WEATHER-MIC - How MICroplastic WEATHERing changes its transport, fate and toxicity in the marine environment Riga, September 21, 2016 Annika Jahnke Dpt. Cell Toxicology
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WEATHER-MIC - How MICroplastic
WEATHERing changes its transport, fate and
toxicity in the marine environment Riga, September 21, 2016
Annika Jahnke Dpt. Cell Toxicology
OUTLINE
o Objectives and overall goal of WEATHER-MIC
o The consortium: 5 partners
o The material: granules, fibres,
sheets, field plastics
o The science: Work packages 1-7,
current work, first results
PAGE 2
Overall goal
To assess how weathering processes influence the
transport, fate and toxicity of MPs and their leachates
in the marine environment
WEATHER-MIC will:
o Use artificial weathering combined with non-target
chemical analysis and particle imaging to “fingerprint”
weathered plastic particles (WP1)
o Investigate how weathering of MPs influences their
vertical distribution, trophic transfer and toxicity (e.g., via
size distribution, surface morphology, density, and
microbial biofilm communities) (WP3)
PAGE 3
AIMS AND APPROACHES I.
WEATHER-MIC will:
o Investigate if the spatial distribution from column tests
can be extrapolated to field data from
the Stockholm Archipelago and Oslo
Harbor (with sediment transport models
parameterized for MPs) (WPs 2,4,5)
o Assess toxic effects of weathered
MPs and their leachates (WP 6)
o Develop new tools to incorporate MP
weathering into risk assessment of
marine MP pollution to assess
Good Environmental Status (Marine
Strategy Framework Directive) (WP 7)
PAGE 4
AIMS AND APPROACHES II.
PAGE 5
THE CONSORTIUM
Coordinator
Lead WP6,
WP7, WP8
Lead
WP1, WP3
Co-coordinator
Lead WP2, WP5
Leading WP4
Lead: Particle
imaging
Order from Goodfellow
o granules (3-5 mm):
LDPE, PP, PS, PET
o fibers: LDPE, PET
o sheets: PS, PET
Grinding to generate particles of <355 µm
PAGE 6
THE MATERIAL
Artificial aging and fingerprinting of weathered MPs Matthew MacLeod, Merle Plassmann, Berit Gewert (SU)
Annegret Potthoff, Kathrin Oelschlägel (IKTS)
Hans Peter Arp (NGI)
Christoph Rummel (UFZ)
PAGE 7
THE SCIENCE: WP1
Abiotic weathering experiments
UV-light initiation:
photooxidation
In water: Hydrolysis
Oxidating agents (H2O2)
o Differences in shape, surface charge,... (IKTS)
Gewert et al. Environ. Sci: Processes Impacts 2015, 17, 1513.
PETPE PP PS
Heteroatom backboneC-C backbone
Biodegradation
Artificial aging and fingerprinting of weathered MPs
PAGE 8
THE SCIENCE: WP1
FTIR analysis of leachate profiles
Changes in the intensities of certain bands?
Chemical fingerprinting
Leachate pattern characteristics
o Goal: Source identification (combined with WP4)
Non-target screening of leachates
Enrichment of leachates using SPE
o Exact mass
o Fragmentation
o Retention behavior
How weathering impacts MP aggregation and settling Hans Peter Arp, Naiara Berrojalbiz, Dorothea Gilbert (NGI)
Annegret Potthoff, Kathrin Oelschlägel (IKTS)
PAGE 9
THE SCIENCE: WP2
Simulate weathering in column experiments
o Salinity (Baltic Sea vs. Oslo Harbor)
o Isolated factors such as UV exposure,
biofilm colonization, turbulence
o Experiments at NGI and IKTS
o Challenge: Link to modeling
o How to closely simulate environmental
conditions?
PAGE 10
THE SCIENCE: WP2
Particle imaging of field-aged plastics
o Changes in polymer structure and structural changes
o Advanced imaging techniques (Dynamic image analysis,
Scanning electron and Confocal laser scanning microscopy),
Computed tomography 2D/3D imaging
CT image Visualization
of algae
Effects of biofilm formation on the vertical
distribution of plastics in situ and trophic transfer Elena Gorokhova, Martin Ogonowski, Zandra Gerdes (SU)
Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen, Christoph Rummel (UFZ)
PAGE 11
THE SCIENCE: WP3
Gorokhova Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2015, 99, 271.
Biofilms can affect plastic degradation, vertical distribution,
fate, trophic transfer and toxicity
Effects of biofilm formation on the vertical
distribution of plastics in situ and trophic transfer
PAGE 12
THE SCIENCE: WP3
Bacterial communities on MPs
Biofilm development, algal vs. bacterial component
o Field sampling of MPs > 90 µm
o Coast-offshore and vertical gradients
Effects on trophic transfer in lower
food webs: Assessment of biofilm-
mediated effects of MP on
zooplankton foraging behavior
Particular focus on the differences
between benthic and pelagic systems
Modeling extension to real world environments Erik Toorman, Qilong Bi (KUL)
Hans Peter Arp, Dieter Issler (NGI)
PAGE 13
THE SCIENCE: WP4
Set-up of 1DV column model
o Based on column experiments
Set-up of 3D hydrodynamic model
o Tides, currents, waves
Set-up of 3D particulate transport model
o Incorporate 1DV column model
o Multiple populations: sand, cohesive sediments, MPs,
organic matter and their aggregates
o Particles are subject to changes over time
Modeling extension to real world environments
PAGE 14
THE SCIENCE: WP4
OpenTELEMAC software
Oslo Fjord model
o Bathymetry, mesh, velocity
Extended Baltic Sea model
o Driving forces: wind, waves,
tides, turbulence, bottom
friction, Coriolis force,…
Flocculation modeling
The influence of weathering on MP aggregation & settling Hans Peter Arp, Dorothea Gilbert, Naiara Berrojalbiz (NGI),
Elena Gorokhova (SU), Erik Toorman (KUL), Annegret Potthoff,
Kathrin Oelschlägel (IKTS)
PAGE 15
THE SCIENCE: WP5
Sampling: Collect sediment cores and water column
samples in Oslo Harbor and
the Baltic Sea
Analysis: MP content,
compare with column tests
Model validation: Match the
size distribution and profiles of
MP with WP4 predictions
Toxicological assessment of MP particles and leachates Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen, Dana Kühnel, Christoph Rummel,
Beate Escher, Annika Jahnke (UFZ)
Berit Gewert (SU), Annegret Potthoff (IKTS)
PAGE 16
THE SCIENCE: WP6
Screen toxicological effects of MPs and their leachates in
environmental organisms according to OECD guidelines
o Adapt guidelines for
chemicals to particles
o Test virgin and weathered
particles plus leachates
Toxicological assessment of MP particles and leachates
PAGE 17
THE SCIENCE: WP6
Evaluate toxicological effects on biofilm communities
based on pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT)
o Longterm exposure induces changes in
the species composition in a community
Provide mechanistic information on modes-of-action
using reporter-gene bioassays for leachates
o Adaptable battery of bioassays for testing mixture toxicity
Environmental risk posed by MPs and their leachates Dana Kühnel, Beate Escher (UFZ)
PAGE 18
THE SCIENCE: WP7
Conceptual framework for assessing risks related to
virgin and weathered MPs
o Combine the generated
exposure and effect data
plus data from literature
o Probability
o Precautionary principle
o Cost vs. benefit
Hazard assessment
Effect Fate &
exposure
Risk assessment
Pro
ba
bili
ty
Environmental risk posed by MPs and their leachates
PAGE 19
THE SCIENCE: WP7
Site-specific risk assessment of weathered MP
Challenge: Particles and their leachates
Goals:
o Identify critical areas on a
horizontal and vertical scale
o Define the most critical properties
of MPs after weathering (e.g.
shape, roughness, size fraction)
o Assess Good Environmental Status according
to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive
www.sayakaganz.com
PAGE 19
PAGE 20
http://jpi-oceans.eu/weather-mic/about
JPI-Oceans & Federal Ministry
of Education and Research (03F0733A)
YOU for your kind attention
Monterey Bay Aquarium
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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