WESTWARD EXPANSION TECH INN REFORMS CIVIL WAR

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WESTWARD EXPANSIONTECH INNREFORMSCIVIL WAR

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MANIFEST DESTINY

Belief that it is the right of the U.S. govt to expand to her natural boundariesPolitical roots-spread democracy-keep U.S. safe from other countriesEconomic roots-resources-tradeSocial roots-place to put undesirables

Significance-westward expansion & expansion of U.S. boundaries

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CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH

Gold discovered in 1848 by John Marshall1849 thousands came to California-49er’s

Significance-California statehood

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Slater brought factories to AmericaAppeared first in New England because of water power and poor soilCotton from south

Significance-economic livelihood of north

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TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS AFFECT OUR LIVES

Work, transportation, daily life easier because work more efficientInterchangeable parts-Eli Whitney-mass production used unskilled labor so goods are less expensiveUrbanization-cities grow as people leave farms to go work in factories

Significance-growth of cities/cheaper goods because easier & cheaper to produce

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2ND GREAT AWAKENING

Inspired reform movements and abolition of slavery

Significance-reform movements that changed society

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EDUCATIONAL REFORMS

Led by Horace MannWanted free public education supported by taxes, mandatory attendanceBelieved that there would be less poverty if more people were educated

Significance-nationwide public education

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TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT

Wanted to ban sale & consumption of alcoholBecause alcohol caused crime, insanity, poverty & the breakup of familiesLed to 18th Amendment

Significance-Prohibition

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PRISON AND MENTALLY ILL REFORMS

Led by Dorothea DixWanted to improve conditions

Significance-better life

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CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

Proposed by Henry David ThoreauMeans don’t obey unjust laws, but accept the consequencesExample-Boston Tea Party

Significance-influenced Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.

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WOMEN’S MOVEMENT

Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia MottWanted equal rights for men and womenWrote Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls ConventionWritten by Elizabeth Cady Stanton based on the Declaration of Independence

Significance-Amendment 19-women’s suffrage

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IMPORTANCE OF FINE ARTS

Hudson River School started by Thomas Cole-painted the majesty of natureJohn James Audubon painted & studies birdsFine arts are art, music, literature

Significance-explains our society/expresses our feelings

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CAUSES OF CIVIL WAR

States’ rights-right of state to secede from Union, slavery was states’ rights issueSectionalism-one section more important than whole N-industry-Factory System S-agriculture-cotton-Plantation W-expansion of slaverySlavery-mostly disappeared in North, South’s economy needs as source of laborCotton gin invented by Eli Whitney, more cotton, land and slavesAbolition-immediate end to slavery

Significance-leads to end of slavery/national govt most important

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MISSOURI COMPROMISE, 1820

Dealt with slavery in the Louisiana TerritoryKept balance of free & slave states even in CongressMaine-free Missouri-slaveProposed by Henry Clay

Significance-used compromise to settle issue/put off civil war

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COMPROMISE OF 1850

Dealt with slavery in the Mexican CessionProposed by Henry ClayCalifornia-free stateStrict Fugitive Slave Act so slaves had to get to Canada to be free

Significance-used compromise to settle issue/ put off civil war

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KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT

Proposed by Stephen A. DouglasWanted to build Transcontinental RailroadPopular sovereignty-people of area decide-power of peopleLed to Bleeding Kansas

Significance-use compromise to settle issue/put off civil war

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DRED SCOTT DECISION

Decision handed down by Chief Justice Roger B. TaneySlaves were property not citizensCongress could not interfere with ownership of property

Significance-Supreme Court said the Constitution protected slavery

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1861-1865

Civil WarUS/North/Union/Yankees vs Confederate States of America/South/Confederacy/RebelsPresident-N-Abraham Lincoln S-Jefferson DavisCommander-N-US Grant S-Robert E. Lee

Significance-settled issue that national govt stronger than states & that states cannot secede

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MAJOR BATTLES OF CIVIL WAR

Fort Sumter, South Carolina-1st battleAntietam, Maryland-bloodiest one day battle, Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation that freed slaves in rebelling statesGettysburg, Pennsylvania-turning pt of was-Lee would not invadeVicksburg, Mississippi-Union victory complete blockadeAppomatox Court House, Virginia-Lee surrendered to Grant

Significance-national govt stronger that states/states cannot secede

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LINCOLN’S INAUGURAL ADDRESSES

1st wanted to preserve Union and would fight2nd war was now about emancipation of slaves and described how to put Union back together

Significance-stated aim of North/Lincoln’s leadership to keep Union together & leniency in rebuilding South

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ANACONDA PLAN

Union strategy during Civil WarDeveloped by Winfield Scott1-surround and blockade South2-cut Confederacy in half3-capture Richmond, Virginia-Confederate capitalBorder states-slave states that did not secede, Lincoln did whatever necessary to retain their loyalty

Significance-Northern strategy that would win the war

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EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

Proposed by LincolnFreed slaves in rebelling statesKept border states our of warChanged war to fight to save Union AND abolish slavery

Significance-civil war now about both preserving Union and abolishing slavery

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GETTYSBURG ADDRESS

Written by LincolnBased on ideals in Declaration of Independence- “of, by and for the peopleWar is about preserving the Union, democracy

Significance-civil war about preserving democracy in Union

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CONGRESSIONAL LEADERS

John C. Calhoun-supported states’ rights, Nullification Crisis in response to the Tariff of AbominationsDaniel Webster-Senator who believed Union made of people, not states, did not support states’ rights

Significance-led major disagreements between North and South

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IRISH IMMIGRANTS

Labor source for northern factoriesCame to America because of potato famine

Significance-labor source for factories

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LEADING ABOLITIONISTS

Harriett Tubman-escaped slavery-organized & lead Underground RailroadFrederick Douglass-escaped slavery-published “North Star”

Significance-helped slaves escape slavery/national attention to issue

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POLITICAL LEADERS DURING CIVIL WAR

Abraham Lincoln-president of Union during Civil War, wrote Gettysburg Address & Emancipation Proclamation-war was about preserving the Union and abolishing slavery, he was North’s greatest assetJefferson Davis-president of Confederacy

Significance-Lincoln’s leadership kept Union together

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MILITARY LEADERS DURING THE CIVIL WAR

US Grant-commander of Northern army, accepted surrender of South, President during ReconstructionRE Lee-commander of Southern army, surrendered to LeeStonewall Jackson-Confederate general who held his ground at Bull Run

Significance-led armies during Civil War

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JOHN WILKES BOOTH

War ended on April 5, 1865Lincoln and wife attended play at Ford’s TheaterBooth, southern sympathizer assassinated Lincoln because Lincoln was tyrant

Significance-helped change course of Reconstruction-punishment

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RECONSTRUCTION PLANS

Reconstruction-rebuild10% Plan developed by Lincoln, supported by Andrew Johnson-10% of voters in state had to swear allegiance to U.S., state reenters Union, no punishment involvedReconstruction Act of 1867-reconstruction controlled by Radical Republicans in Congress, military rule in southern states-rebuild and punish

Significance-southern states forced to ratify 13th, 14th and 15th amendments

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BLACK CODES

Used to prevent slave rebellionRestricted their movement and made it illegal to teach slaves to read and writeFreedmen’s Bureau organized after Civil War to help Freedmen and whites in South-education, medical care, landJim Crow Laws-used to enforce segregation

Significance-helped freedmen adapt to society unprepared for them

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CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR RECEIPENTS

William Carney-1st African American to be awarded the medalPhilip Bazaar-1st Hispanic to be awarded the medal

Significance-minority groups rights recognized

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HIRAM RHODES REVELS

1st African American elected to Congress after Civil War

Significance-African Americans rights after Civil War

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HOMESTEAD ACT

Encouraged economic growth and expansion of the west Occupy 160 acres and make improvements-build house and plant crops-for 5 yrs you own landAttracted 1.4 million homesteaders

Significance-growth of U.S./land ownership-no money

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MORRILL ACT

State got 30,000 acres times the number of CongressmenProceeds used for agriculture and mechanical universities-A&M school

Significance-encouraged higher education

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DAWES ACT

Break up Indian tribes and assimilate them into white society160 acres to Indian family, remainder of land to whitesTribal ownership of land disappeared

Significance-opened west to settlement/deprived Native Americans of land