When Bing recorded this song in October, 1932, one out of every four Americans who wanted work could not find work. The banking system was near collapse.

• When Bing recorded this song in October, 1932, one out of every

four Americans who wanted work could not find work.

• The banking system was near collapse.

• Record sales had plummeted because Americans did not have

the money for such luxuries. • No song captures the dark spirit

of the Great Depression more than "Brother, Can You Spare a

Dime?" • Bing recorded the song shortly

before President Roosevelt's election and it went to No. 1 in

the charts.

Bing Crosby

They used to tell me I was building a dream, and so I followed the mob,

When there was earth to plow, or guns to bear, I was always there right on the job.

They used to tell me I was building a dream, with peace and glory ahead,

Why should I be standing in line, just waiting for bread?

Once I built a railroad, I made it run, made it race against time.

Once I built a railroad; now it's done. Brother, can you spare a dime?

Once I built a tower, to the sun, brick, mortar and lime;

Once I built a tower, now it's done. Brother, can you spare a dime?

Once in khaki suits, gee we looked swell, Full of that Yankee Doodly Dum,

Half a million boots went marching through Hell, And I was the kid with the drum!

Say, don't you remember, they called me Al; it was Al all the time.

Hey don't you remember, I'm your pal? Buddy, can you spare a dime?

Once I built a railroad, I made it run, made it race against time.

Once I built a railroad; now it's done. Brother, can you spare a dime?

Once I built a tower, to the sun, brick, mortar, and lime;

Once I built a tower, now it's done. Brother, can you spare a dime?

Once in khaki suits, gee we looked swell, Full of that Yankee Doodly Dum,

Half a million boots went marching through Hell, And I was the kid with the drum!

Say, don't you remember, they called me Al; it was Al all the time.

Say, don't you remember, I'm your pal? Brother, can you spare a dime?

Germany’s Great Depression(Unemployment)

Germany’s Great Depression(Unemployment)

Japan’s Great Depression(Unemployment)

Japan’s Great Depression(Unemployment)

Great Britain’s Great Depression

(Unemployment)

Great Britain’s Great Depression

(Unemployment)

United States Great Depression(Unemployment)

United States Great Depression(Unemployment)

1. FDR goes to work-------First “100” Days• New Deal· 3 R’s· Alphabet Agencies

6. Criticisms· US Govt. and President became too powerful· Socialism vs. laissez faire· Deficit spending and Welfare state

7. Successes · Renewed faith in democracy· Put people back to work….· Restored self-confidence

8. WWII ended the Great Depression.

AMERICANS IN 1939 WHO WANTED THE NEW DEAL WAS 55%…37% REGARDED IT AS A BAD INFLUENCE AND WANTED A NEW

PRESIDENT…………...

6. FDR’s Court Packing7. Legacy of the New Deal

· Criticisms and Successes· Extension of power of federal government and

President· Criticisms of the New Deal

· The New Deal walked a tightrope between the extreme positions of the left and right.· Unconstitutional----socialism-----anti-laissez

faire· Huey Long---Father Coughlin---Francis

Townsend· Deficit spending· Welfare state · Unmanageable debt

• Roosevelt’s 100 days was very successful….FDR and Congress

went to work providing for direct relief, recovery and reform.

• From March of 1933 to June of 1933, Roosevelt sent 15 proposals

to Congress and all 15 were adopted

• Congress and President tried anything reasonable to overcome

the Great Depression.

Govt. programs which provided direct relief to suffering

Americans through govt. spending………· Renew democracy

· Restore confidence in the banking· Stimulate economy · Put people back to work.· Restore self confidence

· Relief: ease suffering of the needy· Recovery: begin economic growth

· Reform: help prevent future economic crises

How? FDR’s 3 R’sHow? FDR’s 3 R’s

Social EngineersBrain Trust

25% to 40% of workers out of work

Was able to lower it to

14%

Part of FDR’s New Deal……Agencies created by the US

Govt. to bring about the 3 R’s……Relief,

Recovery, and Reform.

FERA / 1933Federal Emergency Relief Act

Distributed $500 million of direct aid to unemployed workers such as

food, clothing and grants of money to cities.

alphabet

RELIEF: Ease Suffering of the Needy

WPA / 1933 to 1943Works Progress Administration

Employed 8.5 million workers in construction and other jobs, but

more importantly provided work in arts, theater, and literary projects.

alphabet

RELIEF: Ease Suffering of the Needy

CCC / 1933 to 1942Civilian Conservation Corps

• Sent 3 million young men to work camps to build bridges, replant forests and other

conservation tasks. • Develop job skills and improve environment.

• Removed surplus of workers from cities, provided healthy conditions for boys,

provided money for families.

alphabet

RELIEF: Ease Suffering of the Needy

Planted trees, built public parks, drained swamps to fight malaria, restocked rivers with

fish, worked on flood control projects and a range of other work that helped to conserve the

environment.

Planted trees, built public parks, drained swamps to fight malaria, restocked rivers with

fish, worked on flood control projects and a range of other work that helped to conserve the

environment.

HOLC / 1933Home Owners Loan Corporation

Prevented mortgage foreclosures. US Govt. bought up mortgages and

refinanced them so that homeowners could pay their

mortgages.

alphabet

RELIEF: Ease Suffering of the Needy

NIRA / 1933 National Industrial

Recovery ActCalled the National

Recovery Act…..Created NRA to

enforce codes of fair competition and

minimum wages.

RECOVERY: Begin Economic Growth

NIRA / 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act

RECOVERY: Begin Economic Growth

•Called the National Recovery Act…..

•Created NRA to enforce codes of fair competition, minimum wages, and to

permit collective bargaining of workers.

AAA / 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act

RECOVERY: Begin Economic Growth

• Protected farmers from price drops and over production..

• US Govt. Paid farmers (subsidies)• not to grow crops, produce dairy products such as milk and butter or raise pigs and lambs.

• Prevent another Dust Bowl, teach farmers methods of preventing soil erosion.

AAA / 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act

Protected farmers from price drops by providing crop subsidies to reduce production, educational programs to teach methods of

preventing soil erosion.

RECOVERY: Begin Economic Growth

TVA / 1933 Tennessee Valley Authority

Federal government built a series of dams to prevent

flooding and sell electricity in the South.

RECOVERY: Begin Economic Growth

TVA / 1933 Tennessee Valley Authority

•Federal government built a series of dams to prevent flooding and sold

electricity. •First public competition with private

power industries.

RECOVERY: Begin Economic Growth

TVA MAP

TVA CRITICISM

Created federally insured bank deposits ($2500 per investor at first) to prevent bank failures.

REFORM: Prevent Another Depression

FDIC / 1933Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Glass-Steagall Act created federally insured bank deposits ($2500 per investor at first) to

prevent bank failures.

REFORM: Prevent Another Depression

FDIC / 1933Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Regulated stock market and restricted margin buying, and frauds.

REFORM: Prevent Another Depression

SEC / 1934 Securities and Exchange

Commission

Reaffirmed labor's right to unionize, prohibited unfair labor

practices, and created the National Labor Relations Board.

REFORM: Prevent Another Depression

Wagner Act / 1935National Labor Relations Act

It provided retirement pensions, unemployment insurance, aid to blind,

deaf, disabled, and dependent children.

REFORM: Prevent Another Depression

SSA / 1935 Social Security Act

Response to critics (Dr.Townsend and Huey Long), it provided pensions, unemployment

insurance, aid to blind, deaf, disabled, and dependent

children.

REFORM: Prevent Another Depression

SSA / 1935 Social Security Act

Criticisms of New Deal· US government and President too powerful· Violated laissez faire· Supreme Court declared NIRA and AAA unconstitutional· Critics:

· Father Charles Coughlin· Dr. Francis Townsend· Al Smith· Huey Long

· Deficit spending: Govt. spends $$$ to stimulate the economy and help people even if it means US Govt. goes into debt.

· Welfare state----Created a population of Americans who relied on the US Govt. to live

Successes of New DealAMERICANS IN 1939 WHO WANTED THE NEW

DEAL TO CONTINUE WAS 55%….. 37% REGARDED IT AS A BAD INFLUENCE AND

WANTED A NEW PRESIDENT…………...· Stimulated the economy

· Put people back to work….

· Improved morale and self-confidence of the people

· US Govt’s. role changes and became directly involved in helping people

· WWII ended the Great Depression not FDR’s New Deal

SocialismGreen PartyCommunism

SocialismGreen PartyCommunism

DemocratDemocrat IndependentReform

IndependentReform

RepublicanRepublican KKK KKK

LEFT CENTER RIGHT LEFT CENTER RIGHT

Anarchy Radical Liberal Moderate Conservative Reactionary Fascist

No GovtNo Govt Dictator Dictator

· The New Deal walked a tightrope between the extreme positions of the left and right.

· Critics would claim it was unconstitutional, socialism, anti-laissez faire and went too far to the left.

· Others would claim the New Deal didn’t go far enough to the left……

• Believed an international conspiracy of bankers existed and FDR was influenced by them.

• He called for the nationalization of banks and utilities.(US Govt. controls banks, Socialism)• Fascist; Anti-Semitic overtones.

• A Roman Catholic priest.

• Radio Priest in Detroit Michigan.

• Criticized FDR in weekly radio program.

• 10 million listeners.• Criticized FDR’s farm program

• Spending all $200 would also be required to boost economic demand.

• Townsend Clubs created all over the nation.

• Influenced FDR’s creation of Social Security

• He wanted the government to help older citizens.

• Retired California Physician.

• Suggested a $200 per month pension for people over 60.(This is socialism)

• Open jobs for the younger unemployed.

• The Kingfish• Share the Wealth Plan

– Limit annual income to one million dollars each

– Limit inheritances to five million dollars each

– Guarantee every family an annual income of $2,000

– Free college education and vocational training

– Old-age pensions for all persons over 60 – Veterans benefits and healthcare – A 30 hour work week – A four week vacation for every worker

• “Every man a king, but no one wears a crown”• Assassinated in 1935 by Dr. Carl Weiss• Southern Demagogue

– a political leader who gains power by appealing to people's emotions, instincts, and prejudices in a way that is considered manipulative, represents common people

“God, don’t let me die. I have so much to do.”

Senator Long before the U.S. Senate on

January 14, 1935 • But my friends, unless we do share our

wealth, unless we limit the size of the big man so as to give something to the little man, we can never have a happy or free people. God said so! He ordered it.

We have everything our people need. Too much of food, clothes, and houses. Why not let all have their fill and lie down in the ease and comfort God has given us. Why not? Because a few own everything—the masses own nothing.

Ev'ry man a king, ev'ry man a king

For you can be a millionaire

But there's something belonging to others

There's enough for all people to share

When it's sunny June and December too Or in the winter time or spring

There'll be peace without endEv'ry neighbor a friendWith ev'ry man a king

Words by H. Long and C. Carazo

The shooting of Huey Long painting by John McCrady

Huey Long and Family

Supreme CourtCongressional opposition was beginning to grow; many of his

laws, including the WPA, were taking a long time to get passed and met resistance.

• Schechter v. United States– The Schechter brothers had a poultry business in Brooklyn. – They had been convicted in 1933 of violating the NIRA’s Live Poultry

Code; they had sold diseased chickens and violated the code’s wage-and-hour provisions.

– Known as the “sick chicken case.”– The Supreme Court said that the Constitution did not allow the

Congress to lend its powers to the executive; the NIRA was unconstitutional.

– This suggested that the Supreme Court would make similar decisions in regards to the New Deal.

• Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation.

• Roosevelt proposed a bill to allow the president to name

a new federal judge for each who did not retire by

age 70 and 1/2. • 6 justices over age limit. • Would have increased the

number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority

of his own appointees on the court.

• The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress.

• Supreme Court was striking down New Deal legislation.

• Roosevelt proposed a bill to allow the president to name

a new federal judge for each who did not retire by

age 70 and 1/2. • 6 justices over age limit. • Would have increased the

number of justices from 9 to 15, giving FDR a majority

of his own appointees on the court.

• The court-packing bill was not passed by Congress.

The National Labor Relations Act • The National Labor Relations Act

– also called the Wagner Act– It guaranteed workers the right to organize unions without interference from

employers and to bargain collectively. – The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) which organized factory elections

by secret to determine whether workers wanted a union. – The NLRB then certified successful unions. – The new law also set up a process whereby dissatisfied union members could

take their complaints to binding arbitration, in which neutral party would listen to both sides and decide issues.

– The NLRB was authorized to investigate the actions of employers and had the power to issue “cease and desist” orders against unfair practices.

The Committee for Industrial Organization

• The United Mine Workers union began to work with other unions to organize workers in industries where unions did not exist.

• To do this, they formed the CIO• They began with automobile and steel industries—two of the largest

industries• In late December 1936, General Motors launched a sit-down strike

due to the first sit-down strike due to the demotion of two workers• Violence broke out in Flint when police launched a tear gas assault

on one of the smaller plants. • Afterward, GM broke down and recognized the CIO union, United

Auto Workers as its employees sole bargaining organization. • This led to others using the sit-down strike as a method in other

industries.

Let Us Now Praise Famous Men• Photographer (Walker Evans)

and journalist ( James Agee) to describe accurately the lives of three families of tenant farmers in rural Alabama in 1936.

• Farm Security Administration project

• Work addressed the challenges of social responsibility and the salvaging of human dignity in the midst of the Great Depression.

Walker Evans,

Let Us Now Praise

Famous Men

From: Now Let Us Praise Famous Men

• “The children’s bed in the rear of the room has a worn-out and rusted mesh spring; …They smell old, stale and moist, and are morbid with bedbugs, with fleas and , I believe with lice. They are homemade.

Migrant agricultural worker's family. Seven hungry children. Mother aged thirty-two. Father is native Californian. Nipomo, California

Photographs that has become known as "Migrant Mother" is one of a series of photographs that Dorothea Lange made of Florence Owens Thompson and her children in February or March of 1936 in Nipomo, California. Lange was concluding a month's trip photographing migratory farm labor around the state for what was then the Resettlement Administration

Photos By: Dorothea

Lange

              Left: Dorothea Lange in California

Right: Dorothea Lange took this picture of farm workers washing in a hot spring in California

Entertainment during the 1930’s

• Art– Gutzon Borglum, was able to complete his Mount Rushmore Memorial with

funds supplied by the WPA – Grant Wood– Georgia O’Keeffe – Edward Hopper

• Architecture– Frank Lloyd Wright, Prairie Style, “Falling Waters” Open space, with nature– Alexander Calder

Georgia O’Keefe

Frank Lloyd Wright, Falling Waters

• Music • The Federal Music Project (FMP) supported the musical arts and

sponsored performances of both classical and popular compositions.– Woody Guthrie

• in support of labor unions and wrote such songs as "I Ain't Got No Home", inspired by visits to migrant labor camps

– Aaron Copland• Popular Individuals and Groups

– Bing Crosby “Brother Can You Spare a Dime”– Benny Goodman– Duke Ellington– Glenn Miller– Tommy Dorsey– George Gershwin– Irvin Berlin– Johnny Mercer

• Literature– John Steinbeck, “Grapes of Wrath” “Of Mice and Men”

• chronicled the life of a displaced Oklahoma family who had lost its farm to the drought of the Dust Bowl. 

– William Faulkner “Absalom, Absalom!” (1936), perhaps his finest, about the rise of a self-made plantation owner and his tragic fall through racial prejudice and a failure to love

– Richard Wright – “Native Son”, African-American Literature, murder of a white woman by African-American and his subsequent cover-up by murdering his own girlfriend

– Erskine Caldwell – “Tobacco Road”, southern plantation life– Dale Carnegie – “How to Win Friends and Influence People”– Thornton Wilder – “Our Town” conveys positive American values. It

has all the elements of sentimentality and nostalgia -- the archetypal traditional small country town, the kindly parents and mischievous children, the young lovers.

• Movies• Hollywood turned out movie after movie to entertain its

Depression audience • the 30's are often referred to as Hollywood's "Golden Age".  • Movie goers wanted mainly escapist movies that let them

forget their everyday troubles for a few hours.  –   Dramatic: Clark Gable, Bette Davis, Greta Garbo, and

Errol Flynn.  – Comedy : W. C. Fields, Bob Hope, and the Marx

Brothers.  – Shirley Temple, child star “The Good Ship Lollypop”

• Literature

– John Steinbeck, “Grapes of Wrath” “Of Mice and Men”• chronicled the life of a displaced Oklahoma family who had lost its farm

to the drought of the Dust Bowl. 

– William Faulkner “Absalom, Absalom!” (1936), perhaps his finest, about the rise of a self-made plantation owner and his tragic fall through racial prejudice and a failure to love

– Richard Wright – “Native Son”, African-American Literature, murder of a white woman by African-American and his subsequent cover-up by murdering his own girlfriend

– Erskine Caldwell – “Tobacco Road”, southern plantation life– Dale Carnegie – “How to Win Friends and Influence People”– Thornton Wilder – “Our Town” conveys positive American values. It has all

the elements of sentimentality and nostalgia -- the archetypal traditional small country town, the kindly parents and mischievous children, the young lovers.

1939 – Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Jimmy Stewart and Jean Arthur

Errol Flynn Bette Davis Greta Garbo Tallulah Bankhead

Clark Gable and Vivian Lee, GWTW

Shirley Temple

• Mary McLeod Bethune-   a very influential African American woman educator and friend of Eleanor Roosevelt who, as a board member of the National Youth Administration, was able to extend benefits to African Americans.

•  Richard E. Byrd  - a famous explorer of the Antarctic and Arctic whose 1933-35 expedition to Antarctica conducted many scientific search projects.

•   Mildred “Babe” Didrikson  considered by many to be the finest woman athlete of all time, she won medals or distinction in such varied sports as baseball, basketball, track and field, and golf.

Who’s Who of the 1930’s

• Amelia Earhart  -an aviation pioneer who was the first woman and second person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.

• Karl Menninger    -an American psychiatrist whose book The Human Mind had a great effect on public attitudes toward mental illness.

•  Jesse Owens- African American athlete who won four gold medals in track-and-field at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin and put to shame Hitler's Aryan superiority message.

•  Frances Perkins- the first woman cabinet member who advocated the 8 hour day, stricter factory safety laws, and laws for the protection of women and children in the labor force

• Will Rogers- homespun philosopher who began his career as an Oklahoma cowboy.  Well loved and respected radio commentator, film actor, and author

•  Walter Winchell - a 'gossip' columnist and radio commentator whose controversial stands and scoops on celebrities made him one of the most famous twentieth-century American journalists.