WedNesday April 8 th 2014

WedNesday April 8th 2014QU: What does it mean to recombine?

**Chapter 13 Test April 17th 2014**

OBJ: Bio-Technology

“The life of an eyelash is about 5 months.”

DNA TECHNOLOGY:Biotechnology

Recombinant DNA Process

Recombinant DNASome of the most important techniques used in biotechnology involve making recombinant DNA molecules

Recombinant DNARecombinant DNA molecules are

pieces of DNA that have been combined from pieces taken from more than one source of DNA◦Often one of the sources is a Plasmid, the other is contains a gene we want

PlasmidsSmall circular DNA molecules that can be in cells.◦Often contain genes for resistance to antibiotics. They are also used for human benefit.

Restriction EnzymesPossible because of special enzymes that cut DNA: called RESTRICTION ENZYMES

DNA Scissors: Intro to Restriction Enzymes

Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA at or near this site.

Restriction SitesThese recognition cleave sites are called restriction sites.

Each different restriction enzyme has its own type of site.

Restriction enzymesCan distinguish between the DNA normally

present in the cell and foreign DNA, such as infecting bacteria virus DNA

The enzymes defend the cell from invasion by cutting the foreign DNA into pieces so it doesn’t work.

Restriction EnzymesRestriction enzymes appear to be

made exclusively by prokaryotes. (bacteria)◦ So bacteria is vital to DNA Technology

because it makes the restriction enzymes.

Thursday April 10th 2014QU: What are restriction enzymes?

OBJ: Restriction Enzyme Lab, Notes

“Rats can swim for half a mile (0.8 km) without rest, and can tread water for three straight days.”

**Chapter 13 Test April 17th 2014**

Recombinant DNAIdentify the desired geneCut the gene out of the DNA Strand with

restriction enzymesCut the plasmid with the same restriction

enzymes and added the desired gene to the plasmid by matching the sticky ends

Place plasmid in the bacteria◦Allow the bacteria to replicate and clone the

gene This replicates the desired gene Protein synthesis creates the desired protein

Genetic ModificationGenetically Modified Organism

(GMOs)◦Any organism that has acquired

genes by artificial means.◦Replaces traditional plant breeding◦The goal is to make it bigger, better,

more desirable organisms

How GMOs are created?Animals

◦Injecting a gene into a fertilized egg and then returning that egg to a uterus where it can develop

Plants◦Introducing recombinant plasmid

into a plant cell and letting it grow into a plant.

Friday April 11th 2014 QU: Describe Recombinant DNA?

Journal Due TodayChapter 13 Test April 17th

OBJ: Recombinant DNA Lab

“The Giant Burrowing Frog doesn't croak. It hoots like an owl.”

Monday April 14th 2014 QU: Why is it important to be able to

replicate our plasmid?

*Chapter 13 Test April 17th*

OBJ: DNA Fingerprinting Notes and Activity

“The world's smallest rodent is Pygmy Jerboa - measuring only a couple of inches in length - and can run as fast as a horse.”

How is DNA Fingerprinting done? Scientists use the variable regions in our

DNA to generate a DNA profile of an individual, using samples from blood, bone, hair, and other body tissues and products.

DNA Fingerprinting

In criminal cases, this generally involves obtaining samples from crime-scene evidence and a suspect, extracting the DNA, and analyzing it for the presence of a set of specific DNA regions (markers).

Forensic scientists compare these DNA profiles to determine whether the suspect's sample matches the evidence sample.

To get the DNA fingerprint: All of the DNA is broken into

pieces at certain locations. ◦ Done by restriction enzymes

The DNA pieces are placed at the top of a special gel held in a frame.◦ An electric current is applied to

the gel. The current separates the DNA into bands of identical pieces. This process is called electrophoresis.

◦ This electric current pulls the negatively charged DNA to the positive end of the gel.

DNA Fingerprinting moves DNA by applying an electric current during electrophoresis.◦ This electric current pulls the negatively charged

DNA to the positive end of the gel.

Last Notes on DNA Fingerprinting

The band pattern is transferred to a nylon membrane containing a radioactive chemical. The chemical makes the bands show up clearly.

DNA Fingerprinting

DNA fingerprinting is done to: Determine who a person's parents or siblings are.

◦ This test also may be used to identify the parents of babies who were switched at birth.

Solve crimes (forensic science). ◦ Blood, skin, or other tissue left at the scene of a crime

can be analyzed to help prove whether the suspect was or was not present at the crime scene.

Identify a body. ◦ This is useful if the body is badly decomposed or if only

body parts are available, such as following a natural disaster or battle.

Why It Is Done

WedNesday April 16th 2014

QU: Describe how DNA fingerprinting works.

*Chapter 13 Test Tomorrow*Chapter 13 Review Due tomorrow

OBJ: DNA Fingerprinting, Review for Ch 13 Test

“The normal energy used by our brain is 0.1 calories per minute, and could go up to 1.5 during activities such as puzzle-solving.”

Thursday April 17th 2014QU: How did you study for this test?

*Turn your chapter review into the HW bin*

OBJ: DNA Technology Test, Organize Binder

“The normal energy used by our brain is 0.1 calories per minute, and could go up to 1.5 during activities such as puzzle-solving.”

Binder Organization: Ch 13DNA Technology Hand Written

NotesRestriction Enzyme LabRecombinant DNA LabSub work (Book Work)Quiz #1 DNA TechnologyDNA Fingerprinting worksheetDNA TechnologyChapter 13 Review