What is pain? According to the International Association for the Society of Pain, Pain is: “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage”. http: /www.iasppain.orgContentNavigationMenuGeneralResourceLi nks /PainDefinitions/default.htm
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What is pain? According to the International Association for the Society of Pain, Pain is: “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with.
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What is pain?
According to the International Association for the Society of Pain,
Pain is:
“An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or
Acute & Chronic Pain“The terms acute and chronic refer exclusively to the time course of the pain,
irrespective of aetiology” (Craft, Gordon, and Tiziani, 2011, p.144).
Acute Pain:
• Acute pain refers to any pain that lasts less than 3 months.
• Usually has a predicable ending (healing).
• Examples: Aching muscles after exercise, cut to the finger, broken bone.
Chronic Pain:
• Chronic Pain is a “persistent or recurring pain that continues for more than 3 months” (Bryant & Knights, 2011, p.281).
• Usually prolonged, recurring or persisting over a long period time.
• Examples include: arthritis and back pain
Another way to categorise pain is to refer to the pathophysiology of pain:
• Nociceptive• Neuropathic• Psychogenic
Nociceptive:
• Most common type of pain. • Typically described as sharp and well localised.• Caused by irritation of the peripheral sensory
nerves.
(Glouke, 2003, p. 444)
Nociceptive:
• External:• Most common, pain usually involves trauma to the skin but may
extend to the underlying tissues. • Usually lasts from a few seconds to a few days.
• Internal• Less common and usually more severe. It has numerous causes, eg
severe trauma due to bone fractures, surgery or childbirth.• Virtually a symptom of all diseases at some point during disease
progression.• Usually lasts few days to weeks.
Neuropathic Pain
• Injury or disease of the central nervous system rather than the peripheral tissue.
• Usually lasts between a few months to many years.
• Difficult to treat due to the lack of knowledge of the underlying cause.
• May occur in the presence of a neurological deficit
• May be unaccompanied by ongoing tissue damage.
• May occur in an area of sensory loss.• May be burning, shooting or pins and needles
(not sharp like nociceptive).
Psychogenic Pain
• Severe and persistent pain but for which there appears to be no underlying pathology.
• Pain experienced (Headaches, abdominal pain, back pain) is indistinguishable from that experienced by people with identifiable injuries or diseases.
• This kind of pain can be very frustrating to sufferers and can interfere with their ability to function normally.
Clinical Manifestations of Pain“No two people are likely to experience the same level of pain for a given painful stimulus” (Craft et al., 2011, p.150).
Pain Tolerance:“Maximum amount of painful stimuli that a person is willing to withstand without seeking avoidance of the pain or relief” (Berman et al., 2010, p.1249).
What affects Pain Tolerance?Fatigue, anger, boredom, apprehension, sleep deprivation. Alcohol consumption, medication, hypnosis, warmth, distracting activities and strong beliefs or faiths.
Pain tolerance is influenced by a number of factors including;
• Age• Cultural perceptions • Expectations• Gender• Physical and mental health
Age:• Different reaction to pain• Understanding of pain
Gender:• “Females display greater sensitivity to pain than males do.
There are differences in the way women cope with pain, report pain and respond to pain” (Crisp & Taylor, 2009, p.1096).
Case Study Name: DavidAge: 30Gender: MaleSummary: Sustained an injury to his calcanium in his left foot after falling from a height of 3 metres at work.
• Questions for quiz:• What is the difference between Chronic and Acute pain?• What are the 3 types of pain?• List 3 factors that influence pain
ReferencesBerman, A., Snyders, S., Kozier, B., Erb, G., Levert-Jones, T., Dwyer, T.,… Stanley, D. (2010). Kozier & Erb’s fundamentals of nursing. (1st Australian ed.). Sydney: Pearson & Prentice Hall.
Bryant, B., & Knights, K. (2011) Pharmacology for Health Professionals (3rd ed.). Chatswood NSW: Elsevier Mosby.
Crisp, J., & Taylor, C. (2009) Potter & Perry’s fundamentals of nursing (3rd ed.). Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier Mosby.
Craft, J., Gordon, C., & Tiziani, A. (2011) Understanding pathophysiology. Chatswood NSW: Elsevier Mosby.Glouke, R. C., (2003) The Management of persistent pain. Medical Journal of Australia, 178(9), 444-447.
Loeser, D. (2011) IASP Taxonomy. Retrieved from http://www.iasp-pain.org/Content/NavigationMenu/GeneralResourceLinks/PainDefinitions/default.htm
Weber, J. R., (2010) Nurses’ handbook of health assessment. ( 7th ed.). Sydney: Woters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Williams, R. (2011) Pain. Retrieved from http://www.localhealth.com/article/pain