Why Municipalities Replace Fossil Fuels with Bioenergy

2011-04-11 Cecilia Ambjörn

Norrköping

Municipality of NorrköpingTotal Area: 2 048 km2 (water 551 m2, land 1 497 m2)

Inhabitants: 129 770 (August 31st, 2010); Number of emplyees: approx 9 000

Yearly turnover 2010: 6.8 billion SEK

How did this road from fossil fuels towards renewable fuels start in Sweden?

70’ies Oil crises

90’ies Climate change awareness

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/

CO2 development

Target level to stop at 2 degrees

Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs/

Mean temperature of the earth 1880-2010

Half-life

CO2: Several hundred yearsMethane: About 10 years

1 kg methane = 21 kg CO2

In the early 90’ies Sweden started a national grant to convert from fossil fules towards renewables

1995 we started a CO2 tax, which covered all fossil fules

2003 electricity certificate (to encourage renewable energy)

KLIMP, national grant to the municipalities, for sustainable development and private persons

LIP

Sweden - national level

Examples for municipalities

Convert buses to use biogasBuild biogas plants (use of organic sewage)District heating, combined heat and power plant (bioenergy; wood, sewage, wires,..)Build passive houses / low energy (how?) More public transportsSave money by using energy more efficient – self finansed loansLED (Light Emitting Diod) lamps, not Hg low energy lamps in streets and housesWind power

Examples private

Convert cars Solar energyTo heat houses with wood or wood chips and accumulation water tank Heat pumpsConvert direct electrict heating into heat pumps, solar energy..Better house isolation 3 glass windows

Not sustainable renewable fuels

Sweden is successively leaving ethanol driven cars behind, instead biogas, electricity

Not to use palm oil for central heating or other purposes

To make everybody engaged

Political ambitionsFinancial resources

AlternativesKnowledgeInformationMediaFilms (Al Gore, The day after tomorrow,…)BooksEnvironmental NGOsAgenda21

How do the inhabitants influence the politicians

•NGOs•Open meetings

when

new plans are made

•Own

suggestions to the highest

political

level, they

are also

invited

to explain

their

ideas

Politics

•The ambitions vary

between

the political

parties

•Build

bridges•Listen to or join

the NGOs

Norrköping

First energy plan 1996, possibilities

Second energy plan 2009, diminish need for energy50 % 2030 in our municipal activities30 % 2030 in the whole municipality

The plan is followed by an Action plan where every part of the municipality is engaged.

1. What can I do as a local politician to decrease fuel energy?

Urban long term planning more then 10 years - vice chairman

Build in climate smart areas, not towards the north

Passive housesEnergy efficiency in existing buildingsEnergy planKind of heating in new housesNew buildings close to public transportationMore train tracks for cargoCar pools, with renewable fuels

2. What can I do as a local politician to decraese fuel energy?

Technical since 3 months – vice chairmanMore public transportaion and increase

efficiency, speed and comfortTraffic plan, priority public transportation,

walking and cycling before carsBicycle lanesMore Nature Reserves (biological diversity)Biogas plant from organic wasteTake care of different fractions of all garbageEnergy advicer for the inhabitantsParking outside the city, close to the train stn

Long tradition of district heating

Fuel mix at CHP plant on Händelö

0200400600800

1 0001 2001 4001 6001 8002 000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

Year

GWh

Waste

Wooden chips

Waste wood

Oil

Coal

Used Tires

Energy efficiency in municipal buildingsSeparate investment budget for energy efficiency investments having a pay-off time of less than 1,5 years

Use of Energy in the Municipal Organisation

0

50

100

150

200

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008 Year

kWh/m2

Energy used (kWh/m2)

Changing from fossile to renewable fuels for heating purposes

Use of Energy in the Municipal Organisation

0100200300400500600700

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year

Electricity

Electricity for heatingDistrict heating

Oil

Händelö – An eco-industrial park• Centre for Logistics• Heavy Process industry• Several eco-industrial clusters• Natura 2000 areas wirh old oak trees• Holmen wood and paper

Transportation

• Biogas production for vehicle fuel at the sewage treatment plant

• Public transportation (buses) using biogas

• Trams run on renewable electricity

• Biogas-fuelled garbage trucks

• Car pool consisting of eco cars

The Municipalities of Linköping and Norrköping are taking the Lead by a Common Climate Policy:

• Ensuring that all municipal planning is environmentally responsible, focusing on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and adapting society to meet future climate changes• Always choosing renewable sources of energy for transport and energy systems• Applying climate and environmental requirements to all purchases• Increasing climate commitment and communicating about climate issues with employees, elected representatives, residents and businesses in the municipality• Supporting business-driven environmental technology development

Political management system

Energy planAdopted by the City Council 2009-03-30

By 2030 Norrköping has an energy system that

Is efficient and focuses on decreasing the amount of energy used by 30% until 2030 as compared to 2005Only uses renewable fuelsIs robust and can handle the consequences brought on by climate change

Objectives in the Energy Plan

An Energy Action Plan for the municipal organisation by the end of 2010

Objectives for the municipal organisation in Norrköping

2009 2013 2017 2021 2015 2030

Decrease the use of energy

15 % 30 % 40 % 45 % 48 % 50 %

Renewable fuels

15 % 50 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 %

Work in two steps

Step 1• Both the municipal organisation and municipal enterprises are involved: environment- and health dept, city planning dept, technical dept, dept of commerce and industry, center for public procurement, IT office, public housing and housing having special functions

Step 2Focuses on attitudes and behaviour • Involves all employees

Knowledge

Interest

UnderstandingEngagement

Action

Stairway of communication

Reasonable, 26%This is a complicated issue

and I would like to do something

Newly awakened, 28%This is worrying and somebody should do

something

Passive, 23%I cannot influence this

situation, so I don’t need to do anything

Targets groups according to the Swedish EPA

Sceptics, 8%

Engaged, 18%

Climate change is natural and a trend that soon will

pass

This is worrying and I am doing as much as I can

Use of Energy in Norrköping Municipality

Buildings and street lights (MWh) 2005 2008 2009District heating 249 616 257 392 262 966Oil 12 301 3 661 3 328Electricity (heating) 10 705 8 369 7 623Electricity (building) 84 626 84 804 84 714Street Lights 13 000 13 000 13 000Total 370 248 367 226 371 631

Use of Energy Norrköping Municipality

050 000

100 000150 000200 000250 000300 000350 000400 000

2005 2008 2009 Year

MWh

Street Lights

Electricity (building)

Electricity (heating)

Oil

District heating

Thank you for your attention!