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1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Apr 02, 2015

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Page 1: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

1

الرحيم الرحمن الله بسم الرحيم الرحمن الله بسم

Page 2: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

2

What is Pain???

" An unpleasant sensory or emotional

experience associated with actual or

potential tissue damage, . Pain is

always subjective .

It is a Protective Mechanism for body

IASP (International Association for Study of Pain )

Page 3: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Classification of fibers in peripheral nervesFiber Group Innervations Diameter µm Velocity (m/sec)

A-alpha M-spindle motor to skeletal 15 100

A-beta C-touch & pressure afferent 8 50

A-gama M-to muscle spind 6 20

A-delta Mech-ther Nocice < 3 15

B Sympathetic pre g 3 7

C *

Mech-ther Nocice Sympathetic post g

1 1

*

Page 4: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.
Page 5: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

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Peripheral Receptors

.1First (Fast) pain: Well-localized & brief Sharp & Pricking , Receptors are High-threshold

Mechanoreceptors (specific noci-ceptors)

2. Second (Slow) pain : More diffuse & protracted Dull & Aching , (Polymodal

noci-ceptors) Visceral Pain

Sources, Pathways, Perception &

Treatments, are very different .

Page 6: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Analgesic: (opioids & NSAIDs)

روي • هستندكه داروهائي رسپتورهاياپوئيدهاميكنند عمل مركزي عصبي سيستم اختصاصي

از • يكسري عمل محل رسپتورها پپتيدهاي پلياين

مثل هستند اندورفينو انكفاليناندوژن اپوئيدهاي • شبيه ضددردي خواص پپتيدها پلي اين

دارند تزريقي راو • استم برين خاكستري زياددرماده باغلظت انكفالين

وجوددارد نخاعومدت بتاآندرفين• درشت ملكولهاي

غده از زياد ترشح پيتوئيتراثرطوالنيتروباغلظت ميشود

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Page 7: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

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Opiates and their receptors

Opioid receptor: delta, kappa & mu .

In brain, & Spinal cord for pain & other functions. mu receptors, are in, parabrachial nuclei ,

Locus coeruleus & Ventral tegmentum.

(stimulation cause, Respiratory depression.)

Some believe that μ1 and μ2 receptors are with pain and respiratory depression .

Page 8: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

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Endogenous opioids Enkephalins, Endorphins and Dynorphins.

Enkephalins act on delta receptors, Dynorphins act on kappa receptors,

Endorphin act on mu & delta receptors, Morphine is mu agonist. . mu & delta receptors act on same cells,

stimulation of one receptor increase affinity of other! Beta endorphin is also

"neurohormone,“ effects on neurones with mu receptors, after released

from hypothalamus.

Page 9: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

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الرحيم الرحمن اللهبسم

Page 10: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

PhenanthrenPolycyclic Arumatic Hydrocarbon

10

ريشه اصلي تمام

نارکوتيکها

Page 11: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

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Agonist = dose-dependent agonist effect

Antagonist = antagonising effect

Agonist / Antagonist = agonist effects at one Receptor & antagonist effects at another .

( biphasic clinical effects .). . e g antagonism of opioid-induced analgesia at low doses

& .analgesia at high doses .

Partial-agonists = agonist-like effects in low concentration but increased doses have no further effect .

Page 12: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Classification of Opioids•A-Opioid Agonists:• 1-Natural opium Alkaloids• a-Morphine• b-Codeine• 2-Semisynthetic opium Alkaloids• Diamorphine• 3-Synthetic opioids a-

Pethidine b-Fentanyl c-Alfentanil •b-Sufentanil e-Remifentanil

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Page 13: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Classification of Opioids

•B-Partial opioid Agonists• 1-Bupernorphine• 2-Meptazinol

•C-Opioid Agonist/Antagonist• 1-Pentazocine• 2-Nalbuphine

•D-Opioid Antagonist• 1-Naloxone(naline-nalorphine)• 2-Naltrexone

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Page 14: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

فارماكولوژي تحريكاثرات رسپتورها •Effect mu kappa sigma

•Analgesia Yes Yes No

•Ventilation Dep Dep Stimu

•Behaviour Euph Sed Dys

•Pupil Mio Myd Myd

•Phy depend Yes No No

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Page 15: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

روي اپوئيدي داروهاي اثراتDrug mu kappa sigmaرسپتورها

Morphine Ago Ago No activBupernorphine P-Ago No activ No activMeptazinol P-Ago No activ No activ

Pentazocine Anta P-Ago AgoNalbuphine Anta P-Ago AgoNalorphine Anta P-Ago AgoNaloxone Anta Anta Anta

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Morphine

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Page 17: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Actions & Side effects of Morphine• Central Depressant•1 -Analgesia•2 -Sedation•3 -Depression of cough reflex

•4 = = -Respiratory centre

•5 = = -Metabolic rate

•6 = = -Vasomotor centre17

Page 18: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Actions & Side effects of Morphine • Central Excitatory•1-Euphoria . Hallucination•2-Convulsion (in very high dosage)•3-Miosis (stimul of 3th N) •4-Vomiting (stimul of CTZ)•5-Nausea) = = ( •6-Bradycardia (Vagal stimul)•7-Release of ADH•8-Supres of ACTH . FSH . LH

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Page 19: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Actions & Side effects of Morphine• Peripheral (Non-nociceptive)

• A-Increase in smooth muscle tone

• B-Histamine release• 1-Broncho-spasme• 2-Hypotension• 3-Erythema• 4-Sensation of Warmth & Flushing

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Page 20: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

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Pharmacokinetic & dynamic of Morphine

Less lipid soluble, Tertiary amine, week base , More water soluble, Effective in

Dull & Continuous Pain, Diminished Psychological & Emotional of Pain ,

R.S. Depress Ventilation &Tidal volume ,C.V.S. Hypotension, Arteriolar & Venous dilation,G.I.S. Nausea & Vomit,6-8h, Reduce Peristalsis,

Increase Non-peristalsis, Delay G. Empty , Constipation, Sphincter, Oddi, Bladder ,&

Ureter .

Page 21: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

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Distribution & Elimination35% bound protein. Enterohepatic recirculation ,

Liver Metabolism: dealkylation, oxidation, & conjugation with glucuronide .

Metabolite: Morphine-6-glucuronide .

Half-life: 2-4h ,Excrete: Kidney, Cross Placenta barrier .

Dose & Administration: 10 – 15 mg IV – IM – Or.

Page 22: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

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Page 23: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Diamorphine:

•Diacetyl morphine

•semisynthetic• 2x morphine

•rapid onset•least res. Arrest

•no vomiting or nausea

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Page 24: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

papavertum•Analgesia and

relaxation of

smooth muscles

•more sedation less respira.

depression

•Its alkaloids are:

•codeine•tebaine•narcotine•papaverin

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Page 25: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Pethidine

•Synthetic•Analgesic•Relax Smooth M.

•causes Arrhythmia•Norpethidine is its

metabolite which causes

seizure and

irritability

•Renal excretion•not be used in renal failure

•with MAO inh. Causes

seizure, coma,

hypertension•100mg of Peth =

10 mg of Morph

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Page 26: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Pethidine cholinergic eff

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Dose 25 – 50 mg IV , 100 – 150 mg IM ,

Duration 2 – 3 h Cross Placenta

Convulsion, Coma ,&Hypertension with

MAOI

Page 27: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

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الرحيم اللهبسم الرحمن

Page 28: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Buprenorphine •Tebaine derivative•synthetic•10 mg of M = 0.4 mg OF buprnorphine •Duration: 6 – 8 h ,•Dose: 0.3 -0.6 mg use IV IM & Oral

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Page 29: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Fentanyl

•Synthetic•actions like pethidine•100x more potent than

morphine•Duration: 20-30 min

•Dose in adults: 50-100 micg IV

•Very Lipid-soluble 29

Page 30: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

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Fentanyl

Onset: 1-2 min ,

Duration: 20 – 30 min

Dose: 50 -100 micg IV

R.S. depression

C.V.S. hypotension & bradycardia

Need IPPV & ITU for 24 h (in large dose) .

Page 31: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Alfentanil & Remifentanil

•Synthetic•fentanil derivative

•Dose: 500 micg

•Duration:5-10 min

•Very Lipid-soluble

•R.S. Less depression

•C.V.S. depress more than fentanil .

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Page 32: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

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MethadoneLong-acting mu-receptor like Morphine .

Onset, oraly 20 – 30 min Duration, peak= 4h, half-life= 15-40h .

Therapeutic: Chronic pain, & opioid abstinence

Syndromes, & treatment Heroin users, & Antitussive .

Dose: oral,2.5 – 15mg. IV & IM, 2.5 – 10mg.

Page 33: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

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Other OpioidsPhenoperidine

Levorphanol

Rapifen

Sufentanil

Meptazinol

Nalbuphine

Page 34: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Opioid antagonists:

•Naloxone•Nalorphine•Naltrexone•Levallorphan

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Page 35: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Naloxone

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Page 36: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Non opioid analgesics: NSAIDs•Inhibit the action of COX•examples are:

•ASA (acetic-salicilic-acid)

•Indomethacin•Diclofenac•keterolac•Paracetamol

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Page 37: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

اداره درد حاد - بیدردی کنترل بعدازعمل

شده توسط بیمار

- بیدردی نوروآگزیال

رویکردهای - جایگزین دراداره

دردحاد بعداز عمل

- بلوک های عصبی محیطی

- بیدردی ناحیه ای داخل پلور

- تحریک الکتریکی عصب

از راه جلد

-نوروفیزیولژی درد

- درک درد - تعدیل درک

درد - سیستمهای

ارائه بیدردی - تجویز خوراکی

- تجویز داخل عضالنی

- تجویز داخل وریدی

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Page 38: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Descending Systems•Three major functionally interrelated

components:

Opioid

Noradrenergic,

Serotonergic systems.

: عملکرد مهم مرتبط جزء سه

Page 39: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Modulation of NociceptionHistamine & Inflammatory mediators, such as:

Peptides (e.g., bradykinin), Lipids (e.g., prostaglandins),

Neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin), & Neurotrophins (e.g. nerve growth factor)

: ریلیز موجب جراحی برش

شدن. فعال موجب سرانجام که میشوندانتقال وشروع محیطی های نوسیسپتورمرکزی عصبی سیستم به درد اطالعات

میشوند.

Page 40: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Preemptive and Preventive Analgesia

پیشگیری ازدرد. بعداز برش جراحی یا یک تروما .

حساسیتزائی محیطی یا مرکزی ایجاد میشود.

تعریف دقیق ازپیشگیری درد یکی از مباحث عمده

کنترل درد است . بیدردی پیشگیرانه شبیه یک تداخل

ضد دردی است که باید قبل از شروع برش جراحی اقدام نموده وازانتقال تحریکات دردناک به

سیستم عصبی مرکزی جلوگیری نمود .) قبل از

عمل. حین عمل . وبعدازعمل.(

Page 41: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

درد درک تعدیلمسیرحسی مختلف پیش آوراندرسطوح

: . مثال میدهد رخ درکورتکس درد ازدرکدر دردناک ایمپالس تعدیل منشاءمیتواند

) ودر ) درد های گیرنده هرنقطهتحریکحسی . آورانازمسیرهای جائیکه صعودی

. سیناپتیک انتقال بگیرد صورت میدهد رخازطریق تعدیل میتواند درد بیشتردرک

که نزولی وابران مهاریمسیرهای . ساقهدرسطح دهد رخ میگیرد منشاء مغز

Modulation of Nociception

Page 42: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

تعدیل درک دردمحیطی

یا با آزادسازی ویا با حذف مدیاتورهای

آندوژن التهابی در مجاورت گیرنده درد

صورت میگیرد.

Page 43: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

پروستاگالندینهاهیستامین

برادیکینینسروتونین

کولین استیلاسیدالکتیک

هیدروژن ینپتاسیم ین

Page 44: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

تحریکیگلوتاماتآسپارتات

ای روده پپتیدهای پلیسیستوکینین عروق کله

کننده آزاد پپتیدهایآنژیوتنسینگاسترین

پی مادهدهنده وقفه

انکفالیناندورفین

تاتین تس سوما

Page 45: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

Epidural Administrationازروش تزریق. مخدر اپیدورالاستفاده با

بصورت یا برای. مداوم انفوزیون متناوب. بعدازعمل بیدردی

تزریق اپیدورال فضای مخدرداخل وقتیاز. باید . دوراشد رسپتورهای وبه بگذرد

. ژالتینی مادهمخدر دوزمخدر برسد نخاعنیازتقریبا اینتراتکال دهمورد برابرروش

دوست. چربی اثرداروهای میباشد. فنتانیل) بعلت( عروقزودترظاهرمیشود

. داخل تزریق مشابه اپیدورال فضای. وریدی سیستمیک اثرات وهمان است

. تنفسی تهویه سرکوب) رادارد(

Page 46: 1 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. 2 What is Pain ??? "An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage,. Pain is.

یک کردن مثل مخدرکوتاهاضافه فنتانیلاثرحاوی محلول ازعمل. مرفینبه قبل

. موئثر بیدردیموجب است بیداری بهنگامدر 1 )بوپیواکائین ( 1میلیگرم راهم میلیلیتر

. درآن که کرد اضافه محلول به میتواندر آوران ایمپالسهای دومحلصورت

با کامل دومکانیسممختلف بیدردی موجبدوآگونیست میشود . کلونیدینها )آلفا

آن( دکسمتودومدین به میتوان راهم . بهره کامل وازبیدردی نمود اضافه محلول

( . شد دوزهمراه مند کاهشعوارض (. کاهش

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