Westward Movement to Civil War - atwebpages.commotten.atwebpages.com/us_hist/notes/Westward_Movement_to_Jac… · Americans were important to westward expansion. Prior to the Civil

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WESTWARD EXPANSION, ANDREW

JACKSON & SLAVERY

1800-1861

America establishes its

boundaries and sets

limits on humanity

WESTWARD EXPANSION

� Once the new nation was secure and

established, people began to move westward.

� They moved for many reasons but the migration

did not stop until they ran out of room.

� It did not matter who or what stood in their way.

BIG IDEAS…

� Between 1801 and 1861, exploration was encouraged as America underwent vast territorial expansion and settlement.

� Westward migration was influenced by geography and economic opportunity.

� African American, Chinese immigrants, and Native Americans were important to westward expansion.

� Prior to the Civil War, most industrialization in America was in the North; however, the equipment produced in the North had an impact on the farming society in the South. Cotton became “King.”

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FACTORS AFFECTING WESTWARD EXPANSION

� Geographic and economic factors that influenced Geographic and economic factors that influenced Geographic and economic factors that influenced Geographic and economic factors that influenced

westward movementwestward movementwestward movementwestward movement

� Population growth in the eastern states

� Availability of cheap, fertile land

� Economic opportunity, e.g., gold (California Gold Rush),

logging, farming, freedom (for runaway slaves)

� Cheaper and faster transportation, e.g., rivers and

canals (Erie Canal), steamboats, railroads

� Knowledge of overland trails (Oregon and Santa Fe)

POST-REVOLUTIONARY AMERICA

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

� Louisiana Purchase - 1803

� Jefferson bought land from France (the

Louisiana Purchase), which doubled the

size of the United States.

� Paid $15 million dollars

� In the Lewis and Clark expedition,

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

explored the Louisiana Purchase from

the Mississippi River to the Pacific

Ocean.

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LOUISIANA PURCHASE

MANIFEST DESTINY

� It was “God’s Will” for the U.S. to control

all land between the Atlantic and Pacific

Ocean

� The idea that expansion was for the good

of the country and was the right of the

country to cross the whole North American

continent.

WHITES MOVE WEST: MANIFEST

DESTINY OR CRUEL CONQUEST?

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OTHER TERRITORIES

� FloridaFloridaFloridaFlorida

� Spain gave Florida to the United States through a treaty in 1819.

� TexasTexasTexasTexas

� Texas was added after it became an independent republic.

� OregonOregonOregonOregon

� The Oregon Territory was divided by the United States and Great Britain.

� CaliforniaCaliforniaCaliforniaCalifornia

� War with Mexico resulted in California and the southwest territory becoming part of the United States.

FLORIDA, TEXAS, OREGON, CALIFORNIA

1. As the United States expanded

westward, the conflict over slavery

grew more bitter and threatened to

tear the country apart.

2. The issue was always whether the

number of “free states” and “slave

states” would be balanced, thus

affecting power in the Congress.

U.S. Government Response to Slavery

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3. Congress made a number of

compromises to keep the

balance of free and slave

states equal

U.S. Government Response to Slavery

MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820)MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820)MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820)MISSOURI COMPROMISE (1820)

�Missouri would enter US as a slave

state, Maine a free state

�Line drawn across country at 36’30”

degrees latitude

�All new states above the line are free

states and below the line are slave

statesThe Missouri Compromise

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QUESTIONS

1. What was the main economy of the North?

How did the economy of the South?

2. What was the Louisiana Purchase?

3. What is Manifest Destiny?

4. What was the Missouri Compromise?

� Born in a log cabin

� His parents were immigrants

from Ireland, died when he was

15

� Joined American Revolution at age of 13

� War of 1812� Creek War Victory against Indians

� Victory at Battle of New Orleans

� 1818 Seminole Victories� Helped regain Florida

ANDREW JACKSON – BACKGROUND

Andrew Jackson

� Jackson is perhaps 2nd only to Washington in popularity

� Indian Fighter, “Old Hickory”, War Hero - New Orleans

� Tough, self-made man

� Epitome or personification of the West

� Independent, strong willed, strong values of what is right and wrong

� Married Rachel Robards, A recently divorced woman – Divorce was not final when she married

Jackson

� Controversy surrounding their marriage

CULTURE OF AN AMERICAN HERO

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� Four candidates for Democratic-Republicans -begins to divide

� Adams v. Jackson v. Clay v. Crawford

� Vote Split

� Goes into House of Reps

� Clay Supports Adams

� “Corrupt BargainCorrupt BargainCorrupt BargainCorrupt Bargain” acquisitions Clay is given office of Secretary of State

� Jackson is a sore loser

Election of 1824

� Rematch between Adams and Jackson

� “Corrupt Bargainer” vs. “Military Chieftain”

� Jackson won easily and became president a few months later – Becomes the 7th President

� His wife died before he became president however

� He blamed Adams

Election of 1828

� After the election, he fired many government employees� He hired many of his supporters

� “The duties of all public offices are…so plain and simple…”

� A supporter said, “To the victor goes the spoils”� Very few of his supporters were

qualified

SPOILS SYSTEM

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� Peggy was wife of John

Eaton a cabinet minister

(Secretary of War) was

excluded by other cabinet

wives – Many thought she

was a “tainted” women

� Jackson intercedes

� Calhoun’s wife ignores

request

� Jackson is angry at cabinet

� Calhoun and most of the

Cabinet decides to resign –

pressured by Jackson

� Jackson forms an informal

group of advisors, excludes

cabinet input except Van

Buren

� Unofficial advisors were

referred to as his “Kitchen

Cabinet”

� Martin Van Buren stays

united with Jackson,

becomes the next President

EATON AFFAIR AND THE KITCHEN CABINET

� Tariff of Abominations - 1828� This tariff helped manufacturers in the North and hurt

Southern planters� Southern states now paid more for European goods

� Southern states decided to nullify the federal law� Means they weren’t going to follow the law

� South Carolina still wasn’t happy

� They talked about seceding� Leaving the Union

� Jackson didn’t like this!� He thought it would lead to civil war

� Nullification is not Constitutional

� No secession will be allowed

� South backs down – for now.

NULLIFICATION CRISIS

DEALING WITH THE BANK OF THE U.S. (BUS)

� Jackson hated the Bank of the United States� He felt it had too much power

� He let them know!

� This conflict becomes known as the Bank War

� “The bank…is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!”

� He felt the National Bank was only helping the rich� Issue dealing with farmers and merchants

� Jackson’s political opponents wanted the bank

� He vetoed a renewal of the bank� Ended the National Bank and sent money to state banks

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� A number of small banks emerge called “Pet Banks”

� Speculation results – inflation land and prices go up

� Jackson tries to remedy the problem with a plan to only be able to use Gold or Silver pay for land

� This becomes known as the Specie Circular

� Jackson’s goal was to curb the land speculation

RESULTS OF THE BANK WAR

� Banknotes loose their value.

� Land sales plummeted.

� Credit not available.

� Businesses began to fail.

� Unemployment rose.

� Causes Panic of 1837

� The economy goes into depression

RESULTS OF THE SPECIE CIRCULAR

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT (1830)

�Andrew Jackson’s plan to

give Indians reservations

out west in exchange for

land in the east

� Indians never agreed to

plan

�Supreme Court ordered

Jackson to stop; he

ignored them

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TRAIL OF TEARS

� Several large Indian

tribes in Florida and

Georgia were forcibly

relocated to reservations

in Oklahoma by US

military

� Thousands of Indians

died along the way,

including 1 out of 4

Cherokee Indians

NATIVE AMERICAN IMPACT

� US Military attacked and killed

any Indian tribe who resisted

removal

� Indian Removal would continue

for the rest of the century

� Indians were forced off their

homelands onto reservations

� Reservation – government land

set aside for Indians to live

QUESTIONS

1. What was the Corrupt Bargain?

2. What was the Nullification Crisis?

3. What is the Specie Circular?

4. What was the Trail of Tears?