoor Coverage




Source from Huawei

Dense Urban: 3.5GHz coverage is 52.5％ of 2.5GHz

Urban: 3.5GHz coverage is 53.1% of 2.5GHz

Suburban: 3.5GHz coverage is 65.4% of 2.5GHz

g

PCMCIA Coverage




Source from Huawei

Dense Urban Indoor: 3.5GHz coverage is 55.3％

of 2.5GHzUrban Indoor: 3.5GHz coverage is 54.1% of 2.5GHz

Dense Urban Outdoor: 3.5GHz coverage is 53.1％ of 2.5GHz

Urban Outdoor: 3.5GHz coverage is 52.7% of 2.5GHz

g

Base Station Number Comparison




In case of : S(1,1,1), Coverage area 10km²

Propagation

Environment1 Terminal

Coverage

Radius (km)

Coverage

Area（km2) BS Number

2.5GHz3.5GH

z

2.5GH

z3.5GHz

Dense Urban

Indoor CPE 0.64 0.47 10 13 24

Outdoor CPE 2.29 1.66 10 1 2

PCMCIA( Outdoor) 0.92 0.67 10 7 12

UrbanIndoor CPE 0.89 0.64 10 7 13

PCMCIA (Outdoor) 1.24 0.90 10 4 7

Rural Outdoor CPE 7.64 6.18 100 1 2

Number of 3.5GHz is about 2 times of 2.5GHz

p

Contents




WiMAX Advantage

16d VS 16e

2.5GHz VS 3.5GHz

WiMAX VS HSDPA/EVDO

System parameters

Key technology difference

Coverage difference

Capacity difference

Challenge Value Chain Maturity




Standard

Start

Standard

Launch

First

Commercial

Deployment

4M User

Time

100M User

Time

GSM 1982 1990 1991 1994 1998

CDMA 1989 1993 1995 1997 2000

16d 1999 2004 2005 2008? NA

16e 2002 2005 2006? 2009? 2010? WiMAX has the shorter standard

time and to market time, become

more mature in the market, justlike IP

ALL IP Infrastructure and data

service development push,

WiMAX will develop much faster

than GSM/CDMA

Standard

Maturity

Time

From

Standard to

First

Commercial

From First

Commercial to

4M User

From 4M User

to 100M User

GSM 8 1 4 8

CDMA 4 2 4 7

16d 5 1 3? NA

16e 3 1 or 2 4? 5?

Unit: year

Challenge Terminal Chipset Strategy




•Compared with GSM/CDMA/WCDMA, WiMAX chipset chain is more excellent in the early

stage.

Early Stage Mature Stage

Terminal Provider Chipset Provider

Only Chipset Is there MarketHolder?

GSMMOTO/Ericsson/Nokia/Moto/

Samsung… N N TI 80％

CDMA Ericsson / Nokia / Samsung… Qualcomm Y Qualcomm 90％

WCDMA Ericsson/Nokia/Moto Qualcomm NMarket share by

several providers

WiMAX

16e

IT Manufacture / Nokia / PDA

Provider and traditional Smart

phone provider

Intel /

Beceem /

Runcom …

N Intel ? Or NO ?

Technology and Performance Comparison




Technology HSDPA WiMAX 16e

Transmission CDMA OFDMA

Duplexing FDD TDD

Channel BW 2X5MHz 1X10MHz

Average data rate

(theoretical)

(BS:1Tx2RX, terminal:1Tx1Rx)SIMO(BS:2Tx2RX, SS:1Tx1Rx)

DL/UL=1/1 DL/UL=3/1

4.8Mbps DL 6Mbps /UL 3.6Mbps DL 9Mbps /UL 1.8Mbps

Coverage 500m~5Km 500m~3Km(2.5GHZ)

Mobility 500km/h Up to 120km/h

QoS High High

Service Voice + Data Data + (VOIP)

Security High High

Frequency Global standard frequency band WiMAX forum is pushing

Industry Maturity Comparison




Technology HSDPA WiMAX 16e

Standard Mature Air interface is ready, the network

protocol will be ready in Q4 2006

Interoperability good The first wave certificated products

are expected by the end of Q2 2007

Chipset Mature Few and juvenile, but more and

more chipset vendors announced to

develop WiMAX 16e chipset

Terminal abundance Few and juvenile

Network equipment ready Most mainstream vendors are

developing and on trail.

Commerial deployment abundance Only Korea

HSDPA is more mature than WiMAX 16e.

Coverage Difference




GSM WCDMA

WIMAX 2.5GHz

SISO MIMO(2x1)

Link Budget

(dB)

UL 146.75 141.86 140.85 144.54

DL 148.65 141.19 138.24 147.15

Propagation

Model COST231-HATA

Coverage

(km)

UL 1.67 1.41 0.92 1.39

DL 1.81 1.35 1.09 1.65

Urban

WiMAX with MIMO

support has almost the same

coverage with

GSM/WCDMA

GSM: Coverage is related to maximum Tx power on the condition of good frequency planwithout interference.

CDMA: As self-interference system, the coverage depends not only on maximum Txpower but also system payload.

WIMAX：TDD, Orthogonal sub-carriers without interference in one cell. Coverage needconsider interference at the edge of cells.

Capacity Difference




Parameter 1xEVDO

Rev A

EVDO

Rev B HSDPA

HSPA

(HSDPA

+ HSUPA)

Mobile

WiMAX

(2x2)

Channel BWDL 1.25 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz

10 MHzUL 1.25 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz

Peak Data RateDL 3.1 Mbps 14.7 Mbps 14 Mbps 14 Mbps 63Mbps

UL 1.8 Mbps 5.4 Mbps 2.0 Mbps 5.8 Mbps 28Mbps

Spectral

Efficiency

（ bps/Hz）

DL 0.72 0.79 0.72 0.72 1.931

UL 0.36 0.28 0.14 0.30 0.88

Net Information

Through-put per

Channel/ Sector

DL 0.90 Mbps 3.96 Mbps 3.61 Mbps 3.61 Mbps 14.1 Mbps

UL 0.45 Mbps 1.39 Mbps 0.70 Mbps 1.50 Mbps 2.19 Mbps

Source from Mobile WiMAX- Part 2-Competitive Analysis Rev_2.0_dg.

Security Level:2013/9/9



HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

www.huawei.com

Huawei Confidential

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www.huawei.com

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WiMAX Marketing Support Department

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