Weather Forecasting. Warm-Up Questions CPS Questions 1-2 Chapter 2, Lesson 4.

Weather ForecastingWeather Forecasting

Warm-Up QuestionsWarm-Up Questions

CPS Questions 1-2 CPS Questions 1-2

Chapter 2, Lesson 4

Lesson OverviewLesson Overview

The history of weather forecastingThe history of weather forecasting The types of instruments used in weather The types of instruments used in weather

forecastingforecasting The various types of communication The various types of communication

methods used to provide weather methods used to provide weather informationinformation

Chapter 2, Lesson 4

Quick WriteQuick WriteWhy do you think the military needs its own Why do you think the military needs its own

weather service? weather service?

(Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS) (Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS)

Chapter 2, Lesson 4Courtesy of USAF

The First Aviation WeatherThe First Aviation Weather Forecast Forecast

Weather forecasts mostly Weather forecasts mostly supported government flights supported government flights

Meteorologists used primitive Meteorologists used primitive means to issue forecast means to issue forecast

Attached instruments to kites and Attached instruments to kites and tethered balloons to find tethered balloons to find temperature and wind direction temperature and wind direction

First report went to a government First report went to a government flight carrying mail flight carrying mail

Chapter 2, Lesson 4Chapter 2, Lesson 4Courtesy of NOAA

Weather Reports Address Weather Reports Address Safety IssuesSafety Issues

By 1920 about half the airmail service By 1920 about half the airmail service pilots had died on the jobpilots had died on the job

On 20 May 1926 Congress passed the Air On 20 May 1926 Congress passed the Air Commerce ActCommerce Act

Focus on safety also boosted the Focus on safety also boosted the commercial passenger businesscommercial passenger business

Today US has one of world’s most Today US has one of world’s most advanced aviation weather forecasting advanced aviation weather forecasting systemssystems

Chapter 2, Lesson 4Chapter 2, Lesson 4Courtesy of USAF

Air Force Weather AgencyAir Force Weather Agency

Army set up its first military Army set up its first military weather serviceweather service

After Congress authorized the After Congress authorized the launch of a civilian US Weather launch of a civilian US Weather Bureau in 1890—Army’s weather Bureau in 1890—Army’s weather arm wanedarm waned

AFWA partners with NOAA’s AFWA partners with NOAA’s National Weather Service to National Weather Service to improve weather scienceimprove weather science

Chapter 2, Lesson 4Chapter 2, Lesson 4Courtesy of USAF/A1C Jack Sanders

Learning Check QuestionsLearning Check Questions

CPS Questions 3-4CPS Questions 3-4

Chapter 2, Lesson 4

Activity 1: Evolution of Activity 1: Evolution of Weather Forecasting TimelineWeather Forecasting Timeline

Create a timeline depicting the history of Create a timeline depicting the history of weather forecastingweather forecasting

Chapter 2, Lesson 4

The Types of Instruments Used The Types of Instruments Used in Weather Forecasting—Surfacein Weather Forecasting—Surface

Observers are generally looking at an Observers are generally looking at an area within a five-mile radius from a area within a five-mile radius from a given airportgiven airport

Factors they consider—wind, visibility, Factors they consider—wind, visibility, pressure, temperature and dew point, sky pressure, temperature and dew point, sky conditions conditions

Chapter 2, Lesson 4© Hemera Technologies/ PhotoObjects.net/Thinkstock

Tools Used to Study Tools Used to Study Surface WeatherSurface Weather

Several types of thermometers Several types of thermometers measure temperaturemeasure temperature

Many barometers use aneroids—Many barometers use aneroids—flexible metal bellows that respond flexible metal bellows that respond to changes in atmospheric pressureto changes in atmospheric pressure

Psychrometer—uses two Psychrometer—uses two thermometers to measure relative thermometers to measure relative humidityhumidity

Anemometer—measures wind Anemometer—measures wind speedspeed

Chapter 2, Lesson 4 Reproduced from NASA

Automated Surface Automated Surface Observing System Observing System

Weather reporting system, provides Weather reporting system, provides surface observations every minute surface observations every minute

Works nonstop, 24 hours a day, every day Works nonstop, 24 hours a day, every day of the yearof the year

Can’t report weather over the horizon, Can’t report weather over the horizon, above 12,000 feet, tornadoes, freezing above 12,000 feet, tornadoes, freezing drizzle, or snow depthdrizzle, or snow depth

Chapter 2, Lesson 4

Upper AirUpper Air More challenging to make than surface More challenging to make than surface

observationsobservations Radiosondes—collect data such as air Radiosondes—collect data such as air

temperature, pressure, wind speed, and wind temperature, pressure, wind speed, and wind directiondirection

Pilots are the only real-time source of Pilots are the only real-time source of information regarding turbulence, icing, and information regarding turbulence, icing, and cloud heights cloud heights

Chapter 2, Lesson 4 Courtesy of NASA

RadarRadar An instrument that sends out and receives An instrument that sends out and receives

radio wavesradio waves Can identify distance, strength, direction, and Can identify distance, strength, direction, and

speed of moving and fixed objects —aircraft, speed of moving and fixed objects —aircraft, weather formations, and terrainweather formations, and terrain

It reads reflectivity—the strength of a returned It reads reflectivity—the strength of a returned signal—to gauge a storm’s intensitysignal—to gauge a storm’s intensity

Chapter 2, Lesson 4 Courtesy of USAF/Maj Steve Burke

Four Types of RadarFour Types of Radar Doppler—Its two modes of operation are Doppler—Its two modes of operation are

clear air and precipitationclear air and precipitation FAA terminal Doppler—found at major FAA terminal Doppler—found at major

airports, provides severe weather alerts and airports, provides severe weather alerts and warnings to air traffic controllers warnings to air traffic controllers

FAA airport surveillance—detects aircraft, FAA airport surveillance—detects aircraft, location and strength of precipitation location and strength of precipitation

Aircraft airborne radar— can spot a big Aircraft airborne radar— can spot a big thunderstorm, light rainfall, and how big a thunderstorm, light rainfall, and how big a storm isstorm is

Chapter 2, Lesson 4 Courtesy of NASA/George Shelton

SatellitesSatellites In 1975 NASA and NOAA joined In 1975 NASA and NOAA joined

forces to launch, operate, and forces to launch, operate, and monitor new kind of weather monitor new kind of weather satellitesatellite

It was the Geostationary Operational It was the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Environmental Satellite

NASA launches the satellites for NASA launches the satellites for NOAANOAA

NOAA uses data collected by GOES NOAA uses data collected by GOES to forecast as well as observe to forecast as well as observe ongoing weatherongoing weather

Chapter 2, Lesson 4 Copyright © Boeing. All Rights Reserved.

SIGMET and AIRMETSIGMET and AIRMET

SIGMETs—provide data about severe SIGMETs—provide data about severe and extreme turbulence, severe icing, and extreme turbulence, severe icing, and widespread dust or sandstorms and widespread dust or sandstorms

AIRMETs—report on less-severe AIRMETs—report on less-severe weather such as moderate icing, weather such as moderate icing, moderate turbulence, and look at moderate turbulence, and look at sustained surface winds sustained surface winds

Chapter 2, Lesson 4

Activity 2: Collecting Activity 2: Collecting Atmospheric DataAtmospheric Data

Watch the NASA video “Real World: A-Train”Take notes about your observations and Take notes about your observations and answer the analysis questionsanswer the analysis questions

Chapter 2, Lesson 4

NASA Real World “A-Train”

Chapter 2, Lesson 4 Courtesy of NASA

Chapter 2, Lesson 4

Learning Check QuestionsLearning Check Questions

CPS Questions 5-6CPS Questions 5-6

Activity 3: Elements of a Activity 3: Elements of a Weather StationWeather Station

Construct a barometer or anemometer Test the operation of your component

and explain its purpose in forecasting weather for flight

Chapter 2, Lesson 4

NEXRAD More than 160 Doppler More than 160 Doppler

radars scattered throughout radars scattered throughout the US and overseas make the US and overseas make up systemup system

Converts what the radars Converts what the radars read about a storm or other read about a storm or other target—distance, strength, target—distance, strength, and velocity—into imagesand velocity—into images

Chapter 2, Lesson 4Courtesy of NOAA

Weather OutletsWeather Outlets Automated Flight Service Station—main source for Automated Flight Service Station—main source for

preflight weather reports, briefing available 24 hours by preflight weather reports, briefing available 24 hours by phonephone

Transcribed Information Briefing Service—briefings are Transcribed Information Briefing Service—briefings are prerecorded, quick rundown of weatherprerecorded, quick rundown of weather

En Route Flight Advisory Service— one of the best En Route Flight Advisory Service— one of the best sources for current weather along a route, not available sources for current weather along a route, not available 24 hours a day24 hours a day

Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service— broadcasts Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service— broadcasts bad weather alerts 24 hours a day, only a summarybad weather alerts 24 hours a day, only a summary

Chapter 2, Lesson 4

Types of BriefingsTypes of Briefings

Standard is most complete Standard is most complete report; it provides an report; it provides an overall weather pictureoverall weather picture

Abbreviated is a shortened Abbreviated is a shortened version of the standardversion of the standard

Outlook is best when a Outlook is best when a departure isn’t planned for departure isn’t planned for at least six hoursat least six hours

Chapter 2, Lesson 4Courtesy of USAF/Steven Doll

Current Weather ReportsCurrent Weather Reports Current weather reportsCurrent weather reports

METARs—hourly reports of current surface METARs—hourly reports of current surface weatherweather

PIREPs—current upper air conditionsPIREPs—current upper air conditionsRAREPs—storm detections; current readings of RAREPs—storm detections; current readings of

precipitation and thunderstorms precipitation and thunderstorms

Chapter 2, Lesson 4Courtesy of NOAA/National Weather Service

Printed Weather ForecastsPrinted Weather Forecasts

TAFs—cover a five-mile radius around airportsTAFs—cover a five-mile radius around airports FAs—picture of clouds, general weather, and visual FAs—picture of clouds, general weather, and visual

conditions over large areaconditions over large area SIGMETs and AIRMETs—data on severe and less severe SIGMETs and AIRMETs—data on severe and less severe

weatherweather FDs—predict winds and temperatures for specific spots FDs—predict winds and temperatures for specific spots

Chapter 2, Lesson 4

Weather ChartsWeather Charts Surface analysis chart assesses current surface Surface analysis chart assesses current surface

weatherweather Radar summary chart is for precipitation only Radar summary chart is for precipitation only Significant weather prognostic charts forecast Significant weather prognostic charts forecast

weather; they don’t report current weatherweather; they don’t report current weather

Chapter 2, Lesson 4Reproduced from National Weather Service/Aviation Weather Center/NOAA

Chapter 2, Lesson 4

Learning Check QuestionsLearning Check Questions

CPS Questions 7-8CPS Questions 7-8

Activity 4: Weather ForecastingActivity 4: Weather Forecasting

Prepare and present either a weather Prepare and present either a weather forecast or a weather briefing forecast or a weather briefing

Research and gather weather data from Research and gather weather data from the internetthe internet

Chapter 2, Lesson 4

SummarySummary

Chapter 2, Lesson 4

The history of weather forecastingThe history of weather forecasting The types of instruments used in weather The types of instruments used in weather

forecastingforecasting The various types of communication The various types of communication

methods used to provide weather methods used to provide weather informationinformation

Chapter 2, Lesson 4

Review QuestionsReview Questions

CPS Questions 9-10CPS Questions 9-10

Next….Next….

Done – Done – weather forecastingweather forecasting

Next – the effects of weather on Next – the effects of weather on aircraftaircraft

Chapter 2, Lesson 4 Courtesy of AP Photo.