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Classical conditioning !!!!!

Learning

YES LEARNING !

Wave Four: Behaviorism• Behaviorism – ignored mental processes and

studied only observable behavior– Believe behavior is LEARNED through conditioning or

through observation• Classical Conditioning• Pavlov• John B. Watson

• Operant Conditioning– B.F. Skinner

• Observational Learning– Bandura

Learning• Long lasting change in a subjects behavior

brought about by repeated experiences

in that situation

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning• Ivan Pavlov• Conducted 1st experiments

in associative learning• Most known for studies in

classical conditioning• Studied Digestion of Dogs.– Dogs would salivate before

they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…)

– Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate.

Classical Conditioning• Respondent Behavior -

actions that are automatic responses to a stimulus (Involuntary)– Passive learning (learner does

not have to think)– Learning associations between

events learner does not control

• First thing you need is a unconditional relationship.

• Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)- something that elicits a natural, reflexive response.– Example

• Unconditional Response (UCR)- response to the UCS.– Example

Classical Conditioning• Next you find a neutral stimulus - something

that by itself elicits no response– Example

• You present the stimulus with the UCS a whole bunch of times.

Classical Conditioning• After a while, the body

begins to link together the neutral stimulus with the UCS.

• Acquisition – initial learning of stimulus response relationship

Classical Conditioning• Once learning takes

place…• Neutral stimulus

becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) • Example:

• unconditioned response becomes the conditioned response (CR)• Hint: conditioned

response is always the same as the unconditioned response

• Example:

Timing Matters • Delayed Conditioning: present CS, while CS is still there,

present UCS.• Trace Conditioning: present CS, short break, then present

UCS.• Simultaneous Conditioning: CS and UCS are presented at

the same time.• Backward Conditioning: UCS is presented, then CS is

presented.

Popular Classical Conditioning Examples

Two and a half men and Pavlov’s Bar

Classical Conditioning as portrayed in The Office.

See if you can identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR.

Classical Conditioning• Learning exists

because the CS is now linked to the UCS…again this is called ACQUISITION.• Example:

• Acquisition does not last forever

Extinction• EXTINCTION -

diminishing of a conditioned response• Occurs when CS is

no longer associated with the UCS,

• Example:

Spontaneous Recovery• Spontaneous Recovery –

the reappearance of a CR, after a pause, once it has been extinguished– Sometimes, after

extinction, the CR still randomly appears after the CS is presented.

– Occurs only after extinction has occurred

• Example

Generalization and DiscriminationGeneralization

• Something is so similar to the CS that you get a CR.

Discrimination• Something different to

the CS so you do not get a CR.

Example: Example: