Which structures exit at the hilum of the kidney?

Which structures exit at the hilum of the kidney?

1. Renal artery and nerves2. Renal vein and ureter3. Renal capsule and renal sinus4. 1 and 2 are correct

Where does urine production begin?

1. Renal artery2. Minor calyces3. Nephron4. Collecting duct

How are cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons structurally different?

1. Cortical nephrons are surrounded by vasa recta.

2. Cortical nephrons have very short PCTs.3. Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer

loops of Henle.4. All of the above are differences.

Which portion of a nephron is not in the renal cortex?

1. Proximal convoluted tubule2. Distal convoluted tubule3. Collecting duct4. Loop of Henle

Why don’t plasma proteins pass into the capsular space under normal circumstances?

1. Glomerular capillary pores are too small.2. Glomerular blood pressure is too low.3. Glomerular filtration rate is too low.4. Glomerular blood flow is too slow.

Damage to which part of the nephron interferes with hormonal control of blood pressure?

1. Bowman’s capsule2. Juxtaglomerular apparatus3. PCT4. Loop of Henle

What is the composition of the filtrate in the capsular space?

1. Like urine, only more concentrated2. Similar to water3. Like urine, only less concentrated 4. Similar to plasma, only no proteins

Why is the presence of microvilli important to the epithelial tissue of the PCT?

1. Because reabsorption is occurring2. Because filtration is occurring3. Because secretion of toxins and ions is

occurring4. Because urine elimination is occurring

How does the diameter of the lumen of the loop of Henle change along its length?

1. The lumen is widest near the PCT.2. The lumen is the same diameter along

its length.3. The lumen is narrower where water

reabsorption is occurring.4. None of these is correct.

What event occurs when the plasma concentration of a substance exceeds its

tubular maximum?

1. Glomerular blood pressure increases.2. Filtration shuts down.3. Excess is excreted in urine.4. Glomerular osmotic pressure decreases.

Why are glomerular pressures higher than pressure in other capillaries?

1. The efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole, increasing resistance.

2. Sodium content of the filtrate increases pressure.

3. E and NE cause increased glomerular pressure.4. The length of the afferent arteriole is longer than

the efferent arteriole.

What nephron structures are involved in filtration?

1. PCT, lamina densa, and descending loop of Henle

2. Filtration slits of the podocytes and PCT3. Glomerular capillaries, lamina densa,

and filtration slits of the podocytes4. Glomerular capillaries and PCT

What is the role of capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP)?

1. Pushes water and solutes out of plasma into the filtrate

2. Draws water out of the filtrate and into plasma3. Pushes water and solutes out of filtrate into

plasma4. Regulates blood pressure

What direct affect does sympathetic activation have on GFR?

1. Produces powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

2. Metabolic waste buildup3. Dilation of the afferent arteriole4. Dilation of glomerular capillaries and

constriction of the efferent arteriole

All of the following except ____ are effects of angiotensin II.

1. Elevation of glomerular pressures and GFR2. Inhibition of ADH release3. Elevation of arterial pressure throughout the

body4. Stimulation of NA reabsorption in the DCT

What effect does an increased amount of aldosterone have on K+ concentration of urine?

1. K+ increases 2. K+ decreases 3. No effect4. Impossible to predict

What effect does decreased Na+ concentration of filtrate have on the pH of tubular fluid?

1. Tubular fluid pH will be higher2. Tubular fluid pH will be lower3. There is not an effect on pH4. Tubular fluid neutral, pH 7

How would the absence of juxtamedullary nephrons affect the volume of urine and its osmotic

concentration?

1. Decrease volume; decrease osmotic concentration2. Decrease volume; increase osmotic concentration3. Increase volume; decrease osmotic concentration4. Increase volume; increase osmotic concentration

Where is concentration of urine the greatest? Why?

1. In the PCT/the PCT is where most reabsorption is occurring

2. In the medulla/concentrating mechanism relies on osmosis

3. In the DCT/water diffuses out4. The glomerulus/it has highest concentration of

solutes

Why does a decrease in Na+ in the distal convoluted tubule lead to an increase in blood

pressure?

1. Because it decreases water content in blood2. Because it increases renin production3. Because it increases filtration rate4. Because it increases water loss through

kidneys

Why does osmotic concentration decrease in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

1. Urea is transported out of the tubule.2. Na+ and Cl- are actively transported out

of the tubular fluid.3. The thick ascending limb is permeable to

water.4. 1 and 2 are correct.

What is the role of the vasa recta in the urinary system?

1. Increasing specific gravity of urine2. Increasing the osmotic concentration of urine3. Returning water and solutes to general

circulation4. Cleansing blood before it reenters systemic

circulation

Mary has had a urinalysis that indicates a high level of bilirubin. What condition may she have?

1. Liver disease2. Anorexia3. Ketonuria4. Renal infection

What effect does eating a high-protein diet have on the composition of urine?

1. Increased urea2. Increased potassium3. Increased fluid volume4. 1 and 3 are correct

An obstruction of a ureter by a kidney stone limits the flow of urine between which two points?

1. Ureter and urethra2. Renal medulla and renal pelvis3. Renal medulla and urethra4. Renal pelvis and urinary bladder

The ability to control the micturition reflex depends on the ability to control which muscle?

1. Urogenital diaphragm2. Internal urinary sphincter3. External urinary sphincter4. Coccygeus