What does the title of this book mean? The Industrial Revolution.

What does the title of What does the title of this book mean?this book mean?

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

Think …Think …

• What are the advantages of making What are the advantages of making items (stationary, clothes, cars) by items (stationary, clothes, cars) by hand?hand?

• What are the disadvantages?What are the disadvantages?

• What are the advantages of mass-What are the advantages of mass-production?production?

• What are the disadvantages?What are the disadvantages?

• Do you think that factories were an Do you think that factories were an improvement in making products? Why?improvement in making products? Why?

Imagine …You are a 15-yr-old living in England where the Industrial Revolution has spurred the growth of 1000s of factories. Cheap labor is in great demand. Like millions of other teenagers, you don’t go to school. Instead you work in a factory 6 days a week, 14 hrs a day. The small pay you earn is needed to help support your family. You trudge to work before dawn every day & work until after sundown. The dangerous machines injure your fellow workers. Minding the machines is exhausting, dirty, & dangerous. Inside the factory the air is foul, & it’s so dark it’s hard to see inside.

What emotions does this photograph stir?

How do you think these children feel?

How old does this girl appear to be?How old does this girl appear to be?

How does her life appear to differ from How does her life appear to differ from yours at that age?yours at that age?

How do the working conditions appear dangerous?

Faces of Lost Youth: How are they “lost”?

Would you join a union, go to school, or run away? Why?

Working in the Factories

Working in the Factory

Which conditions concern you the most?

How have times changed?

How are they similar?

Factors that Spurred Factors that Spurred GrowthGrowth

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution Rise in PopulationRise in Population Great Britain’s advantagesGreat Britain’s advantages

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution1.1. Enclosure MovementEnclosure Movement- Fenced in land (the Fenced in land (the

wealthy)wealthy)- Sm. farms disappeared Sm. farms disappeared

(poor peasants)(poor peasants)- Lg. Plots: Experimented Lg. Plots: Experimented

w/ new farming w/ new farming methods (influence of methods (influence of Sci. Rev.)Sci. Rev.)

- Seed DrillSeed Drill

Agricultural Revolution Agricultural Revolution (cont.)(cont.)

2. 2. Crop RotationCrop Rotation- Crops replenished Crops replenished

nutrientsnutrients- Improved soil Improved soil → more → more

cropscrops

3. 3. Improved LivestockImproved Livestock- Allowed only best Allowed only best

animals to breed animals to breed ↑↑size size & quality of farm animals& quality of farm animals

4. Effects:4. Effects:- More FoodMore Food- Population Population ↑↑

That’s one big sheep!

Rotating Crops Yearly

Great Britain’s Great Britain’s AdvantagesAdvantages

THINK: (DON’T WRITE)THINK: (DON’T WRITE)- What advantages did and/or What advantages did and/or

could Britain specifically have could Britain specifically have had to foster an Industrial had to foster an Industrial Revolution?Revolution?

(Think about: Location! Location! (Think about: Location! Location! Location!; social climate, Location!; social climate, political climate, what is needed political climate, what is needed to industrialize)to industrialize)

Great Britain’s Great Britain’s AdvantagesAdvantages

1.1. Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

2.2. Favorable GeographyFavorable Geography

3.3. Favorable Climate for New IdeasFavorable Climate for New Ideas

4.4. Banking SystemBanking System

5.5. Political StabilityPolitical Stability

1. Natural Resources1. Natural Resources

WaterpoWaterpowerwer

CoalCoal = = Energy 4 Energy 4 MachinesMachines

= 4 = 4 MachinesMachines

Iron OreIron Ore = = Machines, Machines, Tools, & Tools, & BuildingsBuildings

AA..

BB. .

CC. .

2. Favorable Geography2. Favorable Geography

1.1. Harbors, lg. fleetsHarbors, lg. fleets

2.2. TradeTrade

- Essential to - Essential to growthgrowth

- - wealthy class of wealthy class of ship-owners & ship-owners & merchants w/ $ to merchants w/ $ to spend at home.spend at home.

3. Favorable Climate 4 3. Favorable Climate 4 New IdeasNew Ideas

1.1. Royal SocietyRoyal Society: exchange of : exchange of scientific ideas & inventionsscientific ideas & inventions

2.2. Lunar SocietyLunar Society: scientific club : scientific club (“Lunatics”)(“Lunatics”)

- Met once a month @ full moon- Met once a month @ full moon

3.3. Rewards for New Ideas:Rewards for New Ideas:

- Business ppl invested- Business ppl invested

- Business investors were - Business investors were inventorsinventors

4. Good Banking System4. Good Banking System

1.1. Most highly developed EuropeMost highly developed Europe

2.2. Loans: most imp. service of Loans: most imp. service of banks therebanks there

- Invest in new machinery- Invest in new machinery

- Build new factories- Build new factories

- Expand operations- Expand operations

5. Political Stability5. Political Stability

1.1. No wars on British Soil in 1700sNo wars on British Soil in 1700s

2.2. Century of peaceCentury of peace

3.3. No worries about hostile armiesNo worries about hostile armies

4.4. British govt favored econ growthBritish govt favored econ growth

- Why would an economy often decline Why would an economy often decline during a war?during a war?

- Why would an economy be stimulated Why would an economy be stimulated during a war?during a war?

Daily Response

• What do you believe is the most important invention ever created?

(** Excluding paper, electricity, & fire … )

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

The Role of The Role of IndividualsIndividuals

&&

IdeasIdeas

Inventions:Inventions:

AgricultureAgriculture

1.1.Seed DrillSeed Drill

2.2.Crop Crop RotationRotation

Jethro Tull: AgricultureJethro Tull: Agriculture

1.1. Prob: Scattering Prob: Scattering seeds = wasteful seeds = wasteful (not all took root)(not all took root)

2.2. Solution: Solution: Seed DrillSeed Drill

3.3. Effects:Effects:

- Well-spaced rows- Well-spaced rows

- Equal depths- Equal depths

- Larger yields- Larger yields

4. Think: “tuLL/driLL”)4. Think: “tuLL/driLL”)

Viscount Charles Viscount Charles Townshend: Agr.Townshend: Agr.

1.1. Prob: Let land lie Prob: Let land lie fallow every 2-3 yrs fallow every 2-3 yrs (**Why a prob??)(**Why a prob??)

2.2. Solution: Solution: Crop Crop RotationRotation

3.3. EffectsEffects

- Restored soil- Restored soil

- Nickname: - Nickname: “Turnip “Turnip Townshend”Townshend” (fave (fave crop)crop)

Inventions:Inventions:

Textile IndustryTextile Industry1.1.Spinning Spinning

JennyJenny

2.2.Spinning Spinning MuleMule

3.3.Power Power LoomLoom

James Hargreaves: James Hargreaves: WeavingWeaving

1.1. Prob: Needed new Prob: Needed new spinning machine spinning machine (weavers worked so (weavers worked so quickly spinners couldn’t quickly spinners couldn’t keep up)keep up)

2.2. Solution: Solution: Spinning Spinning JennyJenny (After his wife, (After his wife, Jenny)Jenny)

3.3. EffectsEffects

- One worker could - One worker could work 6-8 threads at a work 6-8 threads at a timetime

4. Think: “James & Jenny”4. Think: “James & Jenny”

Samuel Crompton: Samuel Crompton: WeavingWeaving

1.1. Prob: Flying Shuttle Prob: Flying Shuttle & Jenny were hand-& Jenny were hand-operatedoperated

2.2. Solution: Solution: Spinning Spinning MuleMule (combined jenny (combined jenny & water frame) & water frame)

3.3. EffectsEffects

- Made thread - Made thread stronger, finer, & stronger, finer, & more evenmore even

- But…too lg & - But…too lg & expensive for ppl to expensive for ppl to use at home … which use at home … which gave rise to what??gave rise to what??

““Mule”=offspring of Mule”=offspring of horse & donkeyhorse & donkey

““Spinning Spinning Mule”=offspring, too!Mule”=offspring, too!

Edmund Cartwright: Edmund Cartwright: SpinningSpinning

1.1. Prob: Needed to Prob: Needed to speed up weavingspeed up weaving

2.2. Solution: Solution: Power LoomPower Loom (Run by water power)(Run by water power)

3.3. Effects:Effects:

- Used in lg factories- Used in lg factories

- Weaving of cloth - Weaving of cloth caught up w/ spinning caught up w/ spinning of yarnof yarn

- Spinners & weavers - Spinners & weavers worked so fast cotton worked so fast cotton growers couldn’t keep growers couldn’t keep up!up!

Early Power Looms: Early Power Looms: Power comes from Power comes from overhead shafts which overhead shafts which are turned by a water are turned by a water wheel or a steam wheel or a steam engineengine

Inventions:Inventions:

Cotton IndustryCotton Industry

1.1.Cotton GinCotton Gin

Eli Whitney: CottonEli Whitney: Cotton

1.1. Prob: Removing Prob: Removing seeds form cotton: seeds form cotton: too much timetoo much time

2.2. Solution: Solution: Cotton GinCotton Gin3.3. Effects:Effects:

- Picked & cleaned 10 - Picked & cleaned 10 times as much as times as much as beforebefore- - ↑↑in Am. Cotton in Am. Cotton productionproduction-**Now: enough -**Now: enough cotton to keep cotton to keep factories in Britain factories in Britain goinggoing

Inventions:Inventions:

Engines & Travel Engines & Travel

1.1.Steam EngineSteam Engine

2.2.McAdam McAdam SurfaceSurface

3.3.Improved Improved EnginesEngines

4.4.RailroadsRailroads

James Watt: EngineJames Watt: Engine1.1. Prob: Machines & Prob: Machines &

looms used looms used waterpower … *What’s waterpower … *What’s the drawback?the drawback?

2.2. Solution: Solution: Steam Steam EngineEngine ( pump water ( pump water from mines 3x faster)from mines 3x faster)

3.3. Effect:Effect:- Entrepreneurs - Entrepreneurs --Faster, less fuelFaster, less fuel- 1st source of power - 1st source of power that could be used that could be used anywhere, anytime anywhere, anytime (used coal … didn’t (used coal … didn’t need to be next to need to be next to river)river)

John McAdam:John McAdam:1.1. Prob: British roads had Prob: British roads had

poor drainagepoor drainage

2.2. Solution: Solution: “Macadam” “Macadam” surfacesurface: Built : Built roadbeds w/ layer of lg roadbeds w/ layer of lg stones for drainagestones for drainage

- Over bed: smooth - Over bed: smooth layer of crushed rocklayer of crushed rock

3.3. Effects:Effects:

- Not as muddy or - Not as muddy or dustydusty

- Heavy wagons could - Heavy wagons could travel over in rainy travel over in rainy weather w/o sinking weather w/o sinking axels into mudaxels into mud

Richard Trevithick: Richard Trevithick: EngineEngine

1.1. Prob: needed Prob: needed smaller steam smaller steam power enginespower engines

2.2. Solution: Solution: EngineEngine: : small & powerfulsmall & powerful

3.3. Effects:Effects:

- Could transport - Could transport goodsgoods

- Later: RR lines- Later: RR lines

- Entrepreneurial - Entrepreneurial spiritspirit

George Stephenson: RRsGeorge Stephenson: RRs1.1. Prob. : Needed RR Prob. : Needed RR

lines to connect lines to connect major cities (major cities (WHY?)WHY?)

2.2. Solution: World’s 1st Solution: World’s 1st RR lineRR line- “Rocket”: engine: - “Rocket”: engine: hauled 13 tons, 24 hauled 13 tons, 24 mphmph

3.3. Effects:Effects:- Liverpool-- Liverpool-Manchester RRManchester RR- Others built RR’s - Others built RR’s all over GBall over GB

RR’s: Effects (cont)RR’s: Effects (cont)- Industrial growthIndustrial growth: :

transport goods cheap & transport goods cheap & fastfast

- Needed Needed more iron & coalmore iron & coal: : growth in transportation growth in transportation ind’s (steamboats & RR’s)ind’s (steamboats & RR’s)

- New jobsNew jobs: booming coal & : booming coal & iron industriesiron industries

- Boost to agricultureBoost to agriculture- New view of travelNew view of travel: now : now

quick & cheap (ppl. quick & cheap (ppl. worked in cities)worked in cities)

- More salesMore sales more more factories & machineryfactories & machinery

Daily Response

• What is socialism?• Why do you think people

wanted it? What conditions would prompt this idea?

Industrialization: Social Industrialization: Social ImpactsImpacts

New FactoriesNew Factories Spread of IndustrializationSpread of Industrialization Growth of Population in CitiesGrowth of Population in Cities New Social ClassesNew Social Classes

- Industrial Middle Class- Industrial Middle Class

- Industrial Working Class- Industrial Working Class Early SocialismEarly Socialism What are some What are some

effects of this effects of this transition?transition?

New FactoriesNew Factories1.1. New labor systemNew labor system

2.2. Owners: work machinesOwners: work machines

- Regular hours/shifts- Regular hours/shifts

3.3. Work disciplineWork discipline

- Aim: “To make men - Aim: “To make men into machines that into machines that cannot err”cannot err”

- Detailed Regulations - Detailed Regulations (fined/lost job if late, (fined/lost job if late, drunk; children: beatendrunk; children: beaten

4.4. Successful: GB=1st & Successful: GB=1st & richest industrialized richest industrialized nationnation

How did this How did this development development

change the family change the family structure?structure?

New FactoriesNew Factories

THINKTHINK

- What would probably - What would probably happen to the present happen to the present day firm that used the day firm that used the methods described to methods described to maintain control over maintain control over its workers?its workers?

- What does this - What does this indicate about the indicate about the need for govt. need for govt. protection of workers?protection of workers?

How does this How does this challenge challenge

Smith’s theory Smith’s theory of the roles of of the roles of

govt.?govt.?

Spread of Spread of IndustrializationIndustrialization

1.1. Govt.’s encouraged Govt.’s encouraged itit

- Training schools- Training schools

- $ on roads, canals, - $ on roads, canals, RR’sRR’s

2.2. Spread to U.S.Spread to U.S.

- - in pop & in pop & workersworkers

- Roads & canals, - Roads & canals, RR’sRR’s

- Factory labor - Factory labor (women, children)(women, children)

WANTEDWANTED

A few sober & A few sober & industrious families of industrious families of

at least 5 children at least 5 children each, over the age of each, over the age of

8 years, are wanted at 8 years, are wanted at Cotton Factory in Cotton Factory in

Whitestown. Widows Whitestown. Widows with large families with large families would do well to would do well to

attend this notice.attend this notice.

Growth of Population in Growth of Population in CitiesCities

1.1. StatsStats

-1750: Euro=140 million-1750: Euro=140 million

-1800: Euro=187 million-1800: Euro=187 million

-1850: Euro=266 million-1850: Euro=266 million

2.2. FactorsFactors

- - in death rates, in death rates, diseases, & warsdiseases, & wars

- - in food supply in food supply

3.3. Exception: IRE: (famine)Exception: IRE: (famine)

4.4. Cities: RR’s facilitatedCities: RR’s facilitated

5.5. London= major cityLondon= major citySlum Neighborhood Slum Neighborhood

in Londonin London

Population Growth: Population Growth: London SlumsLondon Slums

• How did the How did the RR’s contribute RR’s contribute to the pollution to the pollution that existed in that existed in these these neighborhoods?neighborhoods?

• Evaluate:Evaluate:

““In the long-run In the long-run the industrial the industrial revolution was revolution was good for all good for all classes of classes of British society British society b/c it created so b/c it created so much new much new wealth in that wealth in that nation.”nation.”

New Social Class: Industrial New Social Class: Industrial Middle ClassMiddle Class

1.1. BourgeoisieBourgeoisie=middle =middle classclass

- Now: town-dweller - Now: town-dweller involved in industry, involved in industry, banking, & professionsbanking, & professions

2.2. CompositionComposition: ppl. who : ppl. who built factories, bought built factories, bought machinesmachines

3.3. Sought Sought separationseparation: : from lower working from lower working classesclassesTHINKTHINK: Why & how did growth of the bourgeoisie shift : Why & how did growth of the bourgeoisie shift

pol/econ power in Euro? Why didn’t the masses of factory pol/econ power in Euro? Why didn’t the masses of factory workers have any effective pol. power? How could this workers have any effective pol. power? How could this contribute to civil unrest/new pol. system?contribute to civil unrest/new pol. system?

New Social Class: Industrial New Social Class: Industrial Working ClassWorking Class

1.1. Wretched Working Wretched Working ConditionsConditions

- 12-16 hr days, 6 days/wk, 12-16 hr days, 6 days/wk, 1/2 hr for lunch & dinner1/2 hr for lunch & dinner

- No secure employment, No secure employment, no min. wage no min. wage

- Hot, dirty, dangerousHot, dirty, dangerous2.2. Coal MinesCoal Mines- Cave-ins, explosions, gas Cave-ins, explosions, gas

fumes (“bad air”)fumes (“bad air”)- Cramped & dampCramped & damp

deformed bodies, ruined deformed bodies, ruined lungslungs

3.3. Women & children: 2/3 Women & children: 2/3 cotton industry cotton industry workforceworkforce

Child Coal Miner

Industrial Middle Class Industrial Middle Class (cont.)(cont.)

4.4. Factory Act 1833Factory Act 1833- Min. working age=9Min. working age=9- 9-13: 8 hr days9-13: 8 hr days- 13-18:12 hr days13-18:12 hr days

5.5. Female LaborFemale Labor6.6. Factory Acts: New Factory Acts: New

PatternsPatterns- Men: earn $ outside Men: earn $ outside

homehome- Women: @ home; low Women: @ home; low

$ jobs$ jobs

Compare: Factory Compare: Factory Acts in GB w/ laws Acts in GB w/ laws that set working that set working conditions, hrs, & conditions, hrs, & wages for young wages for young ppl in US.ppl in US.

-Do Am employers Do Am employers always follow always follow these laws?these laws?

-Would you Would you consider working consider working under conditions under conditions that you know are that you know are illegal?illegal?

Child Labor DebateChild Labor Debate

Show Nike VideoShow Nike Video

Early SocialismEarly Socialism1.1. Product of intellectualsProduct of intellectuals2.2. BeliefsBeliefs- Equality Equality of all pplof all ppl- Replace competition w/ Replace competition w/

cooperation in cooperation in industry.industry.

3.3. Robert Owen: SocialistRobert Owen: Socialist- Cotton manufacturerCotton manufacturer- Natural goodness of Natural goodness of

humans in cooperative humans in cooperative environmentenvironment

- Est’d it in sm. factory Est’d it in sm. factory town town fighting w/in fighting w/in comm.comm.

Socialism (cont.)Socialism (cont.)

4.4. Freidrich EngelsFreidrich Engels- Appalled by city’s Appalled by city’s

slumsslums

5.5. De TocquevilleDe Tocqueville- ““Gentlemen, I Gentlemen, I

believe that at believe that at this very hour we this very hour we are sleeping on a are sleeping on a volcano.”volcano.”

- What does this What does this mean?mean?

CommunismCommunism

CommunismCommunism is a movement based is a movement based on the ideals of communal ownership on the ideals of communal ownership of property and means of production of property and means of production – State takes care of everythingState takes care of everything

JobJob Medical Medical Education Education FoodFood HousingHousing Etc..Etc..

CommunismCommunism Is a branch of socialismIs a branch of socialism USSR and China enjoyed the biggest USSR and China enjoyed the biggest

successes of being communistsuccesses of being communist– It failed in the USSR because of cultural values.It failed in the USSR because of cultural values.

Severe alcohol problemSevere alcohol problem Apathy rampant in Soviet SocietyApathy rampant in Soviet Society

China has enjoyed success because of China has enjoyed success because of their cultural valuestheir cultural values

ConfucianismConfucianism– Hard workHard work– Serving GovernmentServing Government– Family NameFamily Name– Etc..Etc..

CapitalismCapitalism

In common usage In common usage capitalismcapitalism refers refers to an economic system in which all or to an economic system in which all or most of the means of production are most of the means of production are privately owned and operated privately owned and operated – Based on the Productivity of the Based on the Productivity of the

IndividualIndividual No limit to your wealthNo limit to your wealth You decide your fateYou decide your fate Government not as involvedGovernment not as involved

Capitalism Vs CommunismCapitalism Vs Communism CapitalismCapitalism

– private property private property – free enterprisefree enterprise– profit profit – unequal distribution of unequal distribution of

wealth wealth – competition competition – self-organizationself-organization– Variety of GoodsVariety of Goods

31 flavors31 flavors– the existence of the existence of

markets (including the markets (including the labor market)labor market)

– self-interest.self-interest.

CommunismCommunism– State owns everythingState owns everything– No profitsNo profits– Equal distribution of Equal distribution of

wealthwealth– No competitionNo competition– No markets for goodsNo markets for goods– Classless societyClassless society– Limited freedomLimited freedom– No varietyNo variety

““vanilla Ice Cream”vanilla Ice Cream”– Society breeds apathySociety breeds apathy– State takes care of all State takes care of all

basic human needsbasic human needs– Promotes stagnant Promotes stagnant

thoughtthought

Any More???Any More???

Capitalism versus Capitalism versus CommunismCommunism

Communists Don’t Like Capitalist Communists Don’t Like Capitalist SocietiesSocieties– Exploitation of workers Exploitation of workers

Owners driven by profitsOwners driven by profits

– ““The Rich Get Richer…and the Poorer The Rich Get Richer…and the Poorer become Poorer.”become Poorer.”

Communism versus Communism versus CapitalismCapitalism

Capitalists Don’t Like CommunistsCapitalists Don’t Like Communists– Restricts FreedomsRestricts Freedoms– Avoids CompetitionAvoids Competition– Others???Others???

Show Modern TimesShow Modern Times

ResourcesResourcesTimelinesTimelines Good Source of InventionsGood Source of Inventions Another good timelineAnother good timeline Cotton timesCotton times The Industrial revolution, a timelineThe Industrial revolution, a timeline

InventorsInventors Industrial Revolution InventorsIndustrial Revolution Inventors Short PowerPoint to Inventors and their InventionsShort PowerPoint to Inventors and their Inventions A Large good selection of InventorsA Large good selection of Inventors More InventorsMore Inventors

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