Wi dWind Bk dB ackgrounder: Yukon Energy Charette · • Wind flow quality (forestry, topography, obstacles) • Public rights of way, Parks • Microwaves/Telecommunication links,

Wi d B k dWind Backgrounder: Yukon Energy CharettePractical consulting and risk management for the global renewable energy industry

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NATURAL POWERNATURAL POWERABOUT US

Natural Power is an independent consultancy with over 15 years of in‐house experience of the renewable energy development and operations life‐cycle spanning from site prospecting and resource assessment through design consent andfrom site prospecting and resource assessment, through design, consent and construction to operational asset management.

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NATURAL POWERNATURAL POWERABOUT US

• Practical consulting and risk management for the international renewable energy industry, providing services throughout the project life‐cycle

• Over 200 employees worldwide across 7 offices in 5 countries

• Consultancy services provided to more than 15,000MW of projectsConsultancy services provided to more than 15,000MW of projects

• 2,000MW where we have provided full project design & consenting

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• 300MW+ of wind plant under our asset management

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WIND 101 – THE BASICS

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WIND – THE BASICSWIND – THE BASICS

All bl ( id l d h l• All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal power) ultimately comes from the energy of the sun.

• Uneven heating of the earth’s surface causes• Uneven heating of the earth s surface causes differences in temperature throughout the atmosphere.

• Warm air, which weighs less than cold air, rises. Then cool air moves in and replaces the rising warm air.

• This movement of air is what makes the wind blow.

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• Maximum theoretical power in a moving fluid is defined inMaximum theoretical power in a moving fluid is defined in Watts…For wind, the power in the area swept by the turbine rotor is defined by:

P = 0.5 x rho x A x V3

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SITE SELECTION & INITIAL FEASIBILITYSITE SELECTION & INITIAL FEASIBILITY

Economic Considerations:

• Distance to transmission

• Transmission capacity

• Site access

• Constructability

• Wind speed• Wind speed

Technical Constraints:

• Wind flow quality (forestry, topography, obstacles)

• Public rights of way, Parks

• Microwaves/Telecommunication links, other Infrastructure (pipelines, etc.)

• Ecology, Hydrology, Archaeology

• Noise

• Setbacks from other windfarms

• Visual impact / Landscape / Shadow flicker

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WIND DATA COLLECTIONWIND DATA COLLECTION

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WIND FLOW MODELLING

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ENERGY LOSSESENERGY LOSSES

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WIND IN THE YUKON

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HISTORY OF WIND IN THE YUKONHISTORY OF WIND IN THE YUKON

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POTENTIAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTIONPOTENTIAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION

• Yukon Energy is currently exploring the potential for utility scaleYukon Energy is currently exploring the potential for utility scale wind power at two sites: Ferry Hill and Mt Sumanik.

• A wind energy modelling study was commissioned by the Yukon gy g y yEnergy Corp in Dec 2010 that confirmed Ferry Hill and Mt Sumanik as strong sites, and identified several other areas of interest for possible wind energy development.

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• The maximum possible wind penetration level will requireThe maximum possible wind penetration level will require detailed analysis of the Yukon’s existing reserve and the reliability of the existing electricity generation system.

• The variations of wind power output are small compared to the corresponding variations typically seen in demand ‐ The required spinning reserve response timescales for wind are typically in the second or minute range.

• Wind energy is highly complimentary with both diesel and h d tihydropower generation.

• Modern turbines provide Low Voltage Fault Ride Through Support and Dynamic VAR support

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Support and Dynamic VAR support.

SEASONALITYSEASONALITY

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EXAMPLES OF OTHER WIND FARMSEXAMPLES OF OTHER WIND FARMS

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ELECTRICITY COSTELECTRICITY COST

• In British Columbia, the 2008 BC Hydro Clean Power CallIn British Columbia, the 2008 BC Hydro Clean Power Call awarded levelized plant gate prices awarded for six wind projects ranging from $90/MWh to $121.2/MWh.

• Capital costs for the 2008 BC Clean Power Call for wind energy are thought to be close to $3.2 million per MW.

• The levelized cost of wind energy for the Ferry Hill and Mt Sumanik sites is expected to be slightly higher than the BC results.

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TIME AND PROBABILITY TO MARKETTIME AND PROBABILITY TO MARKET

• Estimated timeline for 21MW Ferry Hill Project (55.6 GWh)Estimated timeline for 21MW Ferry Hill Project (55.6 GWh) assuming 5‐6 month construction season:

• 2011 – Wind monitoring and feasibility studiesg y

• 2012 – Environmental assessment and permitting

• 2013 – Balance of plant construction, including roads and foundations

2014 T bi i t ll ti ll ti t d• 2014 – Turbine installation, collection system and commissioning

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REGULATORY ISSUESREGULATORY ISSUES

• For a wind project in the 20MW range, three main approvalsFor a wind project in the 20MW range, three main approvals have been identified as required:

• Yukon Environmental and Socio‐economic Assessment Act

• Yukon Public Utilities Act

• Yukon Lands Act

The Migratory Birds Convention Act and Species at Risk Act, both of which apply in Yukon and are administered by Environment Canada also apply toapply in Yukon and are administered by Environment Canada, also apply to the Project.

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COMMON CONCERNSCOMMON CONCERNS

• Noise

• Visual Impact

• Wildlife Concerns

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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

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HISTORY OF WIND IN THE YUKONHISTORY OF WIND IN THE YUKONThe End. Thanks!

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ZEPHIR – LASER ANEMOMETER

REDUCING PROJECT RISK & UNCERTAINTYThe accurate prediction of energy yields is fundamental to the success of wind farm projects. Measurements can now be taken across the full turbine rotor diameter and from anywhere across a site in combination with, or independent of, mast anemometry. ZephIR data is accepted by Banks’ Engineers and with a well‐designed assessment campaign the risks and uncertainties of projects can be significantly reducedprojects can be significantly reduced.

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VENTOS – COMPLEX FLOW ANALYSIS

VENTOS EXPLAINEDWritten from the ‘ground up’ for atmospheric flow by dedicated researchers from the University of Porto in Portugal, VENTOS is a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. Its main purpose is to accurately model complex flow in complex terrain or near forestry. VENTOS has been successfully validated on over more than 4GW of client projects worldwide and is operated by our in‐house e perienced fl id mechanics engineersexperienced fluid mechanics engineers.

UNDERSTAND FORESTRYForested sites can generate high levels of turbulence and shear. VENTOS includes a state‐of‐the‐art canopy model which enables proper understanding of fluid dynamics in the vicinity of forested areas. In particular, it is possible to quantify the impact of forestry growth or forestry management on yield using VENTOS.

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VENTOS – COMPLEX FLOW ANALYSIS

INCREASE PRODUCTION & REDUCE RISKINCREASE PRODUCTION & REDUCE RISKVENTOS maps zones of speed‐up as well as high turbulence, wind shear and inflow angle. These crucial flow quality parameters, where not fully assessed, can contribute to reduced energy production and increased turbine fatigue. By gaining a full understanding of site conditions, VENTOS has been proven to increase production on a site compared to an original site l d d d f l d d

EXCLUSIVELY PROVIDED BY NATURAL POWERNatural Power has an exclusive agreement with the University of Porto for the provision of

layout, and to provide increased comfort to prospective lenders and turbine suppliers.

Natural Power has an exclusive agreement with the University of Porto for the provision of VENTOS services commercially.

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THE BASICS: WIND

• Energy in the context of electricity generation is the multiplication of power in Watts and time in hours.

• However, the wind never blows 100% of the time!

• The term Capacity Factor (C.F.) is used to describe the actual energy produced vs the max rated production.

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Wi dWind Bk dB ackgrounder: Yukon Energy Charette · • Wind flow quality (forestry, topography, obstacles) • Public rights of way, Parks • Microwaves/Telecommunication links,

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