Water Treatment_CSIR NEERI_Indovation 2015_23 January 2015

“Water Treatment”

CSIR Technologies

August 26, 2014

CGCRI

Structure of Presentation1. Introduction(1 minute)

2. Water treatment technologies (8 minutes)

– Turbidity/micro-organisms

– Fluoride

– Iron

– Arsenic

– Nitrate (being developed)

– Membrane filtration

3. Conclusion (1 minute).

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)

• Established in 1942 for the cutting edge R&D knowledge base in diverse S&T areas

• Network of 37 national laboratories with 3800 scientists

• Provides technological interventions in societal sectors of environmental health, drinking water, food, housing, energy etc

• On an average CSIR files about 200 Indian patents and 250 foreign patents per year

• About 9% CSIR patents are licensed which is above the global average

• Scientific staff of CSIR constitute about 3-4% of India’s scientific manpower but they contribute to 11% of India’s scientific output

Water Treatment Technologies

Turbidity & Micro-organisms

• Chemical oxidation, sand filtration anddisinfection

• Simple to fabricate, easy to operate

• Useful for emergency water supply

• No power requirement and gravity operated

• Capacity 18-20 L/h

• Produces water <3 NTU from raw waterhaving turbidity 100-300 NTU

• Treated water free from faecal coliforms andE. Coli

• Cost of the unit Rs. 6000 : Operating cost Rs 3per 1000 L

• Installed 100 units in the flood affectedremote areas of Barmer District in October2006 and 400 Aila Cyclone affected villagesof Sundarban district (West Bengal) in 2009.

“NEERI-Zar”- Portable Instant Water Filter

NEERI-ZAR in the flood affected area of Baitu Block of Barmer District, Rajasthan

Transportation and Installation of

NEERI-ZAR in Sundarban District,

West Bengal

Know-how is available free of cost for societal mission

Red Clay based Water Filtration Media (disc) –TERAFILTM

• TERAFILTM is prepared from the mixture of red clay (silt clay), river sand and wood saw dust

• Diameter of capillary : 0.2 to 0.3 micron

• Capillary smaller than size of most of the microbes and suspended particles

• Removal of about 99% of turbidity, 90-95% of micro-organisms and 90-95% of soluble iron

• 20 & 30 liter capacity Domestic Terafil water filter fitted with food grade plastic containers

• Community Terafil water purification gravity flow stand-alone plants ( capacity: 1,000 LPD, 2,500 LPD, 5,000 LPD, 10,000 LPD, 20,000 LPD)

• On-line Terafil pressure flow filtration unit (100 l/hour) without using electricity

Terafil disc fitted with holder

Domestic Terafil water filter

• Installation cost of Community gravity flow Terafil water filter:

Rs.10,000/- to Rs.2,00,000/- for 1000 LPD to 25,000 LPD gravity flow Terafil

• Cost of Domestic Terafil water filter: Rs.350/- for complete sets with food grade

plastic containers

• Cost of Terafil filtration candle is very cheap (Rs.25) and operational life is five years

• Cost of treatment of product water is 0.02 paisa per liter

Implementation Status

• Implemented in Bharat Nirman Yojana in state of Karnataka for removal of Iron from ground water in 3072 villages

• Govt. of Orissa supplied 75,000 sets to Anganwadi centres, Health centres etc

• Terafil water filter supplied by State Council of Science & Technology, Govt. of

Meghalaya

• Technology of TERAFIL filtration media has been transferred to more than 35

entrepreneurs

Red Clay based Water Filtration Media (disc) –TERAFILTM


Fluoride

Electrolytic Defluoridation Technique

• Removal of fluoride by active species of hydroxide of aluminium produced by passing DC power through aluminium electrode

• Process is effective to remove excess fluoride and also bring down the bacterial load of the raw water

• Simple to fabricate, easy to operate with minimum maintenance

• Suitable for treatment of raw water with fluoride concentration upto 10 mg/L

• Produces potable water with palatable taste as against the other available chemical treatment methods

• Quantity of sludge produced is much less (60-70%) than conventional treatment methods

• Treatment cost up to Rs 20 per 1000 L

• Technology transferred to 9 SMEs

Solar Energy Based Electrolytic DefluoridationPlants Installed by CSIR- NEERI

Usarvara village, Durg Dist.

(C.G.)

Sargapur village, Seoni Dist.

(M.P.)

Malgaon village, Balod Dist.

(C.G.).

Adivasi Kanya Shiksha Parisar,

Dist. Chindwara (M. P.)

• Salts of calcium and phosphorous to reduce the fluoride

• Suitable for fluoride concentration up to 10 mg/L

• Free from interference of anions in water

• Does not affect palatability of water unlike the other chemical treatment process (NalgondaTechnology) for fluoride removal

• Cost of the unit Rs. 2500

• Treatment cost : Rs. 0.2 per liter (Fluoride ~ 5 mg/L in raw water and <1 mg/L in treated water)

• 60 household demonstration units installed in Sakhara village in Yavatmal Dist. (M.S.) with support from Rajiv Gandhi S&T Commission, Mumbai

Chemo-defluoridation Technique

• New composite type adsorbents with high adsorption capacity and selectivity

for fluoride

• Suitable for treatment of raw water with a wide range of initial fluoride levels and with high concentration of co-existing ions

• Estimated cost of adsorbent: Rs. 85 per kg.

• Up-scaling of adsorbent synthesis completed up to 10 kg at SudChemie India Ltd.

• Laboratory scale batch and column trials completed with field water

• Patent filed.

New Adsorbents for Defluoridation

Adsorbent Equilibrium capacity (mg/g)

NEERI-I 7.2

NEERI-II 4.7

Activated Alumina 1.1

Adsorbents tested for wastewater with higher ‘F’ content

(50 ppm)

NEERI 30.3

NEERI 37.0

Activated alumina 5.0

Field water: Initial F Conc.: 5.2 mg/L; Contact time 20 min

Household techniques developed and

user’s perception study completed

BT Cap: 14 mg/g

Breakthrough Column Study


Arsenic

Chemo - Dearsenification Household Unit

Salient Features

• Process involves removal of arsenic using Fenton’s reagent / KMnO4+ FeCl3

• Reduces arsenic concentration in water to <10 ppb

• A typical unit, of 30 L capacity can serve a family of 5-6 persons, on the basis of

5-6 litres per capita/day for drinking and cooking purposes

• Suitable for treating the water upto arsenic concentration of 2000 ppb

• No leaching of arsenic from sludge back into the water at normal pH range (6.5-

8.5)

• Most reliable for small arsenic affected villages where community water

treatment plant is not economically feasible

• Unit cost Rs. 3000-4000

Cost of Treatment

With KMnO4 + FeCl3 = Rs. 3.0/1000 litre

With Fenton’s Reagent (Ferous sulphate +H2O2)= Rs. 4/1000 litre

Novel Features • Simple to fabricate and easy to operate

• Minimum maintenance

• Gravity operated

• No power requirement

• Taste of the treated water is palatable

• Typical Capacity - 30 L

Chemo-Dearsenification Units Installed in the Field

Ceramic Membrane Based Technology

Adsorption on nano-colloidal media in water and separation of suspended adsorbent using ceramic micro-filtration membrane modules

Level of treatment

– Raw water : Arsenic : 2.7 mg/l and iron : 13 mg/l

Implementation Status

– 28 nos. community plants (500 - 5000 LPD capacity) installed in North Eastern States

– 7 nos. private entrepreneurs installed plants in Tripura under self/bank financing scheme

Salient features

– Simultaneous removal of arsenic, iron, turbidity

– Low pressure (< 2 Kg/cm2 ) operation

– Low power consumption.

CGCRI

Water treatment using naturally occurring minerals

• Low cost mineral based adsorption media for removal of both As(III) and As(V) simultaneously and iron

• Field trial for about three months in 50 households in Sahebgunj district has shown that the technology is technically viable

• Sludge can be easily contained however, requires a concerted methodology

• Low Consumables’ cost

Batch size:• 20 L, easily upgradable

Hardware required:• A three container set up with flexible material of

construction (stainless steel to plastic). Clay set ups are

also feasible

Consumables• Naturally occurring minerals (typically 2-3 g of ferruginous

manganese ore for 20 L of water having 0.2 mg/L of arsenic

Special features: Low cost

Does not require electricity

May be upgraded to

community level

Can take As(II) and As(V)

without pre-treatment

Does not require

specialized training

Sludge management

protocol ingrained


Iron Removal

Hand Pump Attachable Iron Removal Plant

• Continuous operation system with 1m3/hour hydraulic loading

• 40 Ipcd and 10 hours daily operation assumption

• Based on contact bed aerationsystem

• 240 plants installed at Assam duringwater Mission in 1992

• 200 plants installed in Chhatisgarh

• Construction cost about Rs. 50,000

Principle: • Aeration (Gas transfer)• Oxidation • Precipitation • Sedimentation • Filtration

“NEERI-Zar”- Domestic Iron Removal Unit

• NEERI-ZAR also works as Domestic Iron Removal Unit

• Potassium permanganate oxidises and precipitate iron in groundwater (0.5 mg per mg of iron)

• Potassium permanganate also works as disinfectant

• Suitable for iron affected remote places

• Cost of the unit Rs. 6000 : Operating cost Rs. 3 per 1000 L

• 20 units installed in Tadoba Reserve Forest, Chandrapur Dist. (Maharashtra) for supply of potable water to forest guards (Iron concentration 3 to 7 mg/L)

• Demands from police camps at remote places in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh


Membrane filtration

Ultrafiltration membrane based water purifier

• Operates on normal tap water pressure(0.5 bar) and does not require electricity.

• The water filtration rate for 30 cmmodule is 1 lit/min, and 3 lit/min at 1 barpressure for community module.

• Applicability : Hand pump, foot pump,cycle pump, and compact, online andelectrically operated pumps.

• With the support of Department ofScience and technology (DST), New Delhi40 units have been supplied to NGOsworking in public health monitoring fortrial and performance evaluation

• The technology on non-exclusive basishas been transferred to M/s. MembraneFilters (India) Pvt. Ltd

Water disinfection using UF Membranes: From concept to market

Flat sheet membrane based spirally wound modules Developed a process to control membrane porosity using a

substrate polymer manufactured in India- Reject smallest known pathogenic species (virus);- Still be able to operate at tap water pressure (0.4 bar)

Prototype preparation, demonstration & performance evaluation- Designed various easy to use prototypes, - Demonstration & rigorous performance evaluation

Technology transfer: - Licensed to M/s. Membrane Filters India Ltd.

Prototypes developed at NCL

Units marketed by M/s. MFIL based on

NCL’s technology

CSIR-CSMCRI’s Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration & Microfiltration Membrane Technologies

Hollow fiber spinning unit

• Developed the technologies for manufacturing low fouling ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes

of different MWCO values

• Useful for the removal of bacteria, viruses, cyst, turbidity, colloidal materials from water

The technologies have been Licensed to M/s Uniqflux Membranes LLP, Pune. The company has

started commercial production in August 2011

Patent No: WO2012/035402A1

Technical Details

TechnologyWet Spinning Phase

Inversion

Polymer Polysulphone/PAN

MWCO 100/40/10 KD

Lumen ID 0.8/1/1.2/2 mm

Flux 70-150 LMH

Type Hollow Fibre

Operation Cross Flow/Dead End

Flow In-Out/Out-IN

Bacteria/Virus

RejectionLog6/4

TFC RO membranes & Modules from Uniqflux Membranes (CSIR-CSMCRI Licensee)

Location(Villages)

Salt Concentration Fluoride, ppm

Feed Permeate Feed Permeate

Wailapally 2500 500 6.50 0.88

Gattuppal 670 75 4.50 0.44

Puttapaka 2300 330 0.90 0.10

Yelama-kanna 4800 527 3.00 0.45

Kalvakuntla 1875 241 4.00 0.53

RO feed and permeate water analysis, Nalgonda, A.P.

Parameter Feed (mg/lit) Permeate (mg/lit) R (%)

Salinity 1907 148 92.2

Sulphate 110 7.64 93.0

Fluoride 1.74 0.169 90.3

Mg 201 7 96.5

Tot. Hard 261 9 96.5

Nitrate 151 23.4 84.5

Barmer Air Force Station, Rajasthan

Mobile RO Plant

RO Desalination cum Defluoridation• RO is useful not only for desalination but for the simultaneous removal of fluoride, nitrate,

iron, hardness, pathogens, etc., from water

• The data clearly indicates that RO is capable of removing all the impurities simultaneously

• Treatment of RO concentrate is essential before discharge, especially, where Fluoride is

present in water

Solar PV Powered RO desalination/defluoridation plants

Feed TDS = 2500 ppm; Fluoride 3-5 ppm

Product water TDS = <300 ppm; Fluoride < 1

ppm

• Five Solar PV driven 250-400 LPH RO desalination plants were set up

in villages of Rajasthan, 2010-2013

The mobile unit is

equipped with RO

and UF membrane

based plants

UF membranes in Providing Clean Drinking Water for Odisha cyclone Victims

October 2013

UF unit produces 10000

L/h safe drinking water

HF ultrafiltration membrane based water purification units in

Uttarakhand after the 2013 Himalayan Tsunami

HF-based ultrafiltration units in J & K after 2014 floods

Technology of hollow fiber membrane spinning

Next generation membranes: Higher surface area

Developed a process with control on porosity using a substrate polymer manufactured in India

- Reject smallest known pathogenic species (virus);

- Still be able to operate at tap water pressure (0.4 bar)

Achieved state of the art competency in this area

Technology transfer: - Licensed to M/s. Technorbital Advanced Materials Ltd.

Membrane modules developed at NCL

One of the units marketed by

M/s. TAML based on NCL’s technology

Conclusion

• Cost-effective and sustainable water and wastewater treatment technologies are developed by CSIR

• These technologies are successfully implemented in the field

• Technologies can be disseminated in water quality affected rural habitations with the help from water supply agencies

• CSIR will provide essential training to water supply agencies for implementing technologies

THANKS

from

Team CSIRPawan Labhasetwar/Subhash Andey

Water Technology and Management DivisionNEERI, Nehru Marg, NagpurEmail: [email protected]

Indigenous TFC RO Membrane desalination plants

Based on indigenous membrane technology, CSMCRI has set up several brackishwater and seawater desalination plants:

US patent no. 7387728, June 17, 2008

Nagraja Rajashthan SWRO Plant installed at at Nelmadur, Ramanathpuram

water collection point (left); actual plant (centre); people collecting filtered sea water for drinking (right)

Patent Application. No. :1550/DEL/2009

First community scale Solar PV powered 700LPH Brackish water RO Plant jointlydeveloped with Social Work and ResearchCenter (Barefoot College), Tilonia, Rajasthan.

5 more plants are set up in Sambhar Lakearea