What is the Load Bearing Capacity of 1

What is the load bearing capacity of 1:4:8 pcc is the effect of doing rcc raft foundation without pcc(if provide some protection like polythene

sheets tp prevent direct contact of rcc with soil? Answered by: Somashekhar Morabad (Structural Engineer) on: May 5th, 2012 It provides a solid base for the raft foundation n protect steel and concrete from corrosion.

More over it help to maintain w/c ratio of raft concrete while it is casted green. Answer Question Select Best Answer Industrial building Asked By: RAMA MOHANA RAO | Asked On: May 1st, 2012 How much opening area % (windows,doors) required for industrial building Answer Question What is the difference between working stress method and limit state design approaches? Working stress is elastic method and limit state is plastic method

Design of RCC Structures The design of the components of the RCC structure can be done in the following two ways: 1. Working Stress Method 2. Limit State Method Methods of RCC Design Here are som...

Explain about steel detailing and where it would be useful with any tips Steel detailing is the process of describing the reinforcement details like the number of steel

bars, spacing, diameter of the bars, etc,. through or in the construction drawings. Answered by: Gangadhar on: Apr 10th, 2012 Steel detailing is the use of steel reinforcement in concrete structures. It is part of the bending,

binding & spacing of the bars. Length & space of the bars are based on the design consideration. What is mean by least count? Tell the least count of dumpy level and theodolite? The above answers are highly incorrect because the ans must have units in seconds........... its 0.005m Answer Question Select Best Answer What is fineness of cement? Asked By: bhavik | Asked On: Nov 15th, 2011 3 answers What are the type of tests and name of test equipments? Answered by: nikhil verma on: Mar 25th, 2012 fineness means surface area per kg of cement. Answered by: ven civil on: Mar 22nd, 2012 Fineness of cement is nothing but number of particles in cement and its the early setting time of

cement.more the fineness less the setting time . What is the formula for concrete cube compressive test by accelerated curring tank (act)

method? Answered by: ven civil on: Mar 22nd, 2012 m20-for 7 days it should be 67% and for 28 days it should be 100%...formula for cube testing: ex: m20 size of cube surface area is 15*15 =225/10=22.5

for m20 7 days 20 * 22.5 * 67% = 301.5 kn. 28 days 20 * 22.5 = 450 kn. Answer Question Select Best Answer Beam question Asked By: timothy88 | Asked On: Mar 20th, 2012 A beam carrying two point loads; each point load comprises a beam-end reaction from two of

the beams in part (a). The beam span is 9 meters and the point loads are applied at the third points; i.E. 4m from each end with a 4m gap between them. No allowance has been made for self-weight. this has to be...

Answer Question On what level we should fix the topi while fixing the slab centering? Asked By: Dhananjay B.Tandel | Asked On: Nov 13th, 2011 2 answers Answered by: prakash on: Mar 14th, 2012 mark on column from benchmark to known level , then minus the depth of beam thickness of

suttering, to clear total height of slab Answered by: Rohit on: Feb 27th, 2012 Mark a level on a column from benchmark then find out the depth of beam @ column then

minus the slab thickness from it then add a clear floor height minus the level u marked on the column

Answer Question Select Best Answer Soil bearing capacity Asked By: marukurthi | Asked On: Nov 22nd, 2008 5 answers What is the bearing capacity of soil? Answered by: KARTIK SONI on: Mar 11th, 2012 A Resistance against load. Answered by: MARTIN XAVIER on: Jan 28th, 2012 Bearing capacity of soil is maximum load per unit area Answer Question Select Best Answer Required quantity of steel Asked By: jaganmodi | Asked On: Mar 9th, 2012 What is the method of calculate the requirement steel quantity in 1 cum rcc. Answer Question Required cement quantity Asked By: jaganmodi | Asked On: Mar 9th, 2012 What is the method of calculation for require cement qty. In 1 cum brick work with csm 1:6. Answer Question What is open graded aggregate? Asked By: ytdfja | Asked On: Sep 3rd, 2011 1 answer Answered by: suji on: Mar 7th, 2012

Open graded aggregate is the base of single-sized, angular pieces it is washed to remove fines, stone size can vary between 3 in to Â¼ in. It has Low-settling compaction, void spaces may constitute up...

Answer Question Select Best Answer Open graded aggregate Asked By: what is the use of open graded aggregate?? | Asked On: Sep 3rd, 2011 1 answer For economical purpose we are using open graded aggregate .... How it is economical.... And are

there any problems in using this?? Answered by: suji on: Mar 7th, 2012 Open graded aggregate provides environmental benefits like .... 1.Noise reduction. 2.Durability for new construction or asphalt overlays. 3.Skid resistance. and also Cost reduction compared to barriers. Answer Question Select Best Answer What is soundness of cement? Asked By: bhavik | Asked On: Nov 15th, 2011 1 answer Answered by: suji on: Mar 7th, 2012 Soundness of cement is the property of hardened cement paste undergoing large change in

volume after setting without delayed destructive expansion. This destructive expansion is caused by excessive am...

Answer Question Select Best Answer What is header in brick work? Asked By: kkulkarni2009 | Asked On: Oct 21st, 2011 1 answer Answered by: suji on: Mar 7th, 2012 Square face of the brick is called as â€œheaderâ€ �. If all the bricks on the facing of the wall are

placed as headers then the work is called Header Bond. Header bond is used for the construction of w...

Answer Question Select Best Answer What is tmt steel? Asked By: haris vm | Asked On: Apr 26th, 2011 9 answers Explain its properties.. Answered by: suji on: Mar 7th, 2012 TMT means Thermomechanical Treatment of steel. Itâ€™s a process of simultaneous application

of heat and a deformation process of metal, in order to change its shape and refine the microstructure. Hot...

Answered by: harish on: Dec 3rd, 2011 TMT: Thermo-Mechanicaly Treated Steel Answer Question Select Best Answer What is workability in concrete? Asked By: bhavik | Asked On: Nov 15th, 2011 1 answer Answered by: Diptimayee Rath on: Jan 30th, 2012

Workability of concrete is one of the physical parameters of concrete which affects the strength and durability as well as the cost of labor and appearance of the finished product.

Answered by: vydehi on: Nov 18th, 2011 The ease with which the concrete can be transported,placed,compacted and finished is know as

workability. Answer Question Select Best Answer Volumes of wet and dry sand Asked By: sundeepanu | Asked On: Nov 27th, 2008 3 answers How to differentiate the volumes of wet and dry sand / soil? Answered by: dan on: Feb 13th, 2012 The volumes will be the same (based on moleculer density of carbon structure). Answered by: fouad ellimoney on: Feb 6th, 2012 The volume of wet sand will be more than volume of dry sand but in the case of clay will be the

same Answer Question Select Best Answer What is responsibility of civil foreman ? Asked By: Rafique Ahmed | Asked On: Nov 20th, 2011 2 answers Answered by: DAN on: Feb 13th, 2012 The civil formans job responsibility is to evaluate and direct work to acheive the required end

result as per specifications and to deviate only when directed by project engineer. Answered by: Diptimayee Rath on: Jan 30th, 2012 Responsibility of a civil foreman is to inspect the work on the site. There are different types of

works of a civil foreman like project evaluation & staff work coordination. Answer Question Select Best AnswerFirst | Prev | | Next | Last Page

Sieve analysis Asked By: shangcda | Asked On: Mar 24th, 2011 5 answers What is the most usage of testing sieve analysis of soil Answered by: Dipti on: Jan 30th, 2012 There are many size of sieves used in this testing of soil so the main thing of the soil test is

compactness testing Answered by: nath_kai on: Jan 2nd, 2012 sieve analysis is done to know about the different grades in the soil, To make soil compacted

and increasing its bearing capacity.

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Answer Question Select Best Answer Sbc for raft design Asked By: vinodgeologist | Asked On: Jan 23rd, 2012 Please suggest me sbc(soil bearing capacity) value for raft of 19/40 mm and 40mm and

76mm...The land contain granite rocks... Answer Question Standard size of centering materials Asked By: senthil | Asked On: Nov 20th, 2011 1 answer What is the standard size of centering sheet, jack or props, acro span (in open and closed

position)? Answered by: babu on: Jan 23rd, 2012 Centering sheet size=30x20

Props=3m&5mSpan=3m&5m

Answer Question Select Best Answer Grade of ppc cement Asked By: gchhawsaria | Asked On: Jan 3rd, 2009 7 answers Why is the grade of ppc cement is not mentiond or defined as per indian standard" is 1489-

1991. Answered by: K M Shah on: Jan 9th, 2012 33 Nper SQMM Answered by: Shankar on: Dec 12th, 2011 Dear All,

There is no Grade for PPC Cement. In General we are following 33N/mm2 in 28 days. There is no separate Grade

Answer Question Select Best Answer M30 strength Asked By: ramji | Asked On: Nov 23rd, 2011 1 answer What is the min and max strength of m30(target strength is 38n/sq.Mm) Answered by: shafi Uzzama on: Dec 31st, 2011 7 days strength will be 62% i.e. this should be more than 450 KN

& 28 days strength will be 100% i.e. it should be more than 700 KN Answer Question Select Best Answer Cube preparation Asked By: mariappasamy | Asked On: Jul 18th, 2011 3 answers How many cubes( size 150*150*150)prepare for 1 cum of concrete as per is code Answered by: RavinderReddy on: Dec 28th, 2011
















For every 1cu.m of concrete 3 Cubes are tested 10cu.m-5cubes25cu.m-10cubes are tested..

Answered by: Vikas Bamal on: Aug 31st, 2011 RCC cube mould size is 150*150*150

3 nos. of cubes fill in 1cu.m concrete Answer Question Select Best Answer Ratio about concrete Asked By: KAMAL KUMAR .D | Asked On: Jul 14th, 2011 2 answers What is the quantity of 20mm concrete, sand used for 1 cum r.C.C Answered by: krishnan rano on: Dec 16th, 2011 For 1m3 of solid concrete the dry concrete mix should be 1.52m3.

so 1.52/(1+1.5+3) will give u the proportion for one part which is .267therefore for cement .276m3for sand .414m3for coarse aggregate .818m3

Answered by: RAMA MOHANA RAO on: Jul 16th, 2011 Your Question was wrong, what I am understand is M20 concrete 20mm metal is used.

m20- volumetric ratio - 1: 1.5 : 3

metal - 0.92 m3sand - 0.46 m3cement -0.31m3-441kgs in design mix 240kgs in moderate condition

Answer Question Select Best Answer Rcc - required binding wire Asked By: Jagdish | Asked On: Nov 24th, 2011 1 answer (for 1.0mt steel), nails & lubricant (for 1.0 sqm shuttering) in rcc what are the required

quantities for: 1. Binding wire required for 1.000 mt of tmt reinforcement bars. 2. Nails for 1.00 sqm shuttering. 3. Lubricant/black oil/ deisel/ grease for 1.00 sqm shuttering.

Answered by: Kailalsh chandra sahoo on: Dec 15th, 2011 Up to 16mm dia.-5 to 6 Kg & above 20mm - 8 Kg Answer Question Select Best Answer Volumes of wet and dry sand Asked By: sharphrv | Asked On: Dec 9th, 2008 3 answers How to differentiate the volumes of wet and dry sand / soil? Answered by: Bharath M on: Dec 9th, 2011 25% of Volume will be differ from the both. Answered by: suresh T on: Feb 4th, 2009













Take a cylinder with marking of measurement fill it with sand up to fixed height then add water full to complete saturate the sand than measure the volume of sand now take difference in volume of sand...

Answer Question Select Best Answer High raised building construction Asked By: khare_sandip | Asked On: May 22nd, 2008 1 answer Soil density test, bearing capacity of soil? Answered by: Lokesh M on: Dec 8th, 2011 Surface Crack Detection by Flash Thermography on Concrete Surface,

Using Radio Frequence Identification,Using Electrically Conductive Materials,Terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), Manual inspection with digital photography, Elevated manual inspections

Answer Question Select Best Answer How do you test durability of concrete? Asked By: bhavik | Asked On: Nov 15th, 2011 1 answer Answered by: Shanthi on: Nov 24th, 2011 Durability of concrete is determined by using compression testing machine Answer Question Select Best Answer Hume pipes Asked By: kiranchiniavar | Asked On: Aug 6th, 2009 4 answers What is meant by hume in rcc hume pipes? Answered by: Patil on: Nov 12th, 2011 what is the meaning of NP3 grade hume pipe?.. Answered by: kalpesh gharat on: Jul 18th, 2011 Hume pipe made with soil and they used in sewage system. generally Hume pipe size is 6inch 8

inch 4 inch. Answer Question Select Best Answer For a construction which of the following is preferred - a precast pile or a cast-in-stu pile? Asked By: sanmathi | Asked On: Oct 9th, 2011 2 answers Answered by: pavan patchigolla on: Nov 9th, 2011 cast-in-situ piles are better to use because of many advantages like cheap because no

transportation is involved and many other. Answered by: DB Patra on: Oct 16th, 2011 Cast-in-Stu Pile Answer Question Select Best Answer Trimex flooring


















Asked By: jaganmodi | Asked On: Nov 25th, 2010 1 answer What is the trimex or trimaxe flooring? Answered by: ZAKIR on: Oct 20th, 2011 it is the process done by machinery first we put the concrete in level by Skid vibrator, Second ;

remove the excess water from concrete and Third finish the surface by power disc trovel . Answer Question Select Best Answer Dmc piles Asked By: Senthil Kumar | Asked On: Sep 17th, 2011 2 answers What is the minimum size of dmc piles? Answered by: nantha on: Oct 20th, 2011 DMC-Direct mud circulation Method Answered by: S N L Reddy on: Sep 20th, 2011 Minimum size of DMC piles is 50 cm Answer Question Select Best Answer R.C.C. Work Asked By: sanjeevpanday2010 | Asked On: Sep 21st, 2011 3 answers How the ready mix concrete is checked when received at site before using Answered by: DB Patra on: Oct 16th, 2011 Slump check to be done Answered by: karthiga on: Oct 14th, 2011 u didn't answer that how to check the mix of rmc. By slump test we can only able to check the

workability. Answer Question Select Best Answer What is shear wall? Asked By: lokesh | Asked On: Aug 6th, 2007 3 answers Answered by: KARTHIGA on: Oct 9th, 2011 shear wall is used to resist wind loads. This is often used in lifts Answered by: rzaman68 on: Jan 25th, 2009 Shear walls withstand the lateral and direct loads of a building such as live, dead and earthquake

loads. It acts like columns of a building. The walls of staircases, elevators used to be shear walls in order to minimize the columns.

Answer Question Select Best Answer Design mix Asked By: vrjadhav123 | Asked On: Oct 3rd, 2008 3 answers What is the procedure of design mix? Answered by: karthiga on: Oct 9th, 2011

















In design mix, we should conduct all the tests of materials like specific gravity,bulk density, silt content,etc.,and then have to prepare cubes of size 150 x 150 x 150 mm. compressive strength will be calculated for 7 days & 28 days. from this we can know the strength.

Answered by: rzaman68 on: Jan 25th, 2009 Design Mix of concrete is an important process to determine thequantity of constituents of the

concrete such as cement, aggregate, sand, water as per the grade of the concrete in order to achieve the conglomerate compound. Even thephraseitself advised that it is a design of a mix.

Answer Question Select Best Answer What is the best book for building construction? Asked By: sudheer | Asked On: Dec 19th, 2006 2 answers Answered by: ekram alam on: Oct 7th, 2011 practical building construction and its management (sandeep mantry

) Answered by: sumidkhan on: May 23rd, 2008 book written by T .B CUNNA. Answer Question Select Best Answer Grades of concrete Asked By: kr.madala | Asked On: Aug 22nd, 2009 2 answers How to know proportions of cement, sand, aggregate in different types of grades like m5, m10,

m20, m30? Answered by: aditya on: Oct 3rd, 2011 there is a process called sieving of sand. if the proportion of mixture is passed through the

4.75mm i.s. seive,the proportion passed out can be termed as sand the proportion that is retained on the s...

Answered by: kudinesh on: Feb 10th, 2010 See there is no fixed mix ratio. It depends on property of materials used in the mix. we have to

perform a mix design based on standard procedures like ACI method, DoE method, BIS method and so on.

Pcc Asked By: nishaj05 | Asked On: Mar 27th, 2010

5 answers

What is pcc? Why it is used below foundation? What is water cement ratio for it? What is a purpose of pcc?

Answered by: Biswajit Nandi on: Oct 1st, 2011

P.C.C means Plain Cement Concrete. When any foundatin is build on the earth level or below earth level, it needs a strong platfrom to stand foundation so P.C.C is done.

Answered by: ganesh k verma on: Sep 15th, 2011

Pcc - Primary cement concrete, Means Lean Concrete. It is most important thing. It should be done before Rafting, Brickwork, or c c work. it is too necessary for RCC ,Masonry Brick work Etc.....











Answer Question Select Best Answer

What is the soil bearing capacity? Asked By: sudip maharana | Asked On: Jun 28th, 2007

7 answers Answered by: KUMARESAN on: Sep 29th, 2011

ultimate resisting capacity of the soil per m2 area,load from the any structure Answered by: Ramzi Nunu on: Sep 22nd, 2011

bearing capacity is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground. The bearing capacity of soil is the maximum average contact pressure between the foundation and the soil which shou...


Why is concrete cube test carried out? Asked By: monicamundi | Asked On: Sep 22nd, 2011

3 answers Answered by: kumaresan on: Sep 29th, 2011

to find the comp strength and splitting tensile strength by applying the comp force in longitudinal side..

Answered by: Suhairali M on: Sep 27th, 2011

7th and 28th days tests are usually carried out for cc cubes for analyzing if they get enough strength as required characteristic compressive strength. (7 days- around 20 mpa...and 28 days- around 32 mpa)


Rc concrete roof Asked By: Faruq Agbaje | Asked On: Sep 10th, 2011

1 answer

What is the full meaning of 1 in 40, concerning slope of a rc roof Answered by: Ganesh k verma on: Sep 15th, 2011

Reinforcement /cement concrete roof means Roof casting after complete the reinforcement on shutring, in this mixture Called R C C roof Casting. Reinforcement work is so important for preparing the casting.


What is the difference between face lEFT and face right in theodolite surveying?

Asked By: yus014u | Asked On: Apr 19th, 2011 1 answer

Answered by: jaikumar on: Sep 13th, 2011

When the vertical circle of an instruments is either to the left or the right of the observer while taking a reading, the positions are called as face left and face right.


Open foundation Asked By: royaljagjit | Asked On: Mar 7th, 2009

2 answers

What is open foundation? Answered by: bassam abu zuaiter on: Sep 3rd, 2011

1 Drawing plans for execution the foundation2 Preparing the ground for execution3 Complete documentation about the foundation soil (under and over) the foundation

soil 4 Preparation the machines and skill people for opening the work for foundation

Answered by: engnjado on: May 13th, 2009

Shallow Foundation


Cube test Asked By: KALPESH GHARAT | Asked On: Jul 18th, 2011

3 answers

I am casting raft and get the cube .After seven days test the cube that was pass as per rule so I will testing after 28 day ? Yes or no? And why?

Answered by: sushil kumar on: Sep 4th, 2011

Yes, because after 28 days concrete should achieved characteristic strength. That is why it is necessary to conduct the test for 28 days (as per is code 456)

Answered by: Vikas Bamal on: Aug 31st, 2011

Yes, I will testing the cubes after passing the 7 days compressive strength.Because the concrete is properly hardened in 28 days curing.


Building design Asked By: RAMA MOHANA RAO | Asked On: Jul 12th, 2011

2 answers

Design for rcc multistoried building step by step process Answered by: Vikas Bamal on: Aug 31st, 2011

Type of underground water, soil. Type of seismic Test reports of water & soil. Test reports of aprroved material such as - cement, aggregate. sand etc. Nos. & size of columns, beams, slabs etc. Types of loads such as - live load, dead load. Type of climate.

Answered by: DEEPAK MANCHEKAR on: Jul 18th, 2011

Soil testing report ,Test report for materials to use for construction like cement, aggregate, sand, steel, bricks. How many floors are construct in the building, Any special features and elevation to...


Rcc vs steel design Asked By: skabdulgoni | Asked On: Oct 4th, 2010

2 answers

What are the basic differences between the rcc design & steel design? Answered by: Vikas Bamal on: Aug 31st, 2011

In RCC structure both concrete and steel are used in construction. In this structure more strength from steel structure. In the steel structure only trusses are in used. Steel structure are made in shortly time from RCC structure.

Answered by: adiannan on: Oct 11th, 2010

RCC structure includes both concrete and steel rods and they are reinforced together so that building attains

more strength but in the steel design only steel trusses are used for the structure so that we can build the

structure in a short period of time.


What is the minimum length of the wall after which expansion joint is to be provided?

Asked By: vishal ranjan verma | Asked On: Nov 9th, 2007

8 answers Answered by: Vikas Bamal on: Aug 31st, 2011

For brick walls 30 mtrs Answered by: Jayanta Bhattacharjee on: May 8th, 2011

now in a days the minimum length of the wall is provided of expansion joint is 10 ft. but in construction workable area no maintenance this provided, they joint of expansion is provided to 13 ft. to the center of the column.


Why we need to do pcc? Asked By: manmohansingh | Asked On: Feb 23rd, 2009

10 answers Answered by: Vikas Bamal on: Aug 31st, 2011

PCC is used in bottom of footing & plinth beam. Answered by: vishnu prakash soni on: Aug 3rd, 2011

for a level surface which is of same property of foundation rest on it. it prevents foundation from natural salts and underground seepage.


Duties and responsibilities of civil site engineer Asked By: kamal agra | Asked On: Mar 12th, 2009

8 answers

What are the duties and responsibilities of civil site engineer in road and building construction?

Read Best Answer

Editorial / Best Answer

Answered by: Debiprasad Banik Member Since Apr-2009 | Answered On : Apr 8th, 2009

While in duty of supervision of building, you should ensure that the concrete mixing is according to the grade specified. While supervision of road, you should ensure that the different layers of the road are laid in proper thickness.


He is responsible of all work at site. Quality control in mixing ratio. Good type of material used in construction. Regular checking level of road, beam, column. Check the all level according to drawing. Good cummnication with supervisor, forman & workers.

Answered by: vaibhav on: Aug 16th, 2011

following are the main duties and Responsibilities of site supervisor: 1) Given instruction to worker for watering to the working structure, such as column, beam, brick wall, etc. 2) Instruction given...

Improve Answer Rcc design & steel structural Asked By: Jayanta Bhattacharjee | Asked On: May 8th, 2011

3 answers

What is rcc?What is the diferenec between between rcc and cement concrete Answered by: Vikas Bamal on: Aug 31st, 2011

Full form of R.C.C is Reinfored cement concrete. Full form of C.C is Cement concrete.

rcc bear the both compressive & tensile load but cc bear only compressive load. rcc mostly used in heavy construction but cc not used in heavy construction.


Answered by: aditya on: Aug 26th, 2011

rcc stands for reinforced cement concrete . here concrete is reinforced with steel whereas normal cement concrete has got no reinforcement in it. rcc is used for mega structures as it can bear tensile forces also whereas normal cement concrete cannot bear tensile forces and take heavy loads


Building cracks Asked By: Wilson John | Asked On: Jun 6th, 2011

2 answers

What is the reason of cracks developing between the joints of concrete beams and block walls


Cracks appear in the wall due to one or more of the following reasons:

No good material used in beam construction.Vibrator not used in concreting.Blocks are not laid in Header Strecher method.Vertical joints in blocks are in one layer.Joints are not used in blocks wall.

Answered by: ashokkumar on: Aug 6th, 2011

Due to the different cooefficiency of thermal expansion of concrete & Block/Brick, Upon the completion of every building there will be a settlement in foundation which also may cause cracks in joints.


Dmc piling Asked By: mrray | Asked On: Feb 10th, 2010

1 answer

What is the process of executing dmc piling? Answered by: CHERALA on: Aug 30th, 2011

The bentonite suspension is pumped into the bottom of the hole through the drill rods and it overflows at the top of the casing.The water jet is let through the piling chiesel which comes out from bottom with Mud


What are the lab tests for bitumen ? Asked By: JAI | Asked On: Aug 11th, 2011

3 answers Answered by: aditya richie on: Aug 26th, 2011

ball and softening point test , bitumen ductility test , bituminous binder content, bituminous penetration test

Answered by: shahanth on: Aug 26th, 2011

generally tests conducted for bitumen are 1. Bitumen Content 2. Ductility Of Bitumen3. Penetration of Bitumen4. Specific Gravity of Bitumen5. Softening Point Of Bitumen6. Flash And Fire Point Of Bitumen7. The Marshall Stability of Bituminous Mixture


Development length Asked By: RAMA MOHANA RAO | Asked On: Jul 12th, 2011

1 answer

Describe development length(ld) for m20 concrete and fe500 steel in tension,compression zones

Answered by: ram on: Aug 13th, 2011

tension zone 30 dia of main bar, comperssion 24 dia


What are the tests for road (irc) work? Asked By: JAI | Asked On: Aug 11th, 2011

1 answer Answered by: Scofield on: Aug 11th, 2011

CBR test for determining the bearing strength of the base layer.


What are the latest methods to detect cracks in a building? Asked By: Sakshi A | Asked On: Aug 11th, 2011

I would like to know in detail about the latest methods to detect cracks(micro cracks) in the building, especially the non destructive methods.

Answer Question Sunk toilet slab Asked By: creative mind | Asked On: Nov 12th, 2009

3 answers

W.C. Slab is generally are Sunk by about 50 cm. Below general floor level for indian type water closet. What is the term called and what is the purpose of this?

Answered by: AShok on: Aug 6th, 2011

To facilitate a good ornamental view & to conceal all pipe lines regarding to W.C etc Answered by: sumaira on: Jul 23rd, 2011

it is called the trap and it is provided so as to avoid the risk of blast of the pipelines due to gases liberated in stools

Explain the design and detailing of the inverted beam concept ? Asked By: candeersit | Asked On: Aug 3rd, 2011 1 answer Answered by: Ashokkumar on: Aug 6th, 2011 in case of getting less clearance height between floor & ceiling inverted beams are

recommended also will reduce considerable amount of cost in wall construction's. Answer Question Select Best Answer Dmc pile foundation Asked By: perfectclt | Asked On: Jul 8th, 2009 3 answers How dmc pile foundation is done? Answered by: SIVA on: Jul 15th, 2011








dmc means direct mud circulation.done by chisseling

Answered by: jitheshengineer on: Aug 21st, 2009 In DMC Pile Foundation, the bentonite suspension is pumped into the bottom of the hole

through the drill rods and it overflows at the top of the casing. The mud pump should have the capacity to maintain a velocity of 0.41 to 0.76metres per second to float the cuttings.

Answer Question Select Best Answer Budget and billing Asked By: RAMA MOHANA RAO | Asked On: Jul 12th, 2011 How to prepare budget and billing verses time with work progress Answer Question How to increase bearing capacity of soil? Asked By: Tamirisa Apparao | Asked On: Jan 7th, 2007 6 answers Read Best Answer Editorial / Best Answer Answered by: rzaman68 Member Since Jan-2009 | Answered On : Jan 25th, 2009 To improve the bearing capacity of soil, one of the following methods can be used.

1. Vibro Floatation Technique

2. Repalce the existing soil with road base materials and compact in layers to attain the required bearing capacity of soil.

3. Replace the existing soil with cement mix soil and compact in layers with water to attain the required bearing capacity.

4. Vibro Replacement Technique Answered by: rzaman68 on: Jan 25th, 2009 To improve the bearing capacity of soil, one of the following methods can be used.1. Vibro

Floatation Technique2. Repalce the existing soil with road base materials and compact in layers to attai...

Answered by: bvrambabu on: Jul 16th, 2008 A method for increasing the bearing capacity of foundation soils for built structures consisting of

providing a plurality of holes spaced from each other deep in the soil, and injecting into the soil,...

Improve Answer Stirrups Asked By: ksaravvv | Asked On: Jun 5th, 2010 2 answers Why do we have use stirrups in beams?















Answered by: ashapak_2245 on: Jun 25th, 2011 Open stirrups are provided principally to resist shear forces in concrete beams and they are

applied in locations in which the effect of torsion is insignificant. U-shaped stirrups are placed in the t...

Answered by: ksaravvv on: Jun 5th, 2010 (Concrete weak in tension ). Diagonal compression developes (internally) due to presence of

stirrups to arrest diagonal tension cracks produced by principal stresses. Answer Question Select Best Answer What is composite massonary and how is bonding done for it? Asked By: CivilGuru | Asked On: Apr 13th, 2006 2 answers Answered by: dijuponnarambil on: Jun 23rd, 2009 The masonry which is constructed with two more combination of materials, like stone facing

and brick backing, stone facing and concrete backing etc.Bonding of masonry is same as ordinary masonry using cement mortar, lime mortar etc.

Answered by: hemasanthosh on: Oct 15th, 2008 Using of composite materials such as fibre reinforced polymer composites (FRPC) instead of

steel in masonry structures is nothing but composite masonry. 2. Mainly composites have been extensively ...

Answer Question Select Best Answer Sbc value Asked By: Vimlesh.1981 | Asked On: May 13th, 2009 1 answer What is sbc value? Answered by: yamini.kiranmayi on: Jun 26th, 2009 SBC is the safe bearing capacity of a soil, beyond this value if soil is loaded, it will fail to bear the

load applied on it and will fail. Its value can be found out by standard penetration test, plate load test or cone penetration test.

Answer Question Select Best Answer Cement test Asked By: gchhawsaria | Asked On: Jan 3rd, 2009 1 answer What is the volume of mould in vicat's apparatus for cement test as per indian standards. Answered by: shruthi gk on: Jul 27th, 2009 This test is conducted to determine the percentage of water required for preparing cement

test.* The volume of mould required is 300gm of cement and 30% by weight or 90gm of water is added to it. th...

Answer Question Select Best Answer Define orientation of building? Asked By: jeyaseelan | Asked On: Apr 21st, 2007 2 answers Answered by: hdgolakiya on: Aug 9th, 2009























Orientation of building means to plan the building such a way that maximum advantages of nature can be obtained like breeze, sun light etc.

Answered by: soneyac on: Mar 12th, 2008 it is nothing but building allignment.mainly depends on certain factors like lighting,air flow etc. Answer Question Select Best Answer Compaction measure Asked By: basitbhutto | Asked On: Apr 10th, 2009 3 answers How to measure the compaction in high way base and sub-base and please inform what are the

new techniques to measure compaction? Answered by: krishnav_12 on: Apr 7th, 2011 Compaction for base shall be done using core cutter method. Sand replacement method and

other field density method can be used for sub base. The new method used for testing compaction in Nuclear Gauge Method

Answered by: Charles Cariaga on: Mar 25th, 2011 Compaction measure or Field Density Test using Nuclear Gage machine Answer Question Select Best Answer Cube test Asked By: mohdssameer | Asked On: Nov 28th, 2010 1 answer How cube test is done? Answered by: Charles Cariaga on: Mar 25th, 2011 Cube test is done by using a calibrated compression machine, usually by independent or third

party or approved testing laboratory. Answer Question Select Best Answer Granular backfilling around manhole Asked By: Charles Cariaga | Asked On: Mar 25th, 2011 Is it possible to use granular backfilling around manhole up to the level of ground water table?

Manhole invert level is -9.0 m and depth to invert level is 15 meters. If possible, what are the requirements?

Answer Question Research questions land surveying Asked By: epakogiy | Asked On: Mar 10th, 2011 Questions:1.What is the phrase land surveying means?2.Why do we need land surveying?

3.What are the relationships between land surveying and its allied disciplines and stake holders?The allied disciplines and stake holders are:-land use planning-town planning-geograhic information system-land information...

Answer Question Inverted beams Asked By: consumate | Asked On: Sep 24th, 2010 1 answer When do we use inverted beams in slabs? Why





















Answered by: Rmagdum on: Jan 18th, 2011 Inverted cantilivers are used for very large cantilevers so as to use the flange for compression.... Answer Question Select Best Answer Concrete cube testing Asked By: jbns10 | Asked On: Nov 26th, 2010 2 answers If the concrete cube was casted on 20/11/10, then the 7th day test will be carried out on EIther

on 26/11/10 or 27/11/10 Answered by: wkordy on: Dec 18th, 2010 7 Days crushing test shall be on 27-11-2010 Answered by: maharaj singh on: Nov 28th, 2010 after 168 hours of which time the sample taken Answer Question Select Best Answer Foundation capacity Asked By: jijojosef | Asked On: Aug 22nd, 2010 3 answers How to find out the load applied by a house foundation. Answered by: laxmikantashokmore on: Sep 11th, 2010 By using plate load test we can determine foundation capacity. Answered by: jijojosef on: Aug 30th, 2010 formula used {pu=0.4fck*Ag+(0.67fy-0.4fck)Asc} Answer Question Select Best Answer Ratio of bentonite and water Asked By: jalpaig | Asked On: Sep 2nd, 2010 What is the ratio between bentonite powder and construction water so that density will come

1.2? Answer Question Rcc pipes Asked By: sandhyaraga | Asked On: Aug 30th, 2010 What is the difference between hume pipes, spun pipes, np 2, np3, np4, pipes?Test

requirements of above pipes. Answer Question Calculate road width Asked By: sandhyaraga | Asked On: Aug 30th, 2010 How can we calculate 4/6 lane road width and maximum percentage of super eleVATion in

national highways in india. Answer Question Tile blasting Asked By: babanssourav | Asked On: Jun 27th, 2010 1 answer After tiling flooring had been done, sometimes the tiles get broken with a sudden blasting after

a considerable period of time. What is the reason behind this?
























Answered by: saranya48 on: Aug 20th, 2010 The yield strength is very low for tiles. Isolation of area and dewatering ready for construction Asked By: said aidi | Asked On: Aug 4th, 2010 How to identify the requirement for dewatering for a project of construction of culverts near the

sea shore. The bottom slab will be under water after completion of the project. The initial plan is to build an earthdam to isolate the area, followed by dewatering.

Answer Question Cement grade identification Asked By: junaidzad | Asked On: Jul 28th, 2010 1 answer How can you physically identify the grade of cement after casting? Answered by: sujeeth bennuri on: Aug 2nd, 2010 It is identified by its sedimentation strength. Answer Question Select Best Answer Steel in compression zone Asked By: Amritpalsingh90 | Asked On: Mar 5th, 2010 2 answers What is the purpose of providing steel in compression zone in doubly reinforced beam? Answered by: prasannagv on: Jul 29th, 2010 Along with the restriction on cross section..when there is a load reversal as in the case of

earthquakes there might be tension in the compression zone which will be taken care of by the reinforcement present there.

Answered by: UTTAM KARMAKAR on: Apr 15th, 2010 Any RCC section is a concept of Monolithic section that serves as a structural member bearing

Tensile, compressieve and flexural stress . While Concrete has a substantial capacity of Compressive stren...

Answer Question Select Best Answer Types of drawings Asked By: creative mind | Asked On: May 16th, 2010 1 answer What are the types of drawings? (like submission drawing, working drawings, etc)what are the

difference between them? Answered by: deepak on: Jul 24th, 2010 There are following types of drawings 1 Key plan 2 Layout plan 3 Structural Drawing 4 Submission Drawings 5 Working Drawings Answer Question Select Best Answer Flyash bricks





















Asked By: kbhola | Asked On: Jun 27th, 2010 What is the composition of flyash bricks, by weight, by volume? Answer Question Steel structural works Asked By: gokulganga | Asked On: Jun 24th, 2010 How to execute a steel structural high rise/industrial building? What is the procedure of

execution?What are the precautions to be taken during the preparation of foundation for steel structural building? how to design a roof truss for a two storied building/industrial? what are the materials used...

Answer Question Precast concrete connections Asked By: waqasjavaid | Asked On: Jun 13th, 2010 How are precast concrete connections constructed? Answer Question Distribution steel Asked By: Amritpalsingh90 | Asked On: Mar 5th, 2010 1 answer Why we provide distribution steel in one way slab? what is role of distribution steel in one way

slab? Answered by: vipkolon on: May 24th, 2010 Distribution steel is provided for countering stresses generated due to change in temperature

and shrinkage in concrete (caused due to hydration reaction) in lateral direction. Absence of same will generate stresses and consequently cracks.

Answer Question Select Best Answer Cement testing Asked By: skabdulgoni | Asked On: Apr 4th, 2010 3 answers Why standard consistency test of a cement is performed? Answered by: rajakamal on: May 15th, 2010 To find out the initial and final testing time of concrete! Answered by: anupamnath on: May 10th, 2010 Physical testing of cement can be done with the following procedures:

a) When a pinch of cement you rub in between your both fingers, it should feel very smooth.b) When you enter your one hand in a heap of cement, you should feel cool.

Answer Question Select Best Answer Honeycomb concrete Asked By: skabdulgoni | Asked On: Apr 12th, 2010 1 answer What is honeycomb? Why it is formed into the concrete? Answered by: rajakamal on: May 15th, 2010 It is a deformation due to improper compaction of concrete and will lead to air voids inside

concrete.





















Answer Question Select Best Answer Identify cement grade Asked By: anupamnath | Asked On: May 11th, 2010 How can you physically identify the grade of cement after casting? Answer Question I section beam Asked By: deemech | Asked On: Mar 19th, 2010 1 answer Why I section of beam are generally used? Answered by: panneerlakshmanan on: May 9th, 2010 I section has lowest shape factor Answer Question Select Best Answer Shuttering Asked By: zooooom | Asked On: Apr 12th, 2010 1 answer What is shuttering? How it is done on site? Answered by: skabdulgoni on: Apr 13th, 2010 The shuttering is defined as the casing into which concrete is poured and in which it remains

during the period of setting and hardening.It is made by hard wood for inferior works, plywood &...

Answer Question Select Best Answer Beams & columns Asked By: skabdulgoni | Asked On: Apr 12th, 2010 What is universal beam & universal column? What is the significant of these two? Answer Question Efficient beam Asked By: deemech | Asked On: Mar 19th, 2010 1 answer Which is more efficient - rectangular beam or a circular beam? Give example? Answered by: hurmaz on: Mar 24th, 2010 The Rectangular beam is efficient. It is mainly used bcoz of its moment of inertia along its axis.

Moment of inertia is 2nd moment of area, which is quite less in case of circular beam. Rectangular beam can resists larger loads.

Answer Question Select Best Answer Concrete cube test Asked By: jraman | Asked On: Aug 4th, 2009 6 answers Why is the concrete cube tested for weight before compression test? Answered by: sappy_shail on: Mar 2nd, 2010 It is not so simple. A very dense concrete is not necessarily strong in compression. You may like

to know about open grading used for economical concrete.... new trend. The question in the first ...

























Answered by: sappy_shail on: Nov 23rd, 2009 As a thumb rule, more the density, more will be the compressive strength. But it is not always

true. The compressive strength depends on many factors. Density gives a general idea as to how much was t...

Answer Question Select Best Answer Inverted and hidden beams Asked By: jislam | Asked On: Feb 16th, 2010 What are inverted beams and hidden beams ? Answer Question Bulkage of sand Asked By: mseswaran | Asked On: Feb 12th, 2010 How to check the bulkage of sand? Answer Question Compression test Asked By: jnr_mackenzie | Asked On: Jan 18th, 2010 Compression test results records the following for columns of a 2 storey building.A)20mpa,

18mpa, 16mpa, 21mpa & 21.5mpa describe the effect of the above test & lists what action to be taken. Standard specification 20mpa for the particular column. B) action to be undertake with low reading test.

Answer Question Turbulent flow Asked By: kr.burdak | Asked On: Oct 29th, 2009 3 answers What is turbulent flow through in pipe? Answered by: arun govind neelan on: Dec 23rd, 2009 Turbulent flow is a type of flow which is not uniform. There are some losses in this flow when

renolds number > 4000 then the flow is turbolent. It increases boundary layer thickness. Answered by: ramthoke on: Nov 28th, 2009 When water particle flow in zig-zag manner then it is called turbulent flow. Structural designer and structural consultant Asked By: purvi.tulsian | Asked On: Jun 15th, 2009 4 answers What is the difference between a structural designer and a structural consultant? Answered by: purvi.tulsian on: Dec 12th, 2009 A structural Designer is a person who actually designs a given structure wrt its stability,

durability, strength etc. Whereas a Structural consultant is a person whom one consults or asks for advice a...

Answered by: avzubair on: Dec 6th, 2009 Structural Designer is one who prepare technical details for the structure based on the design

safety feature with aid of analytical data and Consutant is the Engineer who deal the structure Designer himself is the Consultant.





















Cyclone resistant structure Asked By: rsharma333 | Asked On: Dec 11th, 2009 What are the basic steps in the design of cyclone resistant structures? Answer Question Plate tectonic theory Asked By: rsharma333 | Asked On: Dec 11th, 2009 How earth quake occurs? What is plate tectonic theory? Answer Question Bending moment Asked By: rajdhiman85 | Asked On: May 17th, 2009 2 answers What is bending moment? Answered by: kuldeep.professional on: Nov 30th, 2009 Bending moment is actually meant for check whether the member can take the load or not

technically there is method to find out BM at any point but on overall bending is maximum at that point which is ...

Answered by: bhupi1588 on: Aug 14th, 2009 Bending moment at a section is defined as the algebraic sum of moment of forces either on the

left or right side of the section. The load can be any loads point load or uniformly distribute... Answer Question Select Best Answer Pile foundation Asked By: sandypunch | Asked On: Aug 31st, 2009 1 answer Explain dmc method of pile foundation. Answered by: ramthoke on: Nov 28th, 2009 When depth of foundation is above 2.5 m then we prefer pile foundation by driving augor in the

soil making bore. Answer Question Select Best Answer Angles and angle pairs Asked By: pipeds | Asked On: Aug 9th, 2009 1 answer How are angles and angle pairs used in civil engineering? Answered by: sappy_shail on: Nov 23rd, 2009 Angles can be used to make trusses, hold fasts etc and angle pairs for making 'T' section or

square hollow section. However you can use it with your ingenuity for many things viz chairs, end stubs to reduse Anchorage length, door frame, shutterings, in lap weldings, make sharp edges.

Answer Question Select Best Answer What is pile foundation? Asked By: CivilGuru | Asked On: Apr 13th, 2006 6 answers Answered by: osamacom on: Oct 14th, 2009

























Pile foundation is a structural member which is used to transit the load from super structure to under layer soil stratum, its usually used in case of : - Low bearing capacity of the soil. - High ...

Answered by: pankajgrai on: Jun 29th, 2009 Pile foundation is one type of deep foundation. It is used where soil having low bearing capacity

respect to load coming on structure or the the stresses developed due to Eq cannot be accommodated b...

Answer Question Select Best Answer What is the differance between load and force? Asked By: prabhakar | Asked On: May 15th, 2007 3 answers Answered by: paulgomes on: Oct 9th, 2009 Load = mass x gravity this vertical and directed by gravity. towards the earth center. Force on

the other hand is free and can have any direction. Answered by: yatendrapaliwal on: Jun 28th, 2008 Load = mass x gravtational acceleration i.e g

Force = m x a

that means Load is dependent on gravitational acceleration but force is dependent on acceleration of the body.

Answer Question Select Best Answer Building wall cracks Asked By: multisahajaabuilders | Asked On: Jul 3rd, 2009 2 answers When you find lot of cracks on the completed apartment wall, how will you arrest them? Answered by: kishkumar10 on: Sep 7th, 2009 Use filling adhesive materials. Answered by: kishkumar10 on: Aug 19th, 2009 Use stiching and grouting method for heal cracks. Answer Question Select Best Answer What is mean by super structure?What are all the new civil construction materials?What is

the new concepts using in civil work?What is new trend building structure?What is the next generation building...

Asked By: sundar | Asked On: Nov 30th, 2006 5 answers Answered by: pankajgrai on: Jun 30th, 2009 What is mean by super structure? Structure above ground level is called Super structure it

doesnâ€™t include basements. what are all the new civil construction materials? There are several new Constru...

Answered by: jiantao39 on: May 28th, 2008 The part of a building or other structure above the foundation call super structure.




















Answer Question Select Best Answer Rein forced concrete Asked By: lx immanuel | Asked On: May 14th, 2009 2 answers What method needs to be ADOpted for designing water retaining structures? Answered by: abhishekcivil on: May 14th, 2009 Because the shape effect is the least for the 15cm cube and we get a fairly accurate idea of the

strength of the concrete as such. Answered by: abhishekcivil on: May 14th, 2009 The reinforced water retaining structures should be based on working stress method of

design.Secondly the crack thickness and the width of the crack is also to be watched for.Use of water bars during ...

Answer Question Select Best Answer Soil mechanics Asked By: madan99280 | Asked On: Feb 15th, 2009 2 answers What is quick sand condition? Answered by: abhishekcivil on: May 2nd, 2009 Sudden loss of shear strength is what results in quick sand condition. Answered by: ravibarun on: Feb 23rd, 2009 The phenonmenon of lifting up of sand due to high head of the water above the ground level. Answer Question Select Best Answer Platform for dump Asked By: ntayethein1751964 | Asked On: May 2nd, 2009 The total load proposed on the platform is 40kn/m2. And the plan is 17ft width, 30ft length.

What should be the thickness of the beam, slab? The platform is for a compactor. Answer Question Workability of concrete Asked By: janakcivilengg | Asked On: Jan 12th, 2009 2 answers What can be the slump value in the case of following members as per is recommendations1.

Slab2. Beam3. Column4. Dam Answered by: digzcivil on: May 1st, 2009 Slab-90mm Beam-80mm Column-95 mm Dam-110 -130mm Now-a-days people are using zero slump concrete (slumpless concrete) in dams Answered by: rzaman68 on: Jan 25th, 2009 Slump value for the concrete in slab, columns and beams shall be i.e. 75mm + or -25mm. Dam

structure should be more than this because the quantity of steel would be more and the





















fabrication of steel would be so that at every where it would be required minimum spacing of the steel.

Answer Question Select Best Answer Which one is comfortable for you to handle small or large scale projects? Asked By: CivilGuru | Asked On: Apr 13th, 2006 3 answers Answered by: digzcivil on: May 1st, 2009 Large scale projects because we can learn to manage and handle various activities in stipulated

timeframe thus enhancing our managerial skills. Answered by: madhubabu on: Feb 3rd, 2007 At the begining handling of small projects are good. After getiing some experince in the field to

handle the big projects are good. Answer Question Select Best Answer Permissible length of weld Asked By: gchhawsaria | Asked On: Jan 7th, 2009 1 answer What is the permissible length of weld for reinforcing bars in rcc mmembers as per i.S. Code. Answered by: thanga12 on: Apr 29th, 2009 As per IS standard the weld length is 6d. Answer Question Select Best Answer 4-lane expressway Asked By: venkatcvl | Asked On: Apr 19th, 2009 2 answers How many layers are required for a 4-lane expressway in general? What are they? Answered by: S.KALAIYARASAN on: Apr 27th, 2009 There are 4 layers.

1.) Bitumen layer2.) Concrete3.) Metal bed4.) Gravel

Answered by: S.KALAIYARASAN on: Apr 25th, 2009 There are 4 layers.

1. Asphalt2. Concrete3. P.C.C.4. Sand filling

Answer Question Select Best Answer What is the design mix of m5 Asked By: vpupadhyay | Asked On: Apr 16th, 2008 5 answers Answered by: sharmiselva on: Mar 27th, 2009






















Design mix for M5 is 1:5:10 (1-cement, 5-sand, 10-Coarse aggregates) Answered by: dkarivu on: Dec 26th, 2008 m means grade of concrete refers to the strength of concrete block of size 150x150x150 mm

after curing of 28days. which is called as M5 M=mega pascal = N/mm2 or M5=5 N/mm2 Answer Question Select Best Answer Steel piling Asked By: civil.chakri | Asked On: Mar 4th, 2009 What is steel piling? What is the installation procedure? Answer Question Steel structures in transmiission lines Asked By: PRABHU PONSUBBU | Asked On: Feb 24th, 2009 What is the difference between g.I and m.S steel and what is mixing component? Oscillation test in crane Asked By: vasujoshi123 | Asked On: Feb 11th, 2009 What is the procedure/method to do the oscillation test? Is there any limitation to do this test? Answer Question Concreting in water logged area Asked By: janakcivilengg | Asked On: Jan 3rd, 2009 1 answer What is the method and means for concreting in water logged area? Answered by: suresh T on: Feb 4th, 2009 By Trimmi Pipe Method. Answer Question Select Best Answer What will happen to the structure Asked By: s_kr_narang | Asked On: Jul 11th, 2008 2 answers If a tall structure subjected to only dead load and live load. There is no earthquake or wind load

on the structure.A)settlement in internal structureb)settlement in external structurec)differential settlementd)none.And why??????

Answered by: rzaman68 on: Jan 25th, 2009 It will exert differential settlement. Answered by: sauvirsingh01 on: Dec 7th, 2008 It is not possible without air pressure, if structure is enough strong and foundation is strong this

will settle internally. Answer Question Select Best Answer Concrete cube Asked By: gchhawsaria | Asked On: Jan 3rd, 2009 The size of concrete cube is 150mm x 150mm x 150mm as per indian standards. Why? Answer Question Building cracks Asked By: morbrasconsult | Asked On: Oct 17th, 2008 1 answer

























What causes cracks in a building? What is the lasting solution to stop the cracks. The cracks show on the beam and block wall

Answered by: Duns2000 on: Dec 29th, 2008 In walls1. Shear cracks 2. Settlement cracksTo overcome these created cracks use 1. Filling

adhesive materials. 2. If the crack is exceed 2mm then use chicken net or polymer strips.In beams1. Desi...

Answer Question Select Best Answer Laying foundation Asked By: swetcha2 | Asked On: Jul 26th, 2008 1 answer Outline step by step procedure of laying the foundation. Answered by: gbalaji on: Nov 25th, 2008 First we have to prepare the work spot then it should be consolidated with water and then the

bearing capacity should be checked p.c.c should be layed and toughly compacted then the reinforcement should be fixed to the correct position.

Answer Question Select Best Answer Laying foundation Asked By: sharphrv | Asked On: Nov 15th, 2008 1 answer Outline step by step procedure of laying the foundation. Answered by: smartkudo on: Nov 18th, 2008 After the set out is done, excavation at the determined point are done. the density of the soil

are determined. if ok, the concrete blinding are done before placing the reinforcement start up are placed with the framework

Answer Question Select Best Answer Design mix Asked By: sharphrv | Asked On: Nov 15th, 2008 What is the procedure of design mix? Answer Question Platform for dump Asked By: morbrasconsult | Asked On: Oct 17th, 2008 The total load proposed on the platform is 40kn/m2. And the plan is 17ft width, 30ft lenght.

What should be the thickness of the beam, slab. The platform is for a compactor Answer Question What is stagging? Asked By: CivilGuru | Asked On: Apr 13th, 2006 1 answer Answered by: senthivel on: Oct 16th, 2008 Stagging is temperary working platform for shuttering and masonry work. Answer Question Select Best Answer Rolling constant Asked By: vrjadhav123 | Asked On: Aug 14th, 2008
























What is rolling constant? Answer Question What is the quickest method to find slope and deflection of beam? Asked By: shegraf | Asked On: Aug 11th, 2007 3 answers Answered by: subhashcivil on: Aug 12th, 2008 ILD is the best option this. Answered by: Karthik on: Nov 27th, 2007 Moment area method is the quicker than other methods I know.

But it is easier for simple loadings. Answer Question Select Best Answer Inverted t-beam Asked By: amit_ald | Asked On: Aug 5th, 2008 1 answer When we go for inverted t- beam for slab? Answered by: subhashcivil on: Aug 12th, 2008 We provide inverted T-beam in places like portico. the condition is when their is compression in

upper zone & tension in bottom zone then we provide inverted T-beam. Answer Question Select Best Answer Rcc - column, sla, beams and cover Asked By: cool.aruna | Asked On: Jul 28th, 2008 4 answers Explain what are column, sla, beams and cover? Answered by: feroze ali on: Aug 6th, 2008 Column is a vertical compressive member which takes vertical loads from the slabs, beams, etc.

Beamsare horizantal tensile members that takes shear forces and b.m's from the slabs.

Cover is the spacing between the c/c of the reinforcement provided in tensile zone to the topedge of that member.

Answered by: harkamaljeet on: Aug 2nd, 2008 Cover-Cover is the space between reinforcement and shuttering .It is provided to get better

finish and better strength and also helps to cover the reinforcement in the concrete. Answer Question Select Best Answer Soil foundations Asked By: bestrcsekhar | Asked On: May 26th, 2008 1 answer What are the types of foundations used for different kinds of soil? Answered by: yatendrapaliwal on: Jun 28th, 2008 Basically there are two type of foundations according their depths a. Shallow foundations b.

Deep foundations Shallow foundations are the foundation which are not at greater depths and deeper f...




















Answer Question Select Best Answer Trilateration Asked By: ku_pratap | Asked On: Feb 1st, 2008 1 answer What is trilateration?How is it done in the field?What is the advantage of trilateration? Answered by: sanram on: Jun 12th, 2008 Trilateration is a method of determining the relative positions of objects using the geometry of

triangles in a similar fashion as triangulation.ApplicationTrilateration can be used in lightning strik...

Answer Question Select Best Answer General idea of construction of a high riser Asked By: khare_sandip | Asked On: May 22nd, 2008 Nature of foundation provided for 10+ more storey buildings, basement construction and

protection of basement structure, drainage and sewage system to be provided in the high rise rand also water supply facility, power backup system especially for lifts and escalators, safety criteria in emergency

Answer Question Blended cement Asked By: vipin117 | Asked On: Jan 14th, 2008 1 answer What is blended cement? Answered by: soneyac on: May 12th, 2008 The use of blended cements in concrete reduces mixing water and bleeding, improves

finishability and workability, enhances sulfate resistance, inhibits the alkali-aggregate reaction, and lessens heat ...

Answer Question Select Best Answer What are the differences between pc-dmis and camio studio. Can someone also tell me which

is recommended? Asked By: cmwatson78 | Asked On: Nov 8th, 2007 1 answer We are looking into camio and we need to see if it is worth the investment. Answered by: soneyac on: May 12th, 2008 CAMIO 4.4 metrology software. CAMIO 4.4 is a major release and continues the development

theme of creating a productivity-focused metrology solution focused on the multi-sensor CMM market. Metris CAMI...

Answer Question Select Best Answer What are the duties and responsibilities of a site engineer at the oil refinery rehabilitation? Asked By: Ricardo Valencia Jr | Asked On: Jun 15th, 2007 1 answer Answered by: razya sultana on: May 6th, 2008























first to check the site plan.and mention the site area then check the soil bearing capacity.chek the site earth level.and prepare the level chart.approved from consultant and take site order.start the earth work as drawing.check total dimention and design.


First | Prev | | Next | Last Page What is the best design for building bridges? Asked By: Jimmy Albertson | Asked On: Nov 18th, 2006 2 answers Answered by: Manoj Kumar Tanwar on: Jan 31st, 2007 Concrete Pre Casted Bridges are best for building bridges. Answered by: HabazalCoonya on: Nov 29th, 2006 Cardboard, and lots of superglue. Civil engineering project advice Asked By: pitambernitk | Asked On: Aug 14th, 2006 3 answers I am studying in nit, kurukshetra. My branch is civil engineering. Please advice for civil

engineering projects I can do Answered by: Syamala on: Mar 3rd, 2007 Hi Kumar, Doing a Project in GIS is a gud option for you along with Transportation.You can find

Gud oppurtunities for GIS People,ALong with GIS you better Do Primavera n other Softwares.. too

Answered by: ragvendar on: Aug 21st, 2006 i wanna do project in GIS applied to transportation or to structures please guide me the topics(hi-fy ones) Location on a site Asked By: montystudent | Asked On: May 5th, 2008 1 answer How is the location of a structure on a site determined? Answered by: montystudent on: May 6th, 2008 The location of the structure depends on the geographical factors such as soil, topography, and

vegitation affects. Sencory factors, climate factors, and codes and regulations also play a big roll in positioning the structure.

Answer Question Select Best Answer State the different types of foundation and different types of piles Asked By: N.tamilvannan | Asked On: Feb 8th, 2007 1 answer Answered by: soneyac on: Mar 12th, 2008 basically 2 types shallow and deep foundation.

shallow:-footing,mat or raft footing,combined footingdeep:-

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http://www.geekinterview.com/Engineering/Civil


piles,well foundation.types of pile:-depending on material used timber,steel(h,pipe,sheet),concrete(2 types precast, cast in situ),composite(concrete+timber,concrete+steel)

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Civil Engineering Questions and Answers:

Do you have any collection of Interview Questions and interested to share with us!! Please send that collection to [email protected] along with the category and sub category information

1 :: What are the causes of building collapse?

The PAssage of time is one reason. Buildings also collapse due to weak foundations. Earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters can also damage the structure of the buildings and cause it to collapse. Bombings or demolition of buildings is also other reasons.

2 :: What are the applications of modulus of elasticity?

As the term implies, "Modulus of Elasticity” relates to the elasticity or "flexibility" of a material. The value of modulus of elasticity is very much significant relating to deflection of certain materials used in the construction industry. Take for example the general E value of mild carbon steel is about 200 GPA comPAred to about 70 GPA for aluminum. This simply translate that aluminum is 3 times flexible than steel.

3 :: What is the difference between routing maintenance and major maintenance in school facilities?

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The routine maintenance is the minor and consistent rePAirs that are engaged in the school premises. Examples could include PAinting, replacement of fixtures, louver blades, furniture rePAirs, and PAtching cracks in the school buildings.

The major maintenance could also be a total rehabilitation of the school, either school buildings or any other project within the school community. It could be total restructuring of the lighting system in the school or sanitary system.

4 :: How are freeway bridges built?

After calculating the anticiPAted traffic for the bridge, cement/reinforced- with- rebar stanchions are sPAced over the freeway to accommodate the bridge. An 'off-ramp' from the freeway to the bridge is constructed, as is an 'on-ramp' to the subsequent road. Cement/rebar slabs are built and lifted with cranes to form the platform, and voila! Drive carefully.

Although the bridge deck/roadway is almost always a concrete slab, the structure that holds up the bridge deck can be reinforced concrete, structural steel, or a combination of steel and concrete.

5 :: What is the difference between absorption & adsorption and sorption?

Absorption generally refers to two phenomena, which are largely unrelated. In one case, it refers to when atoms, molecules, or ions enter some bulk phase - gas, liquid or solid material. For instance, a sponge absorbs water when it is dry.

Absorption also refers to the process by which the energy of a photon is taken up by another entity, for example, by an atom whose valence electrons make transition between two electronic energy levels. The photon is destroyed in the process. The absorbed energy may be re-emitted as radiant energy or transformed into heat energy. The absorption of light during wave proPAgation is often called attenuation. The tools of spectroscopy in chemistry are based on the absorption of photons by atoms and molecules.

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6 :: How do you measure concrete?

Cubic feet, Cubic yards, Cubic Meter

7 :: Which is stronger solid steel rod or hollow steel pipe?

On a per pound basis, steel pipe is stronger in bending and is less likely to buckle in axial compression.

8 :: What is the tallest man made structure in the world?

The tallest man made structure is the KVLY-TV mast which is 2063 feet tall. The worlds tallest man made structure is Burj Dubai which is 800 meter tall.

9 :: What are the uses of alloys in daily life and how are alloys made?

Alloying is not always done to produce a 'superior' material, but to produce materials having a desired requirement in the industry or elsewhere. A classic case is of lead solder (containing lead & tin), in which the melting point of the constituent elements are lowered, not necessarily a desirable property.

Alloying can be carried out using hot press method (a sheet of material is sandwiched with alloying material), rolling the heated base metal in a drum full of alloying metal powder, using hot spraying, galvanizing (dipping the base in a molten solution of alloying material) etc. Sometimes the alloying material is added in small proportions to the molten base metal (e.g., in production of different types of steel).

10 :: What is the worlds largest concrete dam?

The Grand Coulee Dam is said to be the largest concrete dam. Currently the world's largest concrete dam is the Itaipu Dam, an accomplishment of two neighboring countries, Brazil and PAraguay in South America.

Though it is not finished yet, the Three Gorges (or Sandapong) Dam on the Yangtze River in China will take over as the largest upon its completion, which is slated for 2009.





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11 :: What is braced excavation all about?

Excavations are braced to prevent the cave-in of surrounding unstable soil.

12 :: What is the meaning of soil reinforcement?

Soil reinforcement is the act of improving soil strength to enable it support or carry more load.

Two common examples are:

a) Mixing a soil amendment such as lime into weak clayey soil and re-comPActing to improve soil-bearing caPAcity (often done under the road base in highway construction)

b) Installing plastic or composite webbing layers (called geo-grid material) alternating with comPActed soil to produce a stronger sloped soil structure (often done on steep roadway embankments to improve strength and stability)

13 :: What is aggregate?

Aggregate is the component of a composite material used to resist compressive stress.

14 :: What year was the keystone power plant in Indiana County constructed?

1967 began commercial operation on unit 1.

15 :: What is the force exerted by the Tacoma narrows bridge?

The force exerted to the Tacoma narrows bridge was initially the wind resistance. The wind resistance caused the whole bridge to act as a system with forced vibration with damping.


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16 :: How do you calculate the power of a centrifugal pump?

The input power, that is, the power required to operate the pump should be stated in Hp (horsepower) on the pump's nameplate. It can also be calculated by the 3-phase power equation:

P(in Hp) = VI(1.7c) = Rated Voltage x Rated Current x 1.73/ %Efficiency

If this is a consumer grade pump that operates on 120Vac, then the equation becomes P = VI, simply multiply the operating voltage, 120 x current (which is the number followed by the letter "A".

The output power, which really is not technically power, but rated in Gpm (gallons per minute), or caPAcity should also be on the nameplate. If you have the make, model, and (not necessarily needed) the serial number (also on the nameplate) you could call the manufacturer's customer service dept. As an application engineer, I have contacted countless manufacturers’, and service dept's for assistance. It is now big deal to them, they will be happy to answer your questions.

17 :: Why nautical mile is different from statute mile?

One nautical mile is defined by one latitude minute of arc (there are 60 such minutes to a degree). This equals 1852 meters, and roughly (but coincidentally) 2000 yards or 6000 feet. (Edit: actually, a standard

nautical mile is 6076 feet, 6000 feet and 2000 yards are commonly used approximations, but produce an error of about 1%).

The statute mile had a little fuzzier definition to start with, as one mile was the same as 1000 roman PAces/steps. The definition has since changed, but one statute mile equals about 1609 meters.

18 :: What is rigging?

In sailing, the ropes used to move the sails around so the boat will move in the right direction when the wind blows.

19 :: What is absolute pressure?

Absolute pressure is simply the addition of the observed gage pressure plus the value of the local atmospheric pressure.

20 :: How do we calculate absolute pressure?

Absolute is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric.








21 :: What is Gravity flow?

Gravity flow is fluid flowing due to the forces of gravity alone and not to an applied pressure head. In the Bernoulli equation, the pressure term is omitted, and the height and velocity terms are the only ones included.

22 :: What is horizon or horizontal mining?

Horizon or horizontal mining can be applied to extraction of material from seams of any stratified mineral such as limestone or ironstone, but it is more usually associated with coal - PArticularly where there are several seams that are inclined or folded and/or faulted.

Horizon mining involves long level roadways (horizons) being driven from the shafts to the extremity of the area to be mined.

The levels of the horizons are chosen to intersect the maximum number of seams the maximum number of times. As the seams are intersected, headings will be driven into the seam so that the desired material may be extracted. This method of mining requires a thorough understanding of the geological structure of the area to be mined so that the level of the horizons can be chosen for optimum results.

This method of mining is popular in modern coalmines with seams worked from several horizons. The considerable capital outlay of driving horizons before production can begin is recouped by the advantage of having long straight level roadways of generous dimensions unaffected by the crushing effect of nearby extraction of the mineral.

23 :: What is the difference between engineering stress and true stress?

In biology, Stress is something that disrupts homeostasis of an organism. In engineering, Stress is an external force that pushes, pulls, twists, or otherwise puts force on something.

Engineering stress assumes that the area a force is acting upon remains constant, true stress takes into account the reduction in area caused by the force.

24 :: What is a kip?

1 kip = 1000 lbs

25 :: What are some structures that may be subjected to fatigue?

Bridges, hydraulic presses, burners trains








26 :: Will going from a 3-tap to 6-tap increase water pressure?

No, the pressure will be the same, you will get more volume only if your pumps can handle the GPM, to increase pressure you may need a booster pump or a single pump that is rated for your needs.

27 :: Why does the pressure increase under soil?

Soil pressure increases with depth due to the overburden or self-weight of the soil and due to loads imposed upon the soil.

For example, the pressure variation below the depth of soil is linear and the relation is given by pressure = unit wt * depth. As depth increases, there will be a linear increase in the soil pressure.

28 :: What is the distance between railway tracks?

4 feet, 8 1/2 inches

29 :: How high should the water tank be to provide a 60 PSI at base of this water tower?

138.60ft

2.31ft of water= 1 PSI

30 :: What are the reasons for geotechnical site investigations in Uganda?

To know the soil properties, in so doing be in position to determine whether the PArticular site is suitable for the purpose intended

To know the history of the site

To know what remedies need to be put in place before construction can start

Based on the soil properties, that can be determined on site and in the lab, design the appropriate foundation for the structure.








31 :: What do you mean by honeycomb in concrete?

Some people call it an air pocket in the concrete or a void.

32 :: What is the purpose of the gap in the road on this bridge?

Purpose of the gap in the road is to allow the road to exPAnd and contract with temperature changes without causing damage or deformation to the road.

33 :: What is the tensile strength of wood?

The tensile strength of a material is the value at which the material fails when subjected to a tensile force. (Tensile means a force pulling the wood fibers lengthwise, as opposed to a compressive force.) There are a lot of different types and load cases for wood, so there is not one answer to this question. For example, wood used outside will fail at a lower load than wood inside. Wood is also anisotropic, i.e. it has different strength in different directions.

Example values of tensile strength vary anywhere from 175 pounds per square inch for Utility Grade pine to 1400 PSI for Dense Select Structural grade Douglas Fir. A good reference for material strength data for most species and grades of commercially available wood can be found in the American Institute of Timber Construction handbook.

34 :: How many Lbs are there in a yard?

A pound (Lb) is a unit of measurement for weight while a yard is a unit of measurement for distance.

If you are referring to common measurements used on a construction site, a "yard" is a common abbreviation for a "cubic yard", which is a unit of measurement of volume. (A cubic yard equals 27 cubic feet.)

Since dirt weighs about 110 pounds per cubic feet, a cubic yard of dirt weighs about 2970 Lbs. Since concrete is heavier (150 PCF), a cubic yard of concrete weighs about 4050 Lbs.

35 :: What is a projection line?

Projection line is the way, in which the earth is shown on a flat piece of PAper.








36 :: What are moment of inertia and its importance in civil engineering?

The moment of inertia measures the opposition any kind of body will have against a certain momentum (along that same axis) trying to rotate that body.

37 :: What is the origin of name Railway Sleepers?

When sleepers were added below the railway, lines the trains ran more smoothly and people fell asleep on their journeys.

38 :: What is BMC stands for in BMC Software?

BMC Software founders Scott Boulett, John Moores, and Dan Cloer began a contract programming PArtnership that operated in and around Houston, Texas.

39 :: Does brick grows bigger every year.

Usually bricks do not grow, but since stuff gets all over, it looks like it grows.

40 :: How did street originate in the plumbing term street ell?

A "street ell" may have gotten its name because it describes a 90° fitting PArticularly useful in tight, street ditches. When installing water pipes under a street, or from a water service, again under the street, into a home or business, this street ell allows one to change pipe direction with one less fitting, and in less sPAce, than with a standard ell.








41 :: What is the absolute pressure scale?

Absolute pressure is calculated from a vacuum (0 PSI) and atmospheric pressure is14.7PSIa or 14.7 PSI above a vacuum 1PSI on a tire pressure gauge is called 1PSIg = 15.7PSIa 10PSIg=24.7PSIa 100PSIg=114.7PSIa etc.

42 :: What is the difference between QA and QC?

Many people and organizations are confused about the difference between quality assurance (QA), quality control (QC), and testing. They are closely related, but they are different concepts. Since all three are necessary to manage the risks of developing and maintaining software, it is important for software managers to understand the differences. They are defined below:

a) Quality Assurance: A set of activities designed to ensure that the development and/or maintenance process is adequate to ensure a system will meet its objectives.

b) Quality Control: A set of activities designed to evaluate a developed work product.

c) Testing is the process of executing a system with the intent of finding defects. (Note that the "process of executing a system" includes test planning prior to the execution of the test cases.)

43 :: How did the Romans get water up hills using aqua ducts?

Technically, the Romans were not able to get water to move uphill in a general sense. All aqueducts move water from an elevated source (spring-fed streams in the mountains) to end-users at a lower elevation. The water flows almost entirely downhill from the source to the end user. If the water needed to cross a valley, the Romans would build an arched structure with an elevated channel to cross the valley, but even this channel would have a vary slight downhill gradient that allowed water to flow towards the end user. If a large hill was in their way, the Romans would either divert the channel around the hill, dig a trench through the hill, or dig a tunnel through the hill, all while maintaining a fairly constant, slight downhill gradient towards the end user.

The only exception to the rule of a generally constant downhill slope to the water channel is that specific tunnel segments, the Romans could build the tunnel as an inverted siphon (mentioned above) to cross a depression or valley and raise the water level on the downhill side almost to the level of the uphill side. To do this requires a well-sealed tunnel strong enough to withstand the increased water pressure within the siphon. Note, however, that except for gaining a little bit of elevation if you slow down fast-moving water, you normally cannot get water to flow out of the outlet at a higher elevation than the inlet. So technically, even the Romans were not able to get water to flow "up a hill".

44 :: Will Water damage concrete?

As far as only concrete is concerned i.e. plain concrete, the effect of water seePAge is very little (depending upon the grade of concrete) whereas for RCC (reinforced cement concrete) water that seeps in corrodes the reinforcement and thus reduces the life of the structure. The defects that water seePAge induces in concrete are as follows:

a) induces capillary formation (due to the detiorating characteristics of water)

b) With this capillaries the concrete starts sPAlling out; i.e. the places where capillaries are formed, with even slight amount of stress that portion comes out and exposes the steel to the atmosphere

c) Concrete has a pH of about 12 -13. It also reduces the pH of the concrete when in salty water (or) when exposed to marshy areas.

d) Reduces the overall strength of concrete

e) Reduces durability

f) Reduces permeability to further water seePAge

g) Results in ageing of structures

45 :: How do you determine Specific gravity of cement?

Cement is usually purchased as a powdery substance that is mixed with sand, aggregate, gravel, and water to form concrete. Since the cement itself is usually a powder, it is hard to measure a standard value for its specific gravity. In addition, since cement is usually not used by itself, knowing its specific gravity is not PArticularly useful.

A more useful question is "What is the typical density of concrete?" A rule of thumb answer is that normal cured concrete has a density of about 150 pounds per cubic foot. This includes the weight of the cement, sand, aggregate, and that PArt of the water that chemically binds with the cement to form the concrete. Since water weighs about 62.4 pounds per cubic feet, concrete is about 2.4 times as heavy. Thus, the specific gravity of concrete is about 2.4. If you took cement and mixed it with water, you would eventually have a hard lump of useless cement and it would also have a specific gravity of between 2 and 2.4.








46 :: What is the meaning of a blue land surveyors flag?

If the flag was placed by Utility personnel responding to a "One-call" locate request, the blue flag indicates a buried water line. You see these marked when a contractor calls the "Call before you dig number" a couple of days prior to excavating. This is required by law in each state to reduce the likelihood of damaging underground utilities when excavating.

The standard color code used by almost all utility comPAnies for PAinting & flags is:

White - "Here is the area I plan on excavating!"

Blue - water line

Red -electricity

Yellow -natural gas

Green -sewer

Orange -telephone and/or fiber optic line

If the blue flagging was a fuzzy blue marker nailed to the top of a wood surveyor's stake, then it probably serves to indicate the top of the grade at which the engineer wants the earthmoving equipment to place fill dirt. These are called "blue-top" stakes.

47 :: What are advancements in civil engineering?

Unlike other fields of engineering, the major advancement of the filed has been in the early years of the century before the last century where the use of concrete technology is advanced. The use of cement as a construction material is since the turn of the last century, improvement in the field increase by the use of steel elements in the construction of buildings and bridges of various types. With the help of two, it was possible to do multistory buildings in the world.

Machineries were created to speed up the construction structures. The last century has also seen the advent of sophisticated design to withstand the effect of earthquake that was not possible before. With the use of computers, development of model and analysis of structures under the effect of loads was made possible. Before just two decades, it used to take months and months to design high-rise building and big bridges. Now it is a matter of hours.

48 :: Why is the statue of liberty made of copper?

Copper is a very durable material when exposed to weather and is soft enough that it can be easily molded to curved shapes such as those in the Statue of Liberty. It is also traditionally used in buildings for complex roofs, so there would have been trades people available trained to use it.

Other metals that can be molded are lead but it does not have the attractive verdigris color, and gold much is more expensive

49 :: Are cruise ships built for the transatlantic run?

The Queen Mary 2 was built for transatlantic crossings, but much smaller ships can make the crossing easily. In 1995, I crossed the Atlantic from New York to the Azores on the Royal Princess (which was not the same ship as the current Royal Princess), which was about one-fourth the size of the QM2. Just about any seaworthy PAssenger ship can navigate the Atlantic safely, if not comfortably.

50 :: What is diversion tunnel in a dam?

When a dam is to be built, a diversion tunnel is usually bored through solid rock next to the dam site to byPAss the dam construction site. The dam is built while the river flows through the diversion tunnel.


Adsorption is similar, but refers to a surface rather than a volume: adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or atomic film (the adsorb-ate). It is different from absorption, in which a substance diffuses into a liquid or solid to form a solution.

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51 :: What distance in meters on the ground is the equivalent of one second of arc in longitude or latitude?

One minute of arc as measured at the centre of the Earth covers one nautical mile on the surface of the Earth at mean sea level. One nautical mile is 6080 feet or 1853.2 meters. Therefore one second of arc would be 6080 / 60 = 101.3 feet or 30.886 meters.

Lines of latitude are at regular intervals PArallel to the equator. The relationship between degrees of latitude and the distance sPAnned on the earth’s surface remains constant. Therefore at all latitudes 1 minute of latitude sPAns 1 nautical mile on the earths surface.

Lines of longitude converge at the poles. Therefore, the relationship between degrees of longitude and the distance sPAnned on the earth’s surface is reduced as the poles are approached.

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At the equator, the distance sPAnned by 1 minute of longitude would be 1 nautical mile. At the poles, it would be zero. To calculate the actual distance on the surface of the earth between two points of known latitude and longitude requires knowledge of spherical trigonometry to calculate the great circle distance between the two points.

The distances quoted are for the surface of the earth at mean sea level. Distances will be increased above sea level and reduced below it.

52 :: How do you maintain water pressure?

If you have water pressure and wish to maintain it, do not cause flow in the line, which will reduce pressure due to friction. To keep pressure up, reduce friction by increasing the line size or eliminating some other restriction.

53 :: What are some facts about concrete?

Actually, drying is not directly linked to hardness in concrete. After concrete is poured, putting it in a wet environment by spraying it constantly with water will hasten its hardening and its curing. After concrete cures, it is hard.

54 :: Who designed the city of Washington DC?

Pierre L'enfant

55 :: Where is the worlds longest elevator and how long is it?

Gold mines in South Africa go a few kilometers below the surface. The deepest mine now is the Mponeng Mine in the Orange Free State. The depth of the mine is well over 3000m from the surface and is getting deeper. The lift itself descends 3037m to a point 1200m below sea level. It takes 4 minutes.


56 :: How many kilo-Newtons equals 1000 kilogram?

When the 1000 kg are at rest, on Earth with gravitational acceleration 9.81 m/s2, 1000 kg equal 9.81 kN.

57 :: How is the Leaning Tower of Pisa supported?

In the same manner, it was supported when it was constructed. However, it has gotten some "help" over the years.

In the last couple of decades, the responsible PArties rolled up their sleeves and removed something approaching 40 meters3 of earth from under the higher side of the structure. This had the effect of

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straightening it toward the vertical by about a foot and a half at the top. For the first time in its history, it is no longer moving. In addition, in the good-news corner of the PAper is that it is open to the public again. In addition, the folks who lived near the tower in the direction it was leaning have returned to their homes and do not have to sleep with an eye and an ear open.

58 :: What does civil engineering mean?

They do many interesting things. Their job has to do a lot with design and construction. They can tell you what works and what will not for all sorts of situations. There is a lot of mathematics involved along with many other disciplines. They have to have a good solid understanding of how the environment works and how nature interacts with man made. They are probably best known for designing bridges, interstates, skyscrapers, canals, and so forth.

59 :: How long does it take concrete to harden?

It takes 28 days to cure.

60 :: What is the biggest dam in America?

The Grand Coulee Dam - Grand Coulee, Washington

a) Length 5,223 ft

b) Height 550 ft


61 :: How does siphoning work?

Pretty good if the outside hose is a lot lower than the inside hose. The siphon works by a hose stuck in a fluid container higher than the receiving container. Suction is shortly placed on the lower side of the hose until the fluid is flowing down the down line. Gravity will cause a continued flow.

62 :: Why was the Empire State Building made of steel?

Strength--Steel is very strong

Flexibility--Ability to flex in the wind

Cost--Inexpensive and fast to build; prefab construction

Concrete, a possible alternative, has less compressive strength than steel. The bottom support structure

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of the empire state building would consist of a large percentage of solid concrete simply to support the weight of the building.

63 :: What is the quantity of cement in Mix M20 concrete?

For nominal Mix Cement consumption for M25 will be 570 kg per cum. and for Design Mix it can be optimized to 510 kg per cum.

64 :: What is unit weight of normal concrete?

145 PCF

65 :: What is the difference between shear and tensile strength?

Tensile Strength for a Bolt is determined by applying a Force along it long axis. Shear Strength for a Bolt is determined by applying a Force across its diameter, as it would be loaded in a lug joint.


66 :: How many Pyramid in Egypt?

About 80

67 :: Would you cause a 55-gallon drum of water to weigh more by climbing in?

A person will sink in water if he is not holding enough air in his lungs to keep him floating. Therefore, the person weighs more than the amount of water that he will displace.

68 :: Who built the sears tower?

While he did not build the structure (he died in l959), there is some evidence the idea was suggested under a different name (Illinois Building) by Frank Lloyd Wright, one of the few true skyscrapers in which he had a role. The original design for the Illinois Building would have topped off at 5,280 Feet! The Swears tower is a quarter of this at most, but there are similarities.

69 :: At what point does a circle start losing area when being flattened?

The area ratio decreases slowly at first then more rapidly.

The area of an ellipse is A=pi x a X b, a and b are the 1/2 major and 1/2 minor axis. If a = r = b the area is A=pi X r2, which is a circle. Not hard to graph this but you will have to write the area of the ellipse in terms of the circumference.

70 :: How do you compute volume of airflow?

Orifice meter is used for measuring flow rate air.

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71 :: What is made from large rocks, which protects the base of cliffs?

Stacks

72 :: Why are the bolts that hold steel rails together in oval holes?

It has to do with the design of the bolts. The reason that head of the bolt is oval. The head of a bolt fit flush into the bar and set in opposing sets is so that a piece of dragging equipment will not shear off all the bolts in a joint but rather the just the nuts one side. As a result, if the hole were not oval on one side there would be no way to tighten or loose the bolts in a joint.

73 :: What are the materials used in building a gravity dam?

There are many gravity dams constructed of comPActed earth. High dams are generally concrete. All dams require a spillway to be safe. The spillway must be armored.

74 :: How many feet are in 4 square yards?

There are 9 square feet in a square yard therefore there are 36 square feet in 4 square yards.

75 :: What black man invented the clothes dryer?

George T. Sampson

76 :: What is the average density of soil?

For purposes of civil engineering, an average soil will have a density of about 100 to 110 pounds per cubic foot. (This can vary a little depending upon how well compacted the soil is.)

77 :: What glue is least sticky?

Elmer’s glue is least sticky.

78 :: What are the strongest shapes in building?

The pillars

79 :: Which architectural movement is also known as Jazz Moderna?

Art nouveau

80 :: What is the withdrawal force of steel nails?

In engineering, the code-allowable withdrawal force is zero, because the wood exPAnds and contracts over time and the nail pullout force can reduce to zero.

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81 :: What is the strongest bridge for a school contest?

If you are making a spaghetti bridge, bunch it all together in a triangular prism or a big brick and just fill the gaps with Paste.

82 :: What is the formula for figuring out how many gallons of water are in a pipe by the foot?

0.61 * d2, where d is the diameter of the pipe in inches.

83 :: What is the tensile strength of marble?

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 7.00 - 20.0 MPA 1020 - 2900 PSI

this is the strength in a pure tension test. For bending use:

Modulus of Rupture 0. 00410 - 0.0276 GPA 0.595 - 4.00 ksi

84 :: Did any of the Egyptian pyramids ever fall down?

Yes, many did. The great pyramid and others that have survived did so for a reason. Their shapes made them sturdier over time and were not the first design. Many steppe pyramids were built but were too steep and as the corners eroded, the whole pyramid fell under its own weight. They were built too steep and did not have the base structure as seen in the great pyramid.

85 :: Can a wave happen in the middle of the ocean like in the movie Poseidon 2006?

Yes. Rogue waves have been known to capsize ships.


86 :: What materials were used to build the Golden Gate Bridge?

Its materials were steel and concrete.

87 :: What is the density of most of construction materials?

If it floats it is less dense than water, 62.4 lbs/cubic ft. Wood is about 40 lbs/ cu.ft.--it floats. Concrete is 150 lbs. / cu.ft. -- It does not float.

88 :: How and where are aqueducts built?

Aqueducts are built in areas where you have a bunch of motivated end users (like a town or group of farmers) at a low elevation in need of a more reliable source of water located somewhere fairly nearby at a higher elevation. The aqueduct builders construct a series of canals, elevated channels, and tunnels as required to get the water from the source to the end users. Some good examples:

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http://www.globalguideline.com/interview_questions/Answer.php?a=Can_a_wave_happen_in_the_middle_of_the_ocean_like_in_the_movie_Poseidon_2006&page=17

http://www.globalguideline.com/interview_questions/Answer.php?a=Did_any_of_the_Egyptian_pyramids_ever_fall_down&page=17

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a) Roman engineers built aqueducts throughout Italy and France from mountain water sources to serve city dwellers

b) Water-needy Southern California cities and farms are served by an aqueduct that brings them water from sources in Northern California

c) New York City is supplied by an aqueduct and tunnel system from sources upstate.

d) Inca farmers in coastal valleys built irrigation aqueducts from sources higher up in the Rockies

e) Native American cultures in Phoenix area built irrigation canal systems that diverted water from sources at higher elevations to irrigate their crops.

89 :: What does civil status mean?

Civil means like, when you do not get on with someone, but only talk when you have to. Alternatively, when you do talk you do not argue. Alternatively, if you are with someone who is of your both friends and family, you do not ruin it for them.

90 :: What are the advantages and disadvantages of lead products in construction?

Disadvantages: -Lead is very toxic; its use can result in pollution of the ground and more importantly of water supplies. This leads to the contamination of drinking water and can cause hazards to human health as well as disrupting entire ecosystems.

Advantages: Because of its toxicity, lead is being bought less and less around the world, which of course results in the lowering of its cost. In addition, lead melts at a relatively low temperature, making it great for solder. However, recently the Chinese have show an interest in buying mass quantities to manufacture batteries made from a base of lead so the price of this metal may soon rise.


91 :: How do you measure water flowing through 300mm diameter pipes?

Same as in inches 3.14159265 and PSI have to be known.

92 :: Explain the various stages of the project planning process in construction.

First stage could be Briefing and Inception.

93 :: How do you convert wind speed into force?

Therometer

http://www.globalguideline.com/interview_questions/Answer.php?a=How_do_you_convert_wind_speed_into_force&page=19

http://www.globalguideline.com/interview_questions/Answer.php?a=Explain_the_various_stages_of_the_project_planning_process_in_construction&page=19

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94 :: What is kn measurement?

kn (both letters lowercase) is knots, which is a speed nautical miles per hour.

95 :: What are the advantages of building a dam on the river Nile?

It is the same as building a dam on any river. Dams are built to control flooding downstream during the wet season, generate power year round, and provide irrigation in the dry season.

96 :: How much does the leaning tower of Pisa lean?

About 14 feet

97 :: What is the best type of wood glue?

Noob

98 :: What are the uses of Groynes?

They prevent, or slow down erosion, and stop long shore drift. This, however, can have bad knock-on effects somewhere near.

99 :: What are the functions of a column in a building?

A column is used to support the weight of the roof and/or the upper floors. Now days, many columns are used for decorative purposes. A column along with load bearing beams can support a lot of weight.

100 :: What is an ice dam sock?

If you have never used a ice dam melting sock on your roof before, you will find that they provide an inexpensive method for removing roof ice dams and improving your home's heating efficiency. Roof ice dams are an annoying source of roof damage, leaks, and heat loss in the winter. The main causes are drip melt from improperly capped warm air vent pipes and poor roof insulation. Laying a ice melt sock onto the roof so it crosses the ice dam and overhangs the gutter, will melt through the snow and ice and create a channel for water to flow down into the gutters or off the roof. If done properly those ice sickles that form as the snow melts from the edges of the gutters will never appear, they too are a cause of much damage and are dangerous to life and limb.


101 :: What Tor stands for in Tor steel?

The owner’s last name

102 :: When was the first motorway built in England?

http://www.globalguideline.com/interview_questions/Answer.php?a=When_was_the_first_motorway_built_in_England&page=21

http://www.globalguideline.com/interview_questions/Answer.php?a=What_Tor_stands_for_in_Tor_steel&page=21


http://www.globalguideline.com/interview_questions/Answer.php?a=What_is_an_ice_dam_sock&page=20

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The first motorway opened in Britain was the M6 (M=Motorway). It was known as the Preston ByPAss. It was opened in 1958.

When it was planned, the Preston ByPAss was seen as the first piece of a large network. It was deemed a success and led to the construction of a second motorway, the M1, opened in 1959.

……………..MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM……………………………………….

enerally ,every civil engineering students is asked some basic questions in interview. Be in your perfect dress codewhite is meant for civil engineers so it would be a better dress

Apart from basic question, some skilled questions asked by interviewers ard

1.Say about shear stress and bending moment?2.could you able to operate CAD software?3.what is masnory wall?4.whats mean by english bond and flemish bond5. What is the sq.ft of one cent? {ans:436.5sqft}6. Make bar bending schedule {BBS}for this interview room. {you have to do bbs of that room with approximate length and wide}7.you have pvc and steel pipe, which one do you select for better environment? {say steel or galvanised iron pipe because pvc might cause cancer to human}8. Make mix design for this concrete ratio{ probably 1:1.5:3}9. How many longitudinal bars in a circular column to get normal strength.10. If your head officer scold about your work in site then what will you do?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

10 Things to Remember when doing Concrete Mix Design

Posted in Mix Design | Email This Post

Good quality concrete starts with the quality of materials, cost effective designs is actually a by-product of selecting the best quality material and good construction practices. Following are 10 Things to remember during Concrete Mix Design and Concrete Trials.

1. ACI and other standards only serves as a guide, initial designs must be confirmed by laboratory trial and plant trial, adjustments on the design shall be done during trial mixes. Initial design “on paper” is never the final design.

2. Always carry out trial mixes using the materials for actual use.

3. Carry out 2 or 3 design variations for every design target.

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4. Consider always the factor of safety, (1.125, 1.2, 1.25, 1.3 X target strength)

5. Before proceeding to plant trials, always confirm the source of materials to be the same as the one used in the laboratory trials.

6. Check calibration of batching plant.

7. Carry out full tests of fresh concrete at the batching plant, specially the air content and yield which is very important in commercial batching plants.

8. Correct quality control procedures at the plant will prevent future concrete problems.

9. Follow admixture recommendations from your supplier

10. Check and verify strength development, most critical stage is the 3 and 7 days strength.

Important note:Technical knowledge is an advantage for batching plant staff, even if you have good concrete design but uncommon or wrong procedures are practiced it will eventually result to failures.

Is compressive strength test required for standard mixes of concrete?

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In some countries like Britain, specification for concrete does not normally require cube tests for standard mixes of concrete. The quality control of standard mixes in Britain is achieved by checking if the appropriate mix proportions are adopted during the mixing of concrete. However, in Hong Kong the requirement of testing for compressive strength is still required for standard mixes in the specification because it is impractical to inspect and check all constituent materials (e.g. cement, aggregates etc.) for concrete for compliance. As there is high variability in mixing materials owing to variance in the origin of production of constituent materials in Hong Kong, there is a risk that the end-product concrete does not comply with the design requirements even though the mix proportions of standard mixes are followed closely by engineers.

In General Specification for Civil Engineering Works (1992 Edition), the design of roadbase material is based on recipe approach. Why?

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The design of roadbase material is based on recipe approach (David Croney and Paul Croney (1992)) because Hong Kong government follows the traditional British practice by adopting recipe design in which theaggregate grading envelope, the quantity and grade of bitumen are specified in the bituminous mix. This recipe of bituminous mix is derived based on past experience and good workmanship during construction. In

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fact, many countries nowadays adopt special design mix of roadbase which proves to produce satisfactory bituminous mixes to suit different site and design conditions.

In fact, recipe specification of bituminous materials does suffer from several drawbacks. Firstly, the conditions of traffic and climate of newly constructed bituminous road may differ from the conditions on which the recipe design is based. In case adjustment has to be made to the recipe design, it is very difficult to determine and assess the modifications required. Secondly, it poses problem to site engineers to assess the effects of minor non-compliance if recipe specification is adopted. Finally, the recipe mix may not be the most economical design which is dependent on site conditions.

Concrete Mix Design Calculations


The concrete mix design available on this site are for reference purpose only. Actual site conditions vary and thus this should be adjusted as per the location and other factors. These are just to show you how to calculate and we are thankful to all the members who have emailed us these mix designs so that these could be shared with civil engineers worldwide.

If you also have any mix design and want to share it with us, just comment on this post and we will be in touch with you.

Here is the summary of links of all the mix designs we have till date:-

Mix Design For M20 Grade Of Concrete





In case you want the complete theory of Mix Design, Go here What is Concrete Mix Design

We will add more soon. You can help us do this fast, just email us any mix design you have.



The mix design for M35 Grade Of Concrete for pile foundations provided here is for reference purpose only. Actual site conditions vary and thus this should be adjusted as per the location and other factors.

Grade of Concrete : M35Characteristic Strength (Fck) : 35 Mpa

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http://www.engineeringcivil.com/concrete-mix-design-as-per-indian-standard-code.html

http://www.engineeringcivil.com/concrete-mix-design-m-60.html

http://www.engineeringcivil.com/mix-design-m-50-grade.html

http://www.engineeringcivil.com/mix-design-m-40-grade.html

http://www.engineeringcivil.com/mix-design-for-m35-grade-of-concrete.html

http://www.engineeringcivil.com/concrete-mix-design-m-20-grade-of-concrete.html

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http://www.engineeringcivil.com/mix-design-for-m35-grade-of-concrete.html/emailpopup/

Standard Deviation : 1.91 Mpa*Target Mean Strength : T.M.S.= Fck +1.65 x S.D.(from I.S 456-2000) = 35+ 1.65×1.91= 38.15 Mpa

Test Data For Material:Aggregate Type : CrushedSpecific Gravity Cement : 3.15Coarse Aggregate : 2.67Fine Aggregate : 2.62

Water Absorption:Coarse Aggregate : 0.5%Fine Aggregate : 1.0 %

MIX DESIGN

Take Sand content as percentage of total aggregates = 36%

Select Water Cement Ratio = 0.43 for concrete grade M35

(From Fig 2. of I.S. 10262- 1982)

Select Water Content = 172 Kg

(From IS: 10262 for 20 mm nominal size of aggregates Maximum Water Content = 186 Kg/ M3 )

Hence, Cement Content= 172 / 0.43 = 400 Kg / M3

Formula for Mix Proportion of Fine and Coarse Aggregate:

1000(1-a0) = {(Cement Content / Sp. Gr. Of Cement) + Water Content +(Fa / Sp. Gr.* Pf )}

1000(1-a0) = {(Cement Content / Sp. Gr. Of Cement) + Water Content +Ca / Sp. Gr.* Pc )}

Where Ca = Coarse Aggregate Content

Fa = Fine Aggregate Content

Pf = Sand Content as percentage of total Aggregates

= 0.36

Pc = Coarse Aggregate Content as percentage of total Aggregates.

= 0.64

a0 = Percentage air content in concrete (As per IS :10262 for 20 mm nominal size of

aggregates air content is 2 %) = 0.02

Hence, 1000(1-0.02) = {(400 /3.15) + 172 +(Fa / 2.62 x 0.36)}

Fa = 642 Kg/ Cum

As the sand is of Zone II no adjustment is required for sand.

Sand Content = 642 Kg/ Cum

1000(1-0.02) = {(400 /3.15) + 172 +(Ca / 2.67 x 0.64)}

Hence, Ca = 1165 Kg/ Cum

From combined gradation of Coarse aggregates it has been found out that the proportion of 53:47 of 20 mm & 10 mm aggregates produces the best gradation as per IS: 383.

Hence, 20 mm Aggregates = 619 Kg

And 10 mm Aggregates = 546 Kg

To obtain slump in the range of 150-190 mm water reducing admixture brand SP430 from Fosroc with a dose of 0.3 % by weight of Cement shall be used.

Hence the Mix Proportion becomes:

Cem W/C Water Sand 20mm 10mm Admix

400 0.43 172 635 619 564 1.2

1 0.43 1.6 1.547 1.36 0.003

Units – Kg/ M3

Cement : Sand: Coarse Aggregates = 1 : 1.6 : 2.907

We are thankful to Er. Ishan Kaushal for this valuable information.

For column reinforcements, why is helical reinforcement sometimes designed instead of normal links?

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The use of links for column design in Britain is very popular. However, in U.S.A. engineers tend to use helical reinforcement instead of normal links because helical reinforcement has the potential advantage of protecting columns/piles against seismic loads. Moreover, when the columns reach the failure state, the concrete outside hoops cracks and falls off firstly, followed by the eventual failure of the whole columns. The peeling off of concrete outside helical reinforcement provides a warning signal before the

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sudden failure of columns as suggested by G. P. Manning (1924). In addition, it can take up a higher working load than normal link reinforcement.

For instance, helical reinforcement is adopted in the design of marine piles in Government piers.

Note: Helical reinforcement refers to shear reinforcement which is spiral in shapes.

What is Concrete Strength and what are the factors affecting it?

Posted in Concrete Engineering, Research Papers | Email This Post

ByEr. Kaushal Kishore ,Materials Engineer, Roorkee

Concrete Strength Cement like water, aggregates and some times admixtures is one of the ingredient of concrete. The mixing of these materials in specified proportions produces concrete. Accordingly cement alone is not a building material, it is the concrete which is a building material. For a given cement and acceptable aggregates, the strength that may be developed by a workable, properly placed mixture of cement, aggregates, and water (under same mixing, curing and testing conditions) is influenced by the :

a) Ratio of cement to mixing waterb) Ratio of cement to aggregates, the strength of the mortar, the bond between the mortar and the coarse aggregate.c) Grading, surface texture, shape, strength, and stiffness of aggregate particles.d) Maximum size of aggregate.

Strength of concrete is directly related to the structure of the hydrated cement paste. Air in concrete produces voids. Excess of water in concrete evaporate leave the voids in the concrete. Consequently, as the W/C ratio increases, the porosity of the cement paste in the concrete also increases. As the porosity increases, the compressive strength of the concrete decreases.

STRENGTH OF CEMENT V/S STRENGTH OF CONCRETEIt is not possible to design a concrete mix of high strength with cement of low strength. The variation in strength of cement is due largely to the lack of uniformity in the raw materials used in its manufacture, not only between different source of supply, but also with in a quarry. Further, differences in details of the process of manufacture and above all, the variation in the ash content of coal used to fire the kilin, contribute to the variation in the properties of commercial cements. This is not to deny that the modern manufacturing of cement is a highly sophisticated process.

Upto 1975, the mass production of cement in India was only OPC-33 Grade. It was found difficulty in obtaining high strength concrete with this cement. The consumer has been normally finding it difficult to get consistent and ensured supply of high strength cement for prestressed concrete and certain items of

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precast concrete. For these special requirements BIS published IS:8112, Specification for OPC-43 Grade cement. Now, the varieties of cement manufactured in India are:

1. Ordinary Portland Cement (Grade OPC-33, OPC-43 and OPC-53. OPC-33 Grade almost vanished from Indian market)2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)3. Sulphate Resistance Cement (SRC)

Test results of different brand of cement minimum to maximum compressive strength are given in the table-1.

Due to variation of cement strength, the concrete made from these cement will also have variable strength. For a correct approach in the Concrete Mix Design, if the facilities at site are available, with the given set of materials, requirements and site conditions own W/C ratio v/s compressive strength of concrete curve should be developed at site itself.

It is often observed that cement bags marked as OPC-43 Grade may really be containing cement of much higher grade. PPC cement as per IS Code is only of 33 Grade. Where as on bags it is marked as 43 MPa or 53 MPa. Site cement samples should be tested for its actual strength and other properties. There are instances where higher grade cement is being used even for low strength concrete, as mortar or even for plastering. This can lead to unnecessary cracking of concrete/surfaces.

In low grade OPC, the gain in strength will continue beyond 28th day. Due to early strength gain of higher grade of OPC the concrete strength do not increase much beyond 28th day. The heat of hydration of higher grade OPC being higher, the chances of micro-cracking of concrete is much greater. Thus during initial setting period of concrete, the higher head of hydration can lead to damaging micro-cracking with in the concrete which may not be visible at surface. The situation can be worse when we tend to increase the quantity of the cement in concrete with a belief that such increase are better for both strength and durability of concrete.

Table-1 : Compressive Strength of different Grade of Cement:

TestGrade/ Specifications

Test results as shown on test report of the cement companies

Test results obtained at independent testing laboratory

Brand1 Brand 2 Brand 3 Brand1 Brand 2 Brand 3

Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.

7-days CS N/mm2

OPC-43 Grade IS:8112

(33.0 Min.)

41.0 45.1 – 57.7 39.5 42.0 – – – – 24.7 37.0

28-days (43.0 Min.) 50.5 56.1 – 74.5 41.0 53.5 – – – – 40.0 45.0

CS N/mm2

7-days CS N/mm2

OPC-53 Grade IS:12269

(37.0 Min.)

– – – 57.8 37.8 43.5 – – – – – –

28-days CS N/mm2

(53.0 Min.) – – – 73.9 52.5 57.8 – – – – – –

7-days CS N/mm2

PPC

IS:1489 (P-1)

(22.0 Min.)

26.5 38.0 49.4 52.6 34.5 35.0 – – 25.5 38.7 – –

28-days CS N/mm2

(33.0 Min.) 48.0 50.0 63.7 67.0 51.0 54.0 – – 51.0 52.7 – –

The variation in cement strength is given below : (in N/mm2)OPC-43 Grade : 7-days from 24.7 to 57.7 and 28-days from 40.0 to 74.5OPC-53 Grade : 7-days from 37.8 to 57.8 and 28-days from 52.5 to 73.9PPC : 7-days from 25.5 to 52.6 and 28-days from 48.0 to 67.0Note: Compressive Strength (CS) of cement given are average values.

In bridge columns, why are stirrups be placed around the vertical reinforcement?

Posted in Bridge Engineering | Email This Post

In uniaxial compression test of concrete, upon reaching the ultimate load failure of concrete occurs where major cracks line up in the vertical direction and the concrete cube would be split up. The development of vertical cracks involves the expansion of concrete in lateral directions. In case the concrete is confined in lateral directions, it was observed that the formation of vertical cracks would be hindered as indicated in past experiments. As a result, the concrete strength is increased with also a rise in failure strain.

The above theory is often used in the design of bridge columns. Steel stirrups are installed at around the vertical main reinforcement. Other than the function of shear reinforcement, it helps to avoid the lateral deformation of interior concrete core so that the strength of concrete column is increased.

Concrete Mix Design – M 20 Grade Of Concrete


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1. REQUIREMENTSa) Specified minimum strength = 20 N/Sq mm

b) Durability requirementsi) Exposure Moderateii) Minimum Cement Content = 300 Kgs/cum

c) Cement(Refer Table No. 5 of IS:456-2000)i) Make Chetak (Birla)ii) Type OPCiii) Grade 43

d) Workabilityi) compacting factor = 0.7

e) Degree of quality control Good

2. TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS SUPPLIED a) CEMENTi) Specific gravity = 3.05ii) Avg. comp. strength 7 days = 46.5 more than 33.0 OK28 days = 55.0 more than 43.0 OK

b) COARSE AGGREGATEi) 20mm GradedType Crushed stone aggregateSpecific gravity = 2.68Water absorption = 1.46Free (surface) moisture = 0

c) FINE AGGREGATE (Coarse sand)i) Type Natural (Ghaggar)Specific gravity = 2.6

Water absorption = 0.5Free (surface) moisture = 1.4

3. TARGET MEAN STRENGTH (TMS)a) Statistical constant K = 1.65b) Standard deviation S = 4.6Thus, TMS = 27.59 N/Sqmm

4. SELECTION OF W/C RATIOa) As required for TMS = 0.5b) As required for ‘Moderate’ Exposure = 0.55Assume W/c ratio of 0.5

5. DETERMINATION OF WATER & SAND CONTENTFor W/C = 0.6C.F. = 0.8Max. Agg. Size of 20 mma) Water content = 186 Kg/cumb) Sand as percentage of total aggregate by absolute volume = 35 %

Thus,Net water content = 180.42 Kg/cumNet sand percentage = 33 %

6. DETERMINATION OF CEMENT CONTENTW/c ratio = 0.5Water content = 180.42 Kg/cumThus, Cement content = 360.84 Kg/cum Adequate for moderate exposure Say 360 Kg/cum

7. DETERMINATION OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE CONTENTAssume entrapped air as 2 %Thus,0.98 cum = [180.42+360/3.05 + {1/0.33}*{fa/2.6}]/1000& 0.98 cum = [180.42+360/3.05 + {1/0.67}*{Ca/2.68}]/1000Hence,fa = 584 Kg/cumCa = 1223.8 Kg/cum

The final mix proportions of M-20 grade of concrete become:-

Note: 1 The above recommended mix design must be verified, by actual cube tests.2 The mix design is based on the quality and grading of the materials actually supplied, by the client.Any variation in quality and gradation will result in changes in the mix design.

This mix design was submitted by a regular contributor to this site. We are thankful to him for his excellent service.

M-25 Mix Designs as per IS-10262-2009


Dear All

Again I am back with M-25 Mix Designs as per IS-10262-2009.

RegardsRaj Mohammad Khan

M-25 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

As per IS 10262-2009 & MORT&H

A-1 Stipulations for Proportioning

1 Grade Designation M25

2Type of Cement

OPC 53 grade confirming to IS-12269-1987

3 Maximum Nominal Aggregate Size 20 mm

4 Minimum Cement Content (MORT&H 1700-3 A) 310 kg/m3

5Maximum Water Cement Ratio (MORT&H 1700-3 A) 0.45

6 Workability (MORT&H 1700-4) 50-75 mm (Slump)

7 Exposure Condition Normal

8 Degree of Supervision Good

9 Type of Aggregate Crushed Angular Aggregate

10Maximum Cement Content (MORT&H Cl. 1703.2) 540 kg/m3

11 Chemical Admixture Type Superplasticiser Confirming to IS-9103

A-2 Test Data for Materials

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1 Cement Used Coromandal King OPC 53 grade

2 Sp. Gravity of Cement 3.15

3 Sp. Gravity of Water 1.00

4 Chemical Admixture BASF Chemicals Company

5 Sp. Gravity of 20 mm Aggregate 2.884


7 Sp. Gravity of Sand 2.605

8 Water Absorption of 20 mm Aggregate 0.97%


10 Water Absorption of Sand 1.23%

11 Free (Surface) Moisture of 20 mm Aggregate nil


13 Free (Surface) Moisture of Sand nil

14 Sieve Analysis of Individual Coarse Aggregates Separate Analysis Done

15 Sieve Analysis of Combined Coarse Aggregates Separate Analysis Done

15 Sp. Gravity of Combined Coarse Aggregates 2.882

16 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates Separate Analysis Done

A-3 Target Strength for Mix Proportioning

1 Target Mean Strength (MORT&H 1700-5) 36N/mm2

2 Characteristic Strength @ 28 days 25N/mm2

A-4 Selection of Water Cement Ratio


2 Adopted Water Cement Ratio 0.43

A-5 Selection of Water Content

1 Maximum Water content (10262-table-2) 186 Lit.

2 Estimated Water content for 50-75 mm Slump 138 Lit.

3 Superplasticiser used 0.5 % by wt. of cement

A-6 Calculation of Cement Content

1 Water Cement Ratio 0.43

2 Cement Content (138/0.43) 320 kg/m3

Which is greater then 310 kg/m3

A-7 Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate Content

1 Vol. of C.A. as per table 3 of IS 10262 62.00%

2 Adopted Vol. of Coarse Aggregate 62.00%

Adopted Vol. of Fine Aggregate ( 1-0.62) 38.00%

A-8 Mix Calculations

1 Volume of Concrete in m3 1.00

2 Volume of Cement in m3 0.10

(Mass of Cement) / (Sp. Gravity of Cement)x1000

3 Volume of Water in m3 0.138

(Mass of Water) / (Sp. Gravity of Water)x1000

4 Volume of Admixture @ 0.5% in m3 0.00134

(Mass of Admixture)/(Sp. Gravity of Admixture)x1000

5 Volume of All in Aggregate in m3 0.759

Sr. no. 1 – (Sr. no. 2+3+4)

6 Volume of Coarse Aggregate in m3 0.471

Sr. no. 5 x 0.62

7 Volume of Fine Aggregate in m3 0.288

Sr. no. 5 x 0.38

A-9 Mix Proportions for One Cum of Concrete (SSD Condition)

1 Mass of Cement in kg/m3 320

2 Mass of Water in kg/m3 138

3 Mass of Fine Aggregate in kg/m3 751

4 Mass of Coarse Aggregate in kg/m3 1356

Mass of 20 mm in kg/m3 977


5 Mass of Admixture in kg/m3 1.60


We are thankful to Er. Raj M. Khan for sharing this information with us on engineeringcivil.com. We hope this would be of great significance to civil engineers.

M-30 Mix Designs as per IS-10262-2009


Dear All

Again I am back with M-30 Mix Designs as per IS-10262-2009RegardsRaj Mohammad Khan

M-30 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

As per IS 10262-2009 & MORT&H

A-1 Stipulations for Proportioning

1 Grade Designation M30




2Type of Cement

OPC 53 grade confirming to IS-12269-1987

3 Maximum Nominal Aggregate Size 20 mm

4 Minimum Cement Content (MORT&H 1700-3 A) 310 kg/m3


6 Workability (MORT&H 1700-4) 50-75 mm (Slump)

7 Exposure Condition Normal

8 Degree of Supervision Good

9 Type of Aggregate Crushed Angular Aggregate

10Maximum Cement Content (MORT&H Cl. 1703.2) 540 kg/m3

11 Chemical Admixture Type Superplasticiser Confirming to IS-9103

A-2 Test Data for Materials

1 Cement Used Coromandal King OPC 53 grade

2 Sp. Gravity of Cement 3.15

3 Sp. Gravity of Water 1.00

4 Chemical Admixture BASF Chemicals Company



7 Sp. Gravity of Sand 2.605



10 Water Absorption of Sand 1.23%



13 Free (Surface) Moisture of Sand nil

14 Sieve Analysis of Individual Coarse Aggregates Separate Analysis Done

15 Sieve Analysis of Combined Coarse Aggregates Separate Analysis Done

15 Sp. Gravity of Combined Coarse Aggregates 2.882

16 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates Separate Analysis Done

A-3 Target Strength for Mix Proportioning

1 Target Mean Strength (MORT&H 1700-5) 42N/mm2

2 Characteristic Strength @ 28 days 30N/mm2

A-4 Selection of Water Cement Ratio


2 Adopted Water Cement Ratio 0.42

A-5 Selection of Water Content

1 Maximum Water content (10262-table-2) 186 Lit.

2 Estimated Water content for 50-75 mm Slump 160 Lit.

3 Superplasticiser used 0.5 % by wt. of cement

A-6 Calculation of Cement Content


2 Cement Content (160/0.42) 380 kg/m3

Which is greater then 310 kg/m3

A-7 Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate Content

1 Vol. of C.A. as per table 3 of IS 10262 62.00%

2 Adopted Vol. of Coarse Aggregate 62.00%

Adopted Vol. of Fine Aggregate ( 1-0.62) 38.00%

A-8 Mix Calculations

1 Volume of Concrete in m3 1.00

2 Volume of Cement in m3 0.12

(Mass of Cement) / (Sp. Gravity of Cement)x1000

3 Volume of Water in m3 0.160

(Mass of Water) / (Sp. Gravity of Water)x1000

4 Volume of Admixture @ 0.5% in m3 0.00160

(Mass of Admixture)/(Sp. Gravity of Admixture)x1000

5 Volume of All in Aggregate in m3 0.718

Sr. no. 1 – (Sr. no. 2+3+4)

6 Volume of Coarse Aggregate in m3 0.445

Sr. no. 5 x 0.62

7 Volume of Fine Aggregate in m3 0.273

Sr. no. 5 x 0.38

A-9 Mix Proportions for One Cum of Concrete (SSD Condition)

1 Mass of Cement in kg/m3 380

2 Mass of Water in kg/m3 160

3 Mass of Fine Aggregate in kg/m3 711

4 Mass of Coarse Aggregate in kg/m3 1283



5 Mass of Admixture in kg/m3 1.90


We are thankful to Er. Raj M. Khan for sharing this information with us on engineeringcivil.com. We hope this would be of great significance to civil engineers.

What is the difference in application between open stirrups and closed stirrups in concrete beams?


Open stirrups are provided principally to resist shear forces in concrete beams and they are applied in locations in which the effect of torsion is insignificant. U-shaped stirrups are placed in the tension side of concrete beams in which shear cracks would occur. However, when concrete beams are designed to resist a substantial amount of torsion, closed stirrups should be used instead.

Why is tension anchorage length generally longer than compression anchorage length?


Tension anchorage length of steel reinforcement in concrete depends on bond strength. When steel reinforcement is anchored to concrete and is subjected to compressive forces, the resistance is provided by the bond strength between concrete and steel and the bearing pressure at the reinforcement end. Tension lap length is generally longer than compression lap length. In some design codes, instead of permitting the use of bearing pressure at reinforcement ends, the allowable ultimate bond stress is increased when calculating compression anchorage length.

Does longitudinal steel serve as an enhancement of shear strength?


In addition to shear resistance provided by shear reinforcement, shear forces in a concrete section is also resisted by concrete compression force (compressive forces enhances higher shear strength), dowel actions and aggregate interlocking. The presence of longitudinal steel contributes to the enhancement of shear strength of concrete section in the following ways:

(i) The dowelling action performed by longitudinal reinforcement directly contributes significantly to the shear capacity.

(ii) The provision of longitudinal reinforcement also indirectly controls the crack widths of concrete section which consequently affects the degree of interlock between aggregates.

This question is taken from book named – A Self Learning Manual – Mastering Different Fields of Civil Engineering Works (VC-Q-A-Method) by Vincent T. H. CHU.

What is the purpose of critical steel ratio in concrete structures?

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The purpose of critical steel ratio is to control the cracking pattern by having concrete failing in tension first. If steel reinforcement yields first before the limit of concrete tensile strength is reached, then wide and few cracks would be formed. In the calculation of critical steel ratio, the thickness of the whole concrete section is adopted for analysis. However, if the concrete section exceeds 500mm in thickness, only the outer 250mm concrete has to be considered in calculating minimum reinforcement to control thermal and shrinkage cracks. It is because experimental works showed that for concrete section greater than 500mm, the outer 250mm on each face could be regarded as surface zone while the remaining could be regarded as core. The minimum reinforcement to control cracking should therefore be calculated based on a total maximum thickness of 500mm.

What are the reasons of establishing minimum area of reinforcement and maximum area of reinforcement?


Beams may be designed to be larger than required for strength consideration owing to aesthetics or other reasons. As such, the corresponding steel ratio is very low and the moment capacity of pure concrete section based on the modulus of rupture is higher than its ultimate moment of resistance. As a result, reinforcement yields first and extremely wide cracks will be formed. A minimum area of reinforcement is specified to avoid the formation of wide cracks.

On the other hand, a maximum area of reinforcement is specified to enable the placing and compaction of fresh concrete to take place easily.

What is the purpose of reinforcement in concrete roads?

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The main purposes of reinforcement in concrete roads are:

(i) to control the development and pattern of cracks in concrete pavement.

(ii) to reduce the spacing of joints. In general, joints and reinforcement in concrete structures are common design measures to cater for thermal and shrinkage movement. Hence, the inclusion of reinforcement allowsthe formation of tiny cracks in concrete pavement and this allows wider spacing of joints.

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In fact, the amount of reinforcement in concrete slab is not substantial and its contribution to the structural strength of roads is not significant.


What is the purpose of reinforcement in concrete roads?

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The main purposes of reinforcement in concrete roads are:

(i) to control the development and pattern of cracks in concrete pavement.

(ii) to reduce the spacing of joints. In general, joints and reinforcement in concrete structures are common design measures to cater for thermal and shrinkage movement. Hence, the inclusion of reinforcement allowsthe formation of tiny cracks in concrete pavement and this allows wider spacing of joints.

In fact, the amount of reinforcement in concrete slab is not substantial and its contribution to the structural strength of roads is not significant.


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