WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY (TAS 3010) LECTURE NOTES 4 - Waste Water Sampling & Analysis

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

© SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.University College of Science and Technology Malaysia

CHAPTER 3:Environmental Microbiology

TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4

Sampling Sampling

& &

Analysis Analysis

Sampling Sampling

& &

Analysis Analysis


Menu

1) Environmental Analysis

2) Laboratory Work Rules

3) Laboratory Standard

4) Water Testing

5) Water Testing Factors

6) Water Testing Activities

1) Sample Water Collection

2) Physical Test

3) Chemical Test

4) Biological Test

5) Record

7) Accurate Analysis


Introduction

““A A thorough analysis of analysis of environment-related

problems to find alternative actions and their to find alternative actions and their

predictable short-term and long-term predictable short-term and long-term

environmental effects, environmental effects, arising from activities at a

site incorporating physical, biological, economic, incorporating physical, biological, economic,

and social considerations.and social considerations.

Environmental Analysis Environmental Analysis


Environmental Analysis - Types

1.1. Classical MethodsClassical Methods

i.i. Volumetric MethodsVolumetric Methods

ii.ii. Gravimetric MethodsGravimetric Methods

2.2. Instrumental MethodsInstrumental Methods


Classical Methods

1.1. Volumetric methods (Flow measurement & Volumetric methods (Flow measurement & sampling)sampling)- Rapid, accurate, use simple and inexpensive - Rapid, accurate, use simple and inexpensive apparatusapparatus- Can be used for direct measurements of the - Can be used for direct measurements of the bulk properties. bulk properties.

e.g Water hardnesse.g Water hardness

2. Gravimetric methods (Analytical)2. Gravimetric methods (Analytical)- Extreme accuracy- Extreme accuracy- Very prone to interference from other - Very prone to interference from other

species. species.- Need high degree of skill for accurate analysis.- Need high degree of skill for accurate analysis.- Used as reference methods to check the - Used as reference methods to check the accuracy of other techniques.accuracy of other techniques.


Classical Methods – Con’d

3.3. ColorimetricColorimetric

- Utilizing formation of a soluble coloured compound following the

addition of a special reagent for a wide range of constituents in

wastewater.

- The coloured solution must be such that light absorption through it

increases exponentially with the concentration;

4.4. ElectrodesElectrodes

- - Glass electrodes; sensitive to hydrogen ions in solution used to measure

and express the pH(- log10 [H+] to indicate the intensity or alkalinity of a

solution.

- H+ increase, pH values decrease H+ ion decrease, pH values increase

- All electrodes require careful and sometimes frequent, calibration and

regular cleaning if left in position for continuous monitoring purposes.


Instrumental Methods

1. More suited to low concentration.

2. Linear operating range of instrumentation often

corresponding very closely to environmental

concentrations.

3. Analysis generally rapid and can be easily

automated.


Rules – Laboratory Work 1. 1. Always wear appropriate protective clothingAlways wear appropriate protective clothing

2.2. Never smoke, eat or drink in the laboratoryNever smoke, eat or drink in the laboratory

3.3. Never work alone in a laboratoryNever work alone in a laboratory

4.4. Make yourself familiar with the fire regulations in your Make yourself familiar with the fire regulations in your

laboratory and buildinglaboratory and building

5.5. Be aware of the accident/emergency procedures in your Be aware of the accident/emergency procedures in your

laboratory and buildinglaboratory and building

6.6. Only use/take the minimum quantity of chemical required for Only use/take the minimum quantity of chemical required for

your work.your work.

7.7. Use a fume cupboard for hazardous chemicals. Check that it is Use a fume cupboard for hazardous chemicals. Check that it is

functioning properly before starting your work.functioning properly before starting your work.

8.8. Clear up spillages on and around equipment and in your own Clear up spillages on and around equipment and in your own

workspace as they occur.workspace as they occur.

9.9. Work in a logical manner.Work in a logical manner.

10.10. Think ahead and plan your work accordingly.Think ahead and plan your work accordingly.


Laboratory Standard

1.1. General cleanliness of the laboratory General cleanliness of the laboratory

2.2. Contamination of the laboratory equipment Contamination of the laboratory equipment

and atmosphere from previous analysesand atmosphere from previous analyses

3.3. Training of the laboratory staffTraining of the laboratory staff

4.4. Frequency of instrument maintenance and Frequency of instrument maintenance and

calibration.calibration.


Water Testing

““Before the recommendation of Before the recommendation of

treatment process to be adopted in treatment process to be adopted in

a water supply scheme, the sample a water supply scheme, the sample

of water from the source should be of water from the source should be

collected and tested in laboratory.” collected and tested in laboratory.”

Water Testing Water Testing


Water Testing Factors

i.i.To select the source of waterTo select the source of water

ii.ii.To find the number of units to be established To find the number of units to be established

in a treatment plant and the type of in a treatment plant and the type of

treatment needed. treatment needed.

iii.iii.To find the cost of treatmentTo find the cost of treatment

iv.iv.To find the daily requirement of coagulants, To find the daily requirement of coagulants,

bleaching powder, chlorine, etc. bleaching powder, chlorine, etc.


Water Testing Activities

1.1. Collection of Water SamplesCollection of Water Samples

2.2. Physical TestPhysical Test

3.3. Chemical TestChemical Test

4.4. Biological TestBiological Test

5.5. Data RecordData Record


Water Sampling

““The correctness of treatment The correctness of treatment

plant depends on the plant depends on the

laboratory of water. The laboratory of water. The

correctness of laboratory test correctness of laboratory test

depends on the method of depends on the method of

collection and preservation of collection and preservation of

sample”.sample”.


Water Sampling Activities

1. Sampling Methodologies for routine and

emergency procedures

2. Performing field tests

3. Performing sampling for all water qualities in

different water supply system


Sampling Methods

1.Random sampling

2.Systematic sampling

3.Stratified sampling


Sampling Procedures

1.1. Total number of samples takenTotal number of samples taken

2.2. Location of the sampling and Sampling apparatusLocation of the sampling and Sampling apparatus

3.3. Sample volume and sample storage containersSample volume and sample storage containers

4.4. Storage of samplesStorage of samples


Water Sample Collection – Con’d

1.1. The bottles of the samples should be properly labeled with The bottles of the samples should be properly labeled with

informations like date, time of collection, type of source, etc.informations like date, time of collection, type of source, etc.

2.2. The bottles should be cleaned properly. The bottles should be cleaned properly.

3.3. The bottles may be of polythene or glass with airtight corks.The bottles may be of polythene or glass with airtight corks.

4.4. The capacity of bottles should be about 2 to 3 litres.The capacity of bottles should be about 2 to 3 litres.

5.5. The bottles should be packed in a wooden box with saw The bottles should be packed in a wooden box with saw

dust.dust.

6.6. The samples should be tested as early as possible.The samples should be tested as early as possible.

7.7. If the water is collected from tap, then the water should be If the water is collected from tap, then the water should be

allowed to flow for some time before collection.allowed to flow for some time before collection.

8. If the water is collected from surface sources such as 8. If the water is collected from surface sources such as

rivers, rivers, streams or lakes, then it should be streams or lakes, then it should be

collected from a collected from a depth of about 50 cm. depth of about 50 cm. . .


Storage Significant

1.1. To retardTo retard biological action biological action

2.2. To retardTo retard hydrolysis of chemical hydrolysis of chemical

compounds and complexescompounds and complexes

3.3. To reduceTo reduce volatility of constituents. volatility of constituents.

4.4. To reduceTo reduce absorption absorption effects.effects.

Sample Preservation

General Rules :

• Best to analyze sample as soon as possible after collection.

• Especially when the concentration is expected to be low


Sample Preservation

General Sample Preservation :

• Refrigerate samples at or below 4 °C.

• Most tests have specific requirements for preservation and maximum holding time of samples


Choosing Suitable Methods

1.APHA :

American Public Health Association

2. ASTM

American Society for Testing and

Materials


Physical Test

1.Colour

2.Taste and Odour

3.Turbidity

4.Temperature


Chemical Test

• Chlorides

• Nitrogen and its compounds

• Dissolved gas

• pH-value (Hydrogen-ion

concentration)

• Hardness

• Iron and manganese

• Total solids

• Sulphates

• Alkalinity


Biological Test

1. Total count or Agar Plate count test or

Standard Plate Count

2. E-coli test


Typical Analytical Scheme

1. Sample extraction

2. Separation of interfering compounds

3. Concentration of extract

4. Analysis

5. Results calculation and assessment.


Recording of Practical Results Key factors to remember:Key factors to remember:

1.1. Record data correctly and legiblyRecord data correctly and legibly2.2. Include the date and title of individual experimentsInclude the date and title of individual experiments3.3. Outline the purpose of the experiments and record Outline the purpose of the experiments and record

the hazards and risks associated with the the hazards and risks associated with the chemicals/equipment being used. chemicals/equipment being used.

4.4. Refer to the method/procedure being used and/or Refer to the method/procedure being used and/or write a brief description of the method.write a brief description of the method.

5.5. Record the actual observationRecord the actual observation6.6. Record numbers with the correct units, e.g. mg, g, Record numbers with the correct units, e.g. mg, g,

ml, l and to an appropriate number of significant ml, l and to an appropriate number of significant figures.figures.

7.7. Intepret data in the form of graphs, spectra, etc.Intepret data in the form of graphs, spectra, etc.8.8. Record conclusions.Record conclusions.9.9. Identify any actions for future work.Identify any actions for future work.

table table ,,


Accurate Analysis

1.1. Sampling procedure should produce a representative Sampling procedure should produce a representative

samplesample

2.2. The sample should not become contaminated or alter The sample should not become contaminated or alter

chemically during storagechemically during storage

3.3. There should be no contamination of the sample There should be no contamination of the sample

within the laboratory or during the analysiswithin the laboratory or during the analysis

4.4. Any losses in extraction, separation and Any losses in extraction, separation and

concentration procedures should be minimized.concentration procedures should be minimized.

5.5. There should be no interference in the final There should be no interference in the final

analysis from other components in the sample.analysis from other components in the sample.

6.6. Results should be correctly calculated and Results should be correctly calculated and

archived for future reference.archived for future reference.


Advanced Laboratories

1.Chemical, microbial and biological tests2.Accredited3.Advanced instrumentationPerform :

a) Field sampling and testsb) Water treatment advicec) Water Quality Research

4.Professional team of chemists and biologists


Collection Equipments

Van Dorn Water Sampler


Measuring Equipments

pH Meter / probe


Measuring Equipments

Conductivity Meter

Salt / Conductivity Meter


Analytical Equipments

Polyethylene bottle Glass bottle

Container



dropper

Burette

Pipette

Conical Flask

Volumetric cylinder

Beaker

Test tubeImhoff cone

1. Burette

2. Pipette

3. Volumetric cylinder

4. Beaker

5. Imhoff cone

6. Test Tube

7. Conical Flask

8. Dropper



forcep

Evaporating dish

Filtration flask

Volumetric flaskBOD bottle

1. Volumetric flask

2. Forcep

3. Evaporating Dish

4. Filtration Flask

5. BOD bottle



Titration Set


Laboratory Equipments

Stirrer



Analytical Balance

OvenMuffle furnace

Water bath

Desiccator

1. Oven

2. Water bath

3. Desiccator

4. Analytical Balance

5. Muffle Furnace



Incubator



Jar Test



HACH DR 4000 Spectrophotometer


Specialized Analytical Techniques

Atomic-Absorption Spectrometry

(AAS)

Technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal element in a sample



High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

To separate components of a mixture by using a variety of chemical interactions between the substance being analyzed (analyte) and the

chromatography column.



Gas Chromatography (GC)

Chemical analysis instrument for separating chemicals in a complex sample.


Homework !!!!!!!

DATA INTERPRETING :

‘CALIBRATION GRAPH’

- Definition

- When to use/produce

- How to produce.

***** TO BE SUBMITTED NEXT LECTURE


THANK YOUR FOR THANK YOUR FOR

YOUR ATTENTION…..YOUR ATTENTION…..

THANK YOUR FOR THANK YOUR FOR

YOUR ATTENTION…..YOUR ATTENTION…..

WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY (TAS 3010) LECTURE NOTES 4 - Waste Water Sampling & Analysis

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