Website: Week 1: beginning in East Africa Ancient Pathways Ancient Peoples.

website: www.VagabondGeology.com

Week 1: beginning in East Africa

Ancient Pathways Ancient Peoples

website: www.VagabondGeology.com

Week 3: into EuropeWeek 4: into Asia

Week 2: into AfricaWeek 1: beginning in East Africa

Week 6: into Americas Week 5: across Beringia

SESSION 3SESSION 3

Into Europe

TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS

Quick Quick ReviewReview

Danube Danube CorridorCorridor

Out of Out of AfricaAfrica

Lascaux Lascaux Paleolithic Paleolithic Cave ArtCave Art

Session 3: Into Europe

3

French

THE STONE AGETHE STONE AGEA

THE STONE AGETHE STONE AGEA

THE STONE AGETHE STONE AGEA

THE STONE AGETHE STONE AGEA

THE STONE AGETHE STONE AGEA

THE STONE AGETHE STONE AGEA

homo

The Stone Age: 2.5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present)

TODAY

millions of years ago

1 m

2 m

3 m

4 m

5 m

6 m

Homo sapiens

Homo Genus AFRICA ASIAEUROPE

sapien

‘Peking man’ (erectus)

750,000

Homo (gautengensis)?

1,900,000

‘Handy-man’ (habilis)

1,600,000

‘Java man’ (erectus)

1,600,000

‘Heidelberg man’ (heidelberg)

700,000

‘‘Cro-magnon man’ (sapien)

Cro-magnon man’ (sapien)

28,000

EVOLUTION OF HOMO SAPIEN

14 Species

of Homo genus!

TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS

Quick Quick ReviewReview

Danube Danube CorridorCorridor

Out of Out of AfricaAfrica

Lascaux Lascaux Paleolithic Paleolithic Cave ArtCave Art

Session 3: Into Europe

16

HOW DID GEOLOGYGEOLOGY

HELP HOMO SAPIENS LEAVE AFRICA?

THE STORY STARTS WITH …

77F

50F

63F

500 400 300 200 100 50MYA

3

CYLES OF WARMING/COOLING

• Geologic Record shows that Earth has gone thru multiple cycles of Cooling/Warming

• Cycles typically last tens of millions of years!

• Last MINIMUM earth temperature was about 2 mya

• Earth has been warming ever since

Historical AVERAGE temp of Earth

Historical MAXIMUM temp of Earth

Historical MINIMUM temp of Earth

GLACIATION IN LAST 800,000 YRS• After the Last Global

Cooling Period had reached it’s maximum, temperatures started rising

• Even with generally rising temps, there were periods of cooling; 4 Glaciation Periods in the last 800,000 years

• Let’s focus on the last one: Wisconsin

Years BP

CO2, ppm

MIGRATION TO EUROPE• Homo Sapiens is thought to

have started leaving Africa around 70,000 yrs ago

• Glaciers were nearing their maximum for this period

• When amount of glacial ice is up, (MAXIMUM)

Sea levels are down, (MINIMUM)

• Therefore Continental Margins will be wider, ocean/sea crossings smaller

Amount Glaciers

is up!

Sea-levels are down!

OUT OF AFRICA

OUT OF AFRICA!

Staring…Staring…Homo Sapiens as Sandi and Homo Sapiens as Sandi and

Homo Neanderthalensis as Rocky Homo Neanderthalensis as Rocky

70,000 th ANNIVERSARY EDITION70,000 th ANNIVERSARY EDITION

START OF MIGRATIONAfrica

70,000 years ago•Sahara & Saudi aren’t deserts yet; they’re still forest/ steppe covered•Red Sea is very low; possibly only two main lobes existed

RED SEA

RED SEA

Normally,15 miles

Now, only3 miles

MIGRATION TO EUROPE

Africa 70,000 years ago

•Sahara & Saudi aren’t deserts yet; they’re still forested•Red Sea is very low; possibly only two main lobes of sea exists•Depart Rift Valley

Rift Rift ValleyValley

Two migration theories of Homo

Sapien out of Africa:

1.Migration north into Israel/ Palestine

2.Migration across Bab al Mandab Strait to Yemen and points beyond

OUT OF AFRICA!

Rift Valley

ISRAELISRAEL110,000 BP110,000 BP

DepartDepart125,000 BP125,000 BP

1st Departure

UAEUAE106,000 BP106,000 BP

BUT…

MT. TOBA, INDONESIA, ERUPTION• 75,000 yrs BP, Mt. Toba Volcano exploded;

largest explosion on earth in 25 million years• Blew 2,800 times as much as ASH into the

atmosphere as Mt. St. Helens (2.8 times the last explosion of Yellowstone Supervolcano)

• Ash suppressed temperature of Earth by 7 degF (up to 27degF at northern latitudes!)

• One theory states that 90% of Homo Sapiens that existed at the time died, leaving only 10,000 or so to re-populate the Earth!

This is known as the“Toba Catastrophe Event”

Rift Valley

OUT OF AFRICA…AGAIN!

UAEUAE62,000 BP62,000 BP

ISRAELISRAEL60,000 BP60,000 BP

LevantinLevantine e

CorridorCorridor

Danube Danube CorridorCorridor

DepartDepart70,000 BP70,000 BP

RomaniaRomania36,000 BP36,000 BP

2nd Departure

TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS

Quick Quick ReviewReview

Danube Danube CorridorCorridor

Out of Out of AfricaAfrica

Lascaux Lascaux Paleolithic Paleolithic Cave ArtCave Art

Session 3: Into Europe

28

WHY WAS DANUBE CORRIDOR IMPORTANT?

• Animals graze in valleys

• Source of water always near-by

• Major East-West corridor

Add mountain ranges…• “Path of least resistance”- avoid hilly/mountainous routes

But, there was an additional

reason…

GEOLOGY PROVIDED SHELTER!

England

France

Germany

EUROPE IN THE JURASSIC• Shallow seas covered

most of Europe during this Period

• Shallow seas will often form limestone reefs

• Limestone is carved out by weathering & erosion = CAVES

• Weathered sections become natural shelters!

GEOLOGY PROVIDED SHELTER

WHY WAS DANUBE CORRIDOR IMPORTANT?

• Animals graze in valleys

• Source of water always near-by

• Major East-West corridor

Add mountain ranges…• “Path of least resistance”- avoid hilly/mountainous routes

• Natural Shelter

Rift Valley

OUT OF AFRICA…AGAIN!

UAEUAE,000 BP,000 BP

ISRAELISRAEL,000 BP,000 BP

LevantinLevantine e

CorridorCorridor

Danube Danube CorridorCorridor

DepartDepart70,000 BP70,000 BP

DordogneDordogneRegionRegion

FranceFrance30,000 BP30,000 BP RomaniaRomania

36,000 BP36,000 BP

2nd Departure

IINTO FRANCE!• The Danube starts

SE of Strasbourg

• HSapien could have continued along the path shown

• On arriving in the Rhone River valley near Lyon, some went south

• Others continued until reaching the Dordogne River

Paris

Bordeaux

Marseille

DORDOGNEREGION

DORDOGNE REGION

• Region of Aquitaine

• Named after the Dordogne river that runs through it

• Within the region are several river valleys that have carved the ancient limestone

• One in particular, the VÉZÈRE RIVER, is the site VÉZÈRE RIVER, is the site of many Paleolithic rock of many Paleolithic rock sheltersshelters

Dordogne RiverDordogne River

VÉZÈR

E RIV

ER

VÉZÈR

E RIV

ER

VÉZÈRE RIVER VALLEY

VÉZÈRE RIVER

Most significant discovery is…

LASCAUXLASCAUX

• greatest density of prehistoric remains in Western Europe

• no fewer than: 25 decorated caves, 148 animal remains, 844 utensils/works of art

• 147 Paleolithic habitation sites

• Several Paleolithic skeletal remains

TODAY’S TOPICSTODAY’S TOPICS

Quick Quick ReviewReview

Danube Danube CorridorCorridor

Out of Out of AfricaAfrica

Lascaux Lascaux Paleolithic Paleolithic Cave ArtCave Art

Session 3: Into Europe

38

LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

Hall of Bulls

(63ft long)

Axial Gallery(72FT LONG)

(-43ft)

Passage(56 ft long)

Nave(59 ft long)

Apse

Shaft & Great Fissure

(98 ft long)(-63ft)

Chamber of Felines(So Shaft -66ft)

Entry & Airlocks

Silted Up Chamber

900 FT OF PASSAGES!

344 ft above

valley floor

LA GROTTE DE LASCAUXCross-section of Lascaux Cave

Sinkhole forms at entry, flowing water creates CAVE

Surface weathering & erosion creates sediments that start

to restrict entry

Controlled water runoff at entry significantly reduce

entry erosion

THE ART

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUXThis is a Cro-Magnon Oil Lamp (Magdalian Culture)

It burned 2oz of deer fat; this one had deer fat still

in it when found!

LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX 1,963 registered Paleolithic paintings 60% of all pictures involve horses

Only 1 bird, 1 bear, 1 rhino, and 1 human are depicted

CRO-MAGNON

CRO-MAGNON• Cro-Magnon is an informal name for the

first early modern humans

• They were robustly built, and powerful, body was generally heavy and solid with a strong build

• They differed from modern day humans in having a more robust physique and a slightly larger cranial capacity

• Cro-Magnon could probably speak

• Cro-Magnons could have been medium brown to tan-skinned as light skin evolved independently in both the Asian and European lines, didn’t appear in the European line until about 6000 years ago

CRO-MAGNON• It is unknown why they painted the

caves in and around Lascaux

• Three predominate theories emerge:

• Paintings might have been done to promote good luck in hunting by the individual hunters

• Paintings might have been done by a Shaman as religious preparation for a big hunt asking for protection from harm (average life span of Cro-Magnon is thought to be about 36)

• Paintings might have been a result of eating hallucinogenic mushrooms or other substances

THE ART OF LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

TAKE A VIRTUAL TOUR OF LA GROTTE DE

LASCAUX…CLICK HERE

REMEMBER…REMEMBER…

GEOLOGY ROCKSGEOLOGY ROCKS

77

Ancient Pathways, Ancient PeopleAncient Pathways, Ancient People- Into Europe-- Into Europe-

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

THANK YOU!

ANY QUESTIONS??78

All class material either is All class material either is or or

will be on will be on 1) the University’s website1) the University’s website

and onand on

2) Our website at:2) Our website at:

www.vagabondgeology.comwww.vagabondgeology.com

Ancient Pathways, Ancient PeopleAncient Pathways, Ancient People- Into Europe-- Into Europe-

http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/#/en/00.xml/index3.html http://www.american-buddha.com/lascaux.1.htmssignment.htmlhttp://whc.unesco.org/en/list/85 http://www.donsmaps.com/lascaux.htmlhttp://essayweb.net/history/ancient/prehistory.shtmlhttp://www.dalamatiacity.com/seaLevels.jpg http://www.giwersworld.org/science/MIGRATION/hss-migration.phtml http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/lasc/hd_lasc.htm#/01/World-Map http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubian_corridor http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_ocean http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_asia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_east http://www.indiana.edu/~arch/saa/matrix/ia/ia03_mod_10.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustatic_sea_level_rise http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/ocean/ http://www.webfamilytree.com/50,000_year_human_history.htm http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0603/feature2/images/mp_download.2.pdf http://archaeology.about.com/od/temporalstudies/u/human_history.htm http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322799000110 http://geography.huji.ac.il/personal/Frumkin/pdf/EPSL%20Vaks%20n.Negev2006.pdf

http://www.academia.edu/208695/The_Upper_Palaeolithic_of_South_Arabia http://www.mitchellteachers.net/WorldHistory/MrMEarlyHumansProject/MrMAnalyzingPaleolithicArtA http://insights.wri.org/news/2012/06/400-ppm-carbon-dioxide-levels-cross-sobering-new-threshold http://www.mendeley.com/research/late-quaternary-stratigraphy-paleoclimate-neotectonism-persian-arabian-gulf-region/ http://johnhawks.net/taxonomy/term/369 http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/12/egypt-lake/ http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2691/ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003101820700168X http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_evolution_of_life http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Toba http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_temperature_record http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimate http://www.france.fr/en/regions-and-cities/aquitaine-cradle-humanity http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascaux http://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/accueil http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordogne_River http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xb1ek1_la-grotte-de-lascaux_school

ANCIENT PATHWAYS, ANCIENT PEOPLESANCIENT PATHWAYS, ANCIENT PEOPLES- References-- References-

Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness… and narrow-mindedness…

Broad, wholesome, charitable views of Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by men and things cannot be acquired by

vegetating in one little corner of the vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one's lifetime. earth all one's lifetime.

~Mark Twain~Mark Twain

““Twenty years from now Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines, you did do. So throw off the bowlines, sail away from the safe harbor. Catch sail away from the safe harbor. Catch

the trade winds in your sails. the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover.” Explore. Dream. Discover.”

– – Mark TwainMark Twain

EUROPEAN CAVE ART

LA GROTTE DE LASCAUX

HOW GEOLOGYGEOLOGY FACILITATED EVOLUTION• Provided OUTER CONTINENTAL

SHELVES for access in low water

• Created RIVER VALLEYS allowing E-W migration into Europe

• Provided eroded LIMESTONE CAVES for shelter

• Provided ROCKS/FLINT for tools

• Provided SANDSTONE for light holders

• Provided MgO2 for art work