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Western Europe in Western Europe in the the Middle Ages Middle Ages
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Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Mar 27, 2015

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Page 1: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Western Europe in Western Europe in the the

Middle AgesMiddle Ages

Page 2: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

European Middle European Middle AgesAges• Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical

–“the Dark Ages” disorder, disunity, despair

• HighHigh Middle AgesMiddle Ages

–Rise of crown, commerce & cities

• LateLate Middle AgesMiddle Ages

–3 disasters: church scandal, 100 years war & BLACK DEATHBLACK DEATH

Page 3: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Post-Classical/ Early Post-Classical/ Early Middle AgesMiddle Ages

• 550 – 900 CE – fragmented & chaotic

• Catholic church only source of intellectual development & literacy

• Church power

• Manorialism

• Feudalism

Page 4: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.
Page 5: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

The FranksThe Franks• tribes unified (by Clovis)

• Converted to Christianity (by Clovis)

• Muslims/Moors halted at Tours (732; Charles Martel)

• Aided the Pope

• Charlemagne - strong but brief Empire

• Crowned Holy Roman Emperor

• Split / Viking invasions/ disunity

Page 6: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

The Angles The Angles && SaxonsSaxons• Invaded Britain (which was

defended by “King Arthur”?)

• Small kingdoms

• Adopted Christianity 7th century

• 9th century – Alfred the Great

• Danes / Vikings

• Became known as England (land of the Angles)

Page 7: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

TransitionTransition• Europeans were newer to

“civilization” than the Middle East

• Decline of Islamic and Mongol influence

• Important changes in West…

Page 8: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

High Middle High Middle AgesAges

The Rise of a Medieval Urban Culture

Page 9: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Feudal Monarchies and Feudal Monarchies and Political AdvancesPolitical Advances

• primogeniture

• Holy Roman Emperor

• Capetian kings

• Norman conquest

• More stability

Page 10: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.
Page 11: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Limited GovernmentLimited Government

• Church main authority

• Aristocrats vs. monarchical power /Magna Carta

• 1st English parliament

• Three key estates

• Conflicts church &

Kings

Page 12: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.
Page 13: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.
Page 14: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

The West’s Expansionist The West’s Expansionist ImpulseImpulse• Reasons

–Pop growth

–Memory of Rome

–Religious zeal

• Reconquest of Spain

• Vikings

• Crusadescultural diffusion & trade

Page 15: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Western CivilizationWestern Civilization

• Christianity was unifying element

• Little classical thought before 1000

• Crusades classical works

• Aristotle especially

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://history.boisestate.edu/hy309/images/bonifaceix.jpg&imgrefurl=http://history.boisestate.edu/hy309/papacy/bonifaceix.html&h=273&w=200&sz=27&hl=en&start=10&tbnid=M0FnUf7sPBOV7M:&tbnh=113&tbnw=83&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpope%2Bmiddle%2Bages%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D
Page 16: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Trends…Trends… warming in Europe food production population strong monarchies travel trade towns… urban culture

Page 17: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Rise of Rise of Trade, Trade,

Towns, & Towns, & CitiesCities

Page 18: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Role of Role of ItalyItaly• Italian towns had not decayed to

same degree as rest of W. Europe

• Italy’s location – trade cities

• Crusades resulted in trade of goods – luxury items from the east & middle east

• Connection between Mediterranean trade system & rest of Europe

Page 19: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

FlandersFlanders

• Belgium and N. France

• Textile capital of Europe;

• woolen industry

• Center of trade in European Northern Coast: across France, down Rhine River and across English Channel

Page 20: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Hanseatic League• Trading towns along

Baltic Coast

• 70 member cities

• Established permanent trading routes

• Traded in fur, timber, fish, grain

• Violators punished by boycott or war

Page 21: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

•Medieval FairsMedieval Fairs• Champagne (France) had the

best known fairs

lasted 4-6 weeks and were held several times per year

Page 22: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

• Development of Money Economy

• led to decline of feudal system & emergence of market economy

• Capital: wealth earned, accumulated and invested

• Coinage – silver, then gold

• Banking - Italian “banca” = money changers table

• European traders less wealthy than Islamic counterparts

Page 23: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Growth of Cities and Growth of Cities and TownsTowns

• Resulted from:

• the revival of trade

• serfs leaving manor for opportunities

• strong monarchies • Developed Where?

Near well-traveled roads, transfer points or waterways

Page 24: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

• Conditions in Conditions in Towns:Towns:

• Crowded (epidemics spread quickly)

• filthy (sewage/stench of animals)

• violent, noisy (don’t go out after dark!) But provided opportunities...

Page 25: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

GuildsGuilds: Business : Business Organization of Merchants Organization of Merchants

and Artisansand Artisans–set quality standard

–loans to members

–ill / disabled members

–Protected businesses

–set prices /conditions

–prohibited competition

–supervised training…

Page 26: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Apprentice System Apprentice System of Craft Guildof Craft Guild

• Apprentice: worked for master without pay to learn skills

• Journeyman: worked for daily pay; submitted work to guild for approval to become master; could work in other towns

• Master: artisans who owned their own shops & tools & employed less-skilled workers as helpers

Page 27: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

UniversitiesUniversities Develop

• Begin as learning guilds (an association of people organized for the purpose of learning and teaching)

• Limited to specific subjects (ex: theology, law, medicine)

• Academic degrees develop (B.A., M.A. PhD)

Page 28: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

ScholasticismScholasticism

• Intellectual movement that attempted to reconcile faith & reason

–Faith = Church teachings

–Reason = Aristotle’s logic

–Scholastic philosphers:

Page 29: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Thomas AquinasThomas Aquinas• 13th century Italian priest• Wrote Summa Theologica • reason was God’s gift • church doctrine could be supported

through logic • Proposed 5 logic proofs of the

existence of God...

Page 30: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Proof #1: Argument of Motion

Everything is in motion and what is in motion must be moved by some mover. Thomas concluded that reason demands that there must have been a “first mover” or “unmoved mover” and this is God.

Page 31: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Vernacular LiteratureVernacular Literature• Vernacular: language of everyday

speech

–people spoke the language that had developed in their own countries from Latin or German roots (Eng, Fr, Ger, Ital, Span)

–each kingdom a distinct identity

–literature more accessible

Page 32: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Vernacular WritersVernacular Writers• Dante Alighieri: The Divine

Comedy, epic poem in Italian that describes an imaginary journey through hell, purgatory and heaven

Page 33: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

• Geoffrey Chaucer:

Canterbury Tales–English narrative poems that described a group

of pilgrims who tell stories to amuse one another on their way to Thomas Beckett’s shrine

Page 34: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Gothic Architecture• Characteristics: walls high & thin,

flying buttresses supported weight of roof, large stained-glass windows, pointed arches

• Symbolism:

–ground plan in shape of a cross

–with high walls and pointed arches, everything appeared to be “reaching towards heaven”

Page 35: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Cruciform plan

Page 36: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Flying Buttresses

Clerestory Windows

Page 37: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

ChartresChartres the nave

Page 38: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Illuminated

Page

Page 39: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.
Page 40: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Global Connections: Medieval Europe and the World

• Europe seemed threatened by outsiders, yet adopted many of their ideas and trade

Page 41: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Decline of the Old Order

• Byzantium and Abbasid fall (rise of Ottoman Turks and Mongols)

Page 42: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Rise of the West

Page 43: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Sources of Dynamism: Medieval Vitality

Page 44: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Imitation and International Problems

Page 45: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Secular Directions in the Italian Renaissance

Page 46: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Human Values and Renaissance Culture

Page 47: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Iberian Spirit of Religious Mission

Page 48: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Western Expansion: The Experimental Phase

Page 49: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Early Explorations

Page 50: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Colonial Patterns

Page 51: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Outside the World Network

Page 52: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Political Issues in the Americas

Page 53: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Expansion, Migration and Conquest in Polynesia

Page 54: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

The Problem of Ethnocentrism

Page 55: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Isolated Achievements by the Maoris

Page 56: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Adding Up the Changes

Page 57: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Problems for Europe

• Black Death (1348)

• Avignon Papacy / Great Schism

• Hundred Years War

Page 58: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.
Page 59: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

Global Connections: 1450 and the World

• Changes and continuities were present

• Muslims still active

• Mongols offer new contacts

• Decline Mongols returns attention to Indian Ocean trade

• Southeast Asia drawn into trade

• African merchants connected to Middle East

Page 60: Western Europe in the Middle Ages. European Middle Ages Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical –the Dark Ages disorder, disunity, despair High Middle.

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