STable 1a. Overview of clinical studies included in this review Author Year Country Sample Mean Age % female Design Measures of childhood adversity Mediator(s) Analysis Boostrap (yes / no) / confounde rs (yes / no) Psychosis Main findings Pathway Total / partial mediation Direct Effect (DE) Indirect effect (IE) % total effect mediated Quali ty Score Appiah- Kusi(1) 2017 UK 30 UHR; 38 HC 23.9 56.7% Cross sectiona l Case control study EA CTQ (1) Schematic beliefs (BCSS) 1.a - Negative Self-schemas (NSS) Regressi on based approach Yes Yes (Cannabis use, depressio n, anxiety) (1) UHR caseness (2) Paranoia (PSQ) EN BCSS UHR Partial mediation (DE = 0.261*; IE = 0.045*) % = 14.7 EN BCSS PSQ Partial mediation (DE = 1.353*; IE = 0.988*) % = 42.2 Other adversities were not related to outcomes so were not included for mediation analyses 6 Chatziioann idis(2) 2019 Switzerland 63 SSP; 61 HC 44.4 SSP 30.16% Cross sectiona l Case Composite CECA.Q (1) Attachment (ECR-R) 1.a - Avoidance 1.b - Anxiety Parallel Multiple mediatio n model Yes Yes (educatio n) (A) Caseness (SSP) (MINI) CT 1.b SSP Partial mediation (DE = 1.70*; IE = 1.24*) % = 41.9 6
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STable 1a. Overview of clinical studies included in this review
SA 1.a A.1Total mediation (DE = 2.052; IE = 1.475*)%=48.74
SA 1.b A.1Total mediation (DE = 2.104; IE = 1.439*)%=47.5
EA 2.a A.2Total mediation (DE = 1.889; IE = 1.359*)%=52.9
Non-significant mediating effects of CSA with A1 through 2.a; CEA with A.3 through 2.a and CSA with A.1 through 1.c
5
Isvoranu(6) 2016 Netherlands
552 psychosis30.76 25%
Cross sectional
SA, PA, EA, PN, EN
CTQ
(1) 18 items from general psychopathology (PANSS)
Network based analysis
No
Yes (all PANSS items)
(1) 6 items from positive dimension (PANSS)
Suggested mediation in pathways:1) EA Anxiety paranoia / suspicioness2) PA impulse control grandiosity / excitement / hostility 3) PN motor retardation Negative symptoms % =N/A
4
McDonnell(7) 64 UHR Cross Bullying (1) Interpersonal Path Yes (1) Paranoid ideation BS (Childhood) IS PI 5
2018UK
22.540.6%
sectional severity in childhood / adolescence (BS)
RBQ
sensitivity (IS) (IPSM) analysis No
(PI) (SSPS) Total mediation (DE = 0.131; IE = 0.129*)% = 49.6
Bullying in adolescence was not significantly associated with paranoid ideation
Psychosis Main findingsPathwayTotal / partial mediationDirect Effect (DE)Indirect effect (IE)% total effect mediated
Quality Score
Cancel(46)2015 France
21 NAP; 33 HC32.1 NAP29% NAP32.9 HC33% HC
Cross sectional
- CTQ- Score- Before 18- NA - Subscales (EN)
(1) Grey matter volume in DLPFC
Regression based approach and SEM
No
Yes(duration of illness and parents’ education levels)
(1) Disorganization (SANS)
EN DLPFC DisorganizationSuggested mediation %=NA
4
Quide(47)2018Australia
112 psychosis;53 HC 38 psychosis47% psychosis
38.7 HC39.6% HC
Cross sectional
Case control study
- CTQ- Score- Before 18- NA- Composite (CTQ)
(1) Inferior frontal girus (IFG) activation
Mediation analysis
Yes
No
(1) Positive symptoms (PANSS)
CTQ IFG activation PANSS positiveNull mediation
4
AAQ: Acceptance and Action Questionnaire; ACE-IQ: Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire; APMS: Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey; APSS: Adolescent Psychotic-like Symptom Screener; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; BCSS: Brief Core Schema Scale; BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory; BFIS: Bullying and Friendship Interview Schedule; BJW: The General / personal Beliefs in a Just World Scale; BPD: Borderline Personality Disorder; BPRS: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; BVQ: Bullying Victimization Questionnaire; CAARMS: Comprehensive Assessment of At Risk Mental States; CAPE: Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences; CAPS: Clinician-Administered PTDS Scale; CATS: the Child Abuse and Trauma Scale; CBCL: Child Behavior Checklist; CDS: Cambridge Depersonalization Scale; CECA: Childhood Experiences of Care and Abuse; CECA.Q: Childhood Experiences of Care and Abuse Questionnaire; CHR: Clinical High Risk for psychosis; CIS-R: Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised; CNSIE: Childhood Nowicki–Strickland Internal–External; CTQ: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; DAWBA: Development and Well-Being Assessment; DES-II: Dissociative Experience Scale; DIAS: Modified Direct and Indirect Aggression Scales; DLPFC: Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex; EA: Emotional abuse; ECR-R:
Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Questionnaire; ELES: Early Life Experiences Scale; EP: Early Psychosis; ERSQ: Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire; ESM: Experience Sampling Method; FEP: First Episode of Psychosis; FKK: German Competence and Control Beliefs Questionnaire; GAF: Global Assessment of Functioning; GPS: General Paranoia Scale; GPTS: Green et al. Paranoid Thought Scales; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HAM-A: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HC: Healthy Control; HT: Hinting Task; ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision; IESR: Impact Event Scale-Revised; IPASE: Inventory of Psychotic-Like Anomalous Self-Experiences; IPSM: Interpersonal sensitivity scale; ISMIS: Internalised Stigma of Mental Illness Scale; IVM: Dutch equivalent of the International Crime Victimization Survey; LSHR-R: Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale-revised; MACE: Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure scale; MADRS: Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale; MCVI: MacArthur Community Violence Instrument; MMPI-2: Minnesota Multhiphasic personality Inventory; MRC: MRC Sociodemographic Schedule ; N: Neglect; NAP: non-affective psychosis; NEMESIS: Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study; NEO-FFI: assess the Five-factors Model (FFM) personality traits; NSIE: Nowicki–Strickland Internal–External; OAS: Other As Shamer Scale; OVBQ: Olweus Bully/Victims Questionnaire; PACE: Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation; PA:
Physical abuse; PAM: Psychosis Attachment Scale; PANAS-N: Negative Affect Subscale of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale; PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PARA: Paranoia
Checklist; PDI: Peters et al. Delusion Inventory; PG: prodromal questionnaire; PHQ-9: Japanese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PLIKSi: Semi-structured Psychosis Interview; PLS-
SEM: Partial least squares – Structural equation models; PQ: Prodromal Questionnaire; PSPS: Personal and Social Performance Scale; PSQ: Psychosis Screening Questionnaire; PSS: Perceived Stress Scale; PTCI: Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory; PTSD: Post-traumatic stress disorder; QoL: World Health Organization Quality of Life-Bref (WHOQOL-BREF); RBC: ; RBQ: Retrospective Bullying Questionnaire; RSES: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; RQ: Relationship Questionnaire; SA: Sexual abuse ; SAPS: Scales for Assessment of Positive symptoms; SCAN: Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry; SCID-II: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders; SCID-D-R: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders; SCL-90-R: Symptom Checklist-90-R; SCS: Social Comparison Scale; SCZ: Schizophrenia; SDQ: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDS: Shutdown Dissociation Scale; SEM: Structural Equation Modeling; SFQ: Social Functioning Questionnaire; SFS: Social Functioning Scale; SIAPA: Structured Interview for Assessing Perceptual Anomalies; SNS: Schizophrenia Nuclear Symptom Scale; SOFAS: Social and Occupational Functioning Assessmnet Scale; SPI-A and SPI-CY (for adolescents): Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument; SPQ-B: Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief; SSP: Schizophrenia-Spectrum Psychosis; SQFM: Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire; SQ-SF: Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form; SMFQ: Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire; SRS-PTSD: Self-Rating Scale for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder; SSCS: Screening Scale for Chronic Stress; SSPS: State Social Paranoia Scale; STS: Schizotypal Signs Scale; SVF-KJ: German Stress-Coping-Questionnaires using the version for adults and children / adolescents; TDS : Traumatic Dissociation Scale; THQ: Trauma History Questionnaire; TLEC: the life-events checklist; TQ: Trauma Questionnaire; UCLA: ; UHR: Ultra High Risk; UM-CIDI - Life Event: modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview; WSS: Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales; Y-BOCS: Dutch version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale; ZTPI: Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. * p-value ≤ 0.05Note : when « Psychosis » is used it means that patienst were no first episode of psychosis patients or early psychosis patients.Note : see data extraction procedure for details on definitions of total, partial, null mediation and « suggested mediation ».
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