WATER THE CRISIS OF THE 21ST CENTURY It is said that the trouble with being poor is that it takes up all your time. And this is why we say, water washes.

WATERWATERTHE CRISIS OF THE 21ST CENTURYTHE CRISIS OF THE 21ST CENTURY

It is said that the trouble with being poor is that It is said that the trouble with being poor is that it takes up all your time. And this is why we say, it takes up all your time. And this is why we say, water washes away poverty.water washes away poverty.

Because a basic, affordable supply of safe water brings Because a basic, affordable supply of safe water brings freedom – freedom to learn, to work, to grow – to break freedom – freedom to learn, to work, to grow – to break free from the vicious cycle of poverty. free from the vicious cycle of poverty.

For many South Africans, a ready supply of potable For many South Africans, a ready supply of potable water is just a tap turn away – so it’s difficult to water is just a tap turn away – so it’s difficult to comprehend that water is a scarce resource.comprehend that water is a scarce resource.

Within 20 years, the average supply of water worldwide Within 20 years, the average supply of water worldwide per person is set to decrease by one third (United per person is set to decrease by one third (United Nations report 2003).Nations report 2003).

Why is water security being threatened?Why is water security being threatened?

1.2 Billion people in the world, (one sixtieth of the world 1.2 Billion people in the world, (one sixtieth of the world population), do not have access to potable water. population), do not have access to potable water.

2.2 Million people in developing countries are dying 2.2 Million people in developing countries are dying every year, most of them children, from diseases linked every year, most of them children, from diseases linked to the lack of access to clean drinking water and poor to the lack of access to clean drinking water and poor hygiene. hygiene.

1.1. Global warmingGlobal warming2.2. Global degradation of eco-systemsGlobal degradation of eco-systems3.3. Pollution growth ratesPollution growth rates4.4. Extreme povertyExtreme poverty5.5. Pollution and contamination of water Pollution and contamination of water

. bearings bearings6.6. MismanagementMismanagement7.7. Non-care attitudeNon-care attitude

AFRICA’S STATUS:AFRICA’S STATUS: Classified as water scarce or water stressed. Classified as water scarce or water stressed.

The average distance a woman in Africa and Asia walks The average distance a woman in Africa and Asia walks to collect water is 6kms.to collect water is 6kms.

The weight of water that woman in Africa and Asia carry The weight of water that woman in Africa and Asia carry on their heads is equivalent to the baggage weight on their heads is equivalent to the baggage weight allowed by airlines (20kgs).allowed by airlines (20kgs).

6000 boys and girls die everyday from diseases linked 6000 boys and girls die everyday from diseases linked to the lack of clean drinking water. to the lack of clean drinking water.

Women and girls in Africa, use average of more than 8 Women and girls in Africa, use average of more than 8 hours a day, traveling from 10-15 km, to transport hours a day, traveling from 10-15 km, to transport between 20 and 15 litres of water in each trip.between 20 and 15 litres of water in each trip.

Men, especially in rural areas, do not play the role of Men, especially in rural areas, do not play the role of getting or carrying water.getting or carrying water.

This inequality has implications in woman’s daily life, This inequality has implications in woman’s daily life, from a rights base perspective.from a rights base perspective.

The carrying of water not only causes them physical The carrying of water not only causes them physical disorders, but also makes it difficult for them to get disorders, but also makes it difficult for them to get involved in other activities such as education, income involved in other activities such as education, income

generation and recreation.generation and recreation.

It is critical to reassess the economical, social and It is critical to reassess the economical, social and environmental roles of clear and safe water.environmental roles of clear and safe water.

In developing countries one person uses an average of In developing countries one person uses an average of 10 litres of water per day. 10 litres of water per day.

In the developed world one person uses an average of In the developed world one person uses an average of

135 litres of water everyday.135 litres of water everyday.

When you flush the toilet, you are using the same When you flush the toilet, you are using the same amount of water that one person in the third world uses amount of water that one person in the third world uses all day to wash, clean, cook and drink.all day to wash, clean, cook and drink.

In poor countries the population in cities pay five times In poor countries the population in cities pay five times more for one litre of water; than what it cost an more for one litre of water; than what it cost an

American Citizen.American Citizen.

Every person without access to safe water and adequate Every person without access to safe water and adequate sanitation is one person too many…sanitation is one person too many…

In the last ten years, diarrhoea has killed more girls and In the last ten years, diarrhoea has killed more girls and boys than all the people who died during World War II.boys than all the people who died during World War II.

In some poor countries the people dying from diarrhoea In some poor countries the people dying from diarrhoea are twice as many as those dying of HIV/AIDS.are twice as many as those dying of HIV/AIDS.

1.5 Billion people in the world are suffering from 1.5 Billion people in the world are suffering from parasite infections due to water and sanitation, which parasite infections due to water and sanitation, which could be controlled with hygiene.could be controlled with hygiene.

It is like air, a heritage of humanity and must be declared It is like air, a heritage of humanity and must be declared that way. that way.

Equal access to clean water and the protection of this Equal access to clean water and the protection of this resource, to prevent natural disasters, is more than a resource, to prevent natural disasters, is more than a necessity.necessity.

It is an urgent human right that can not be postponed.It is an urgent human right that can not be postponed.

Lack of access to drinking water leads to the violation of Lack of access to drinking water leads to the violation of the right to life, safety, food, health and education of the right to life, safety, food, health and education of billions of human beings.billions of human beings.

Water is a fundamental and inalienable human right and Water is a fundamental and inalienable human right and a common good that every person and institute of this a common good that every person and institute of this planet should protect.planet should protect.

The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights excluded The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights excluded

water as an explicit right. water as an explicit right. UNBELIEVABLE!UNBELIEVABLE!

When water is a natural resource necessary for When water is a natural resource necessary for BASIC BASIC SURVIVAL. SURVIVAL.

However, the general comment #15 on the articles 11 However, the general comment #15 on the articles 11 and 12 on the rights to clean water, adopted in and 12 on the rights to clean water, adopted in November 2002 by the committee on economic, social November 2002 by the committee on economic, social and cultural rights, explicitly recognised that water is a and cultural rights, explicitly recognised that water is a fundamental human right. Water is the origin, essence fundamental human right. Water is the origin, essence

and sustenance of life.and sustenance of life.

The 145 countries that ratified this agreement are The 145 countries that ratified this agreement are obligated to progressively ensure that every person has obligated to progressively ensure that every person has access to safe drinking water, equally and without access to safe drinking water, equally and without discrimination.discrimination.

This obligation requires that all parties adopt the This obligation requires that all parties adopt the necessary measures to guarantee the right to drinking necessary measures to guarantee the right to drinking water.water.

In present times humanity gives water a commodity In present times humanity gives water a commodity value like merchandise, a simply service for value like merchandise, a simply service for commercial use and profit.commercial use and profit.

It has forgotten its value and origin and continuity of It has forgotten its value and origin and continuity of life.life.

This situation creates consumption habits and This situation creates consumption habits and utilizations which are not sustainable in the present utilizations which are not sustainable in the present and much less in the future.and much less in the future.

We should call our planet “water” and not “earth” We should call our planet “water” and not “earth” because life originated in the water.because life originated in the water.

The average deep of the oceans is 3 kms and the area The average deep of the oceans is 3 kms and the area covered by the oceans is by far larger than the earth covered by the oceans is by far larger than the earth (70% is covered with water).(70% is covered with water).

If we wish the continuity of life as we know it now, it is If we wish the continuity of life as we know it now, it is necessary to create a new culture which recognizes and necessary to create a new culture which recognizes and respect the value of water.respect the value of water.

From this new culture, will depend the survival of future From this new culture, will depend the survival of future generations and species of our planet. generations and species of our planet.

Life originated in the oceans and the salt taste of our Life originated in the oceans and the salt taste of our blood, reminds us of our origins.blood, reminds us of our origins.

Both liquids contain 4 grams of salt per litre and 84 Both liquids contain 4 grams of salt per litre and 84 elements, exactly in the same proportions.elements, exactly in the same proportions.

70% of the surface of the planet is covered with water: 70% of the surface of the planet is covered with water: 97% is salted and it is found in the oceans; the other 3% 97% is salted and it is found in the oceans; the other 3% is fresh water: 2% is ice, and less than 1% is available is fresh water: 2% is ice, and less than 1% is available for human consumption.for human consumption.

The ambiental crises that we are confronted with are The ambiental crises that we are confronted with are related with our loss of values and principles.related with our loss of values and principles.

We do not respect and love what we do not know.We do not respect and love what we do not know.

The water is the common heritage of all species of the The water is the common heritage of all species of the planet.planet.

It is the point of origin that maintains organisms and It is the point of origin that maintains organisms and cells with life.cells with life.

There is no doubt that the water is the most important There is no doubt that the water is the most important resource for which humanity will suffer as a result of resource for which humanity will suffer as a result of mismanagement of our environmentmismanagement of our environment.

The water in our planet is a miracle of equilibrium. The The water in our planet is a miracle of equilibrium. The volume of water in the world has been constant since its volume of water in the world has been constant since its origins.origins.

Only 2% of the world’s fresh water is in rivers, lakes Only 2% of the world’s fresh water is in rivers, lakes and wetlands.and wetlands.

The tragedy is that almost every river is contaminated, The tragedy is that almost every river is contaminated, many lakes are disappearing, and humans have many lakes are disappearing, and humans have destroyed more than 50% of the world’s wetlands.destroyed more than 50% of the world’s wetlands.

We are the last generation still capable of preventing We are the last generation still capable of preventing the massive extension of plants, animals and micro-the massive extension of plants, animals and micro-organisms.organisms.

Water is only one of the few components really Water is only one of the few components really essential for all organisms of our planet.essential for all organisms of our planet.

Without water, there would be no life.Without water, there would be no life.

HealthHealth vs vs Health CareHealth Care

““Health Care” implies having to remedy Health Care” implies having to remedy sickness.sickness.

““Health” is a state of freedom from all Health” is a state of freedom from all that illness brings.that illness brings.

Between 70 and 80% of diseases is caused by:Between 70 and 80% of diseases is caused by:

So, shouldn’t we think deeply about how we are living to So, shouldn’t we think deeply about how we are living to avoid the lowered quality of life and great financial costs avoid the lowered quality of life and great financial costs that serious disease can bring?that serious disease can bring?

INCORRECT LIFESTYLESINCORRECT LIFESTYLES

INAPPROPRIATE ENVIRONMENTINAPPROPRIATE ENVIRONMENT

13 MOST IMPORTANT 13 MOST IMPORTANT CAUSES OF DEATHCAUSES OF DEATH

% = Distribution of causes of death

(%) = Distribution of public budget

Preventative HealthcarePreventative Healthcare

HealthcareHealthcare

11%11%

(90.6%)(90.6%)

Biology 27% (6.9%)Biology 27% (6.9%)

Lifestyle 43% (1.2%)Lifestyle 43% (1.2%)

EnvironmentEnvironment

19%19%

(1.5%)(1.5%)

Dever, 1976

Hjort, 1984

Kalla; Ingemar Norling

Gotenborg University

Causes of HealthCauses of Health

A + BA + B Lifestyle +-Lifestyle +- Activities within the Activities within the EnvironmentEnvironment working, living recreation working, living recreation

CC Contribution of Health CareContribution of Health Care

DD Genetical CausesGenetical Causes

C = 10%

D = 20%

B = 20%

A = 50%

It is unfortunate that the demand for It is unfortunate that the demand for services occurs only after illness services occurs only after illness becomes evident, while the need for becomes evident, while the need for services is long before illness occurs.services is long before illness occurs.

Attention is focused on sick, but the need Attention is focused on sick, but the need is to maintain the health of those who are is to maintain the health of those who are not yet ill.not yet ill.

Good health has become synonymous Good health has become synonymous with the provision of a doctor and a with the provision of a doctor and a hospital rather than the enjoyment of a hospital rather than the enjoyment of a disease free environment.disease free environment.

The existence of more than 1.2 billion The existence of more than 1.2 billion people worldwide without drinking people worldwide without drinking water and 2.8 billion without water and 2.8 billion without sanitation and in contaminated and sanitation and in contaminated and polluted environments, is a pungent polluted environments, is a pungent example of the urgent need for example of the urgent need for preventive health to be seen in its preventive health to be seen in its entirety, tackling the causes of entirety, tackling the causes of illill health instead of the symptoms.health instead of the symptoms.

We are living on Earth in 2007 with the same amount of We are living on Earth in 2007 with the same amount of water that was available in 1900, while in the meantime water that was available in 1900, while in the meantime the global population has quadrupled.the global population has quadrupled.

Because urban populations are growing rapidly, city Because urban populations are growing rapidly, city water systems everywhere are under pressure.water systems everywhere are under pressure.

Most of the world’s hardest pressed cities simply can Most of the world’s hardest pressed cities simply can not pay for the investment themselves.not pay for the investment themselves.

Many of the world’s fresh water problems arise because Many of the world’s fresh water problems arise because governments treat it as “Common Property” – it is free governments treat it as “Common Property” – it is free to use, no matter what you do with it and how much you to use, no matter what you do with it and how much you use.use.

Huge quantities are wasted:Huge quantities are wasted:

Factory owners feel free to pollute.Factory owners feel free to pollute. Governments don’t extend and improve their water Governments don’t extend and improve their water

networks, because they can’t pay for it. networks, because they can’t pay for it.

By 2025, all of Africa and the Middle East, and almost all By 2025, all of Africa and the Middle East, and almost all of South & Central America and Asia, will be either of South & Central America and Asia, will be either running out of fresh water or unable to afford its costs. running out of fresh water or unable to afford its costs. (I.W.M.I)(I.W.M.I)

Water is the most important environmental and human Water is the most important environmental and human rights issue of them all.rights issue of them all.

Global warming is a present reality, but the worst Global warming is a present reality, but the worst consequences will be felt decades from now. But in the consequences will be felt decades from now. But in the

interim the world is running out of waterinterim the world is running out of water TODAY.TODAY.

Landlords and municipalities don’t fix leaking pipes. Landlords and municipalities don’t fix leaking pipes.

Farmers over irrigate their fields.Farmers over irrigate their fields.

WATER SERVICES ENTAILS FOUR BASIC FUNCTIONS: WATER SERVICES ENTAILS FOUR BASIC FUNCTIONS:

Purifying the water that goes into the systemPurifying the water that goes into the system. Delivering it to end usersDelivering it to end users.

Cleaning up the water that leaves the homes and Cleaning up the water that leaves the homes and businesses.businesses.

Extending and maintaining the network of pipes, Extending and maintaining the network of pipes, pumps and plants.pumps and plants.

Most of the world worries about where to get the next Most of the world worries about where to get the next drop, how much it will cost, and whether it will be lethal.drop, how much it will cost, and whether it will be lethal.

All over the world you have these hugely under funded, All over the world you have these hugely under funded, very inefficient services producing a very bad service.very inefficient services producing a very bad service.

WATER RESOURCES WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

““RIGID” vs “SOFT” APPROACHRIGID” vs “SOFT” APPROACH

The world is going through an enormous The world is going through an enormous transition in the way we are managing our vital transition in the way we are managing our vital and limited resources of fresh water.and limited resources of fresh water.

The metaphor of electing between two ways, The metaphor of electing between two ways, will help us to go through the transition better.will help us to go through the transition better.

The traditional and historic way to satisfy the The traditional and historic way to satisfy the needs of water supply has been the “rigid” way needs of water supply has been the “rigid” way which depends almost exclusively on which depends almost exclusively on centralized infrastructure and decision making.centralized infrastructure and decision making.

The emergence of the “soft” way of course The emergence of the “soft” way of course reduces the power of influence of groups with reduces the power of influence of groups with vested interests that resist their acceptance vested interests that resist their acceptance and insist in planning following the “rigid” and insist in planning following the “rigid” way.way.

The consequence is that a series of myths and The consequence is that a series of myths and deceits are accepted as truths about the deceits are accepted as truths about the “soft” way, mainly because the traditional “soft” way, mainly because the traditional planners and engineers are not familiarized planners and engineers are not familiarized with the new approach.with the new approach.

The second way, the “soft” way, also depends The second way, the “soft” way, also depends on centralized infrastructure but is on centralized infrastructure but is complemented with considerable investment complemented with considerable investment in decentralized installations, with efficient in decentralized installations, with efficient and effective technologies and human capital.and effective technologies and human capital.

How would the future be if How would the future be if the “soft” way is the “soft” way is implemented?implemented?

Everybody and all natural ecosystems would Everybody and all natural ecosystems would have quality water to satisfy their basic needs.have quality water to satisfy their basic needs.

This water would be made available This water would be made available economically and efficiently by transparent economically and efficiently by transparent institutions in relation to their operational institutions in relation to their operational mechanisms.mechanisms. New large infrastructures would only be built New large infrastructures would only be built when absolutely necessary and only after when absolutely necessary and only after consultation with the local communities.consultation with the local communities.

The eco-systems which have been degraded The eco-systems which have been degraded would be restored and the underground and would be restored and the underground and superficial waters would be managed together superficial waters would be managed together like a unique system to protect the water like a unique system to protect the water quality and supply.quality and supply.

This vision is in line with the new This vision is in line with the new technologies, the institutions and the world technologies, the institutions and the world economic tools.economic tools.

To achieve this goal it will be necessary to To achieve this goal it will be necessary to apply a new mind shift to the management apply a new mind shift to the management and understanding of the water.and understanding of the water.

We are the last generation still with the We are the last generation still with the capacity to prevent the massive extinction of capacity to prevent the massive extinction of plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as to maintain the continuity of life on earth.as to maintain the continuity of life on earth.

Water is one of the few essential components Water is one of the few essential components of all organisms of the planet.of all organisms of the planet.

Without water there will be no life on earth.Without water there will be no life on earth.

IntakaIntakatechtechWater & GasWater & Gas

Technology like no Technology like no otherother

Proudly South AfricanProudly South African

VISIONVISIONTO BUILD A COMPANY WITH TO BUILD A COMPANY WITH

A SHARED PASSION:A SHARED PASSION:

IMAGINATION AT WORK, TO IMAGINATION AT WORK, TO DEVELOP AND APPLY THE DEVELOP AND APPLY THE

BEST TECHNOLOGY IN BEST TECHNOLOGY IN WHAT WE DO, FOR A WHAT WE DO, FOR A

BETTER WORLD.BETTER WORLD.

The Intaka Tech water purification plant The Intaka Tech water purification plant is a portable, easy to transport water is a portable, easy to transport water treatment plant that can purify up to 50 treatment plant that can purify up to 50 000 litres of water per hour. [Between 7 000 litres of water per hour. [Between 7 500 and 50 000] 500 and 50 000] Simple to operate, cost efficient and Simple to operate, cost efficient and reliable system designed to operate reliable system designed to operate with a wide and reliable water quality with a wide and reliable water quality systems.systems. For the price that conventional water For the price that conventional water treatment plants will produce one litre treatment plants will produce one litre of drinkable water, Intaka Tech’s water of drinkable water, Intaka Tech’s water purification plant will produce up to 3 purification plant will produce up to 3 times as much on average. Chemicals, times as much on average. Chemicals, electricity and maintenance included. electricity and maintenance included.

It produces drinkable water according to It produces drinkable water according to the WHO guidelines for drinking water the WHO guidelines for drinking water quality. quality. The plant removes high turbidity, colour The plant removes high turbidity, colour concentration, and eliminates bacteria, concentration, and eliminates bacteria, spores, viral pathogenic and parasitic spores, viral pathogenic and parasitic agents, cysts, protozoa, phytoplankton agents, cysts, protozoa, phytoplankton algae. algae.

Consequently combats cholera and Consequently combats cholera and other diseases related to contaminated other diseases related to contaminated water. water. The plant is easily transported and The plant is easily transported and installed, can be started up in about 7 installed, can be started up in about 7 days, and can be used in conjunction days, and can be used in conjunction with existing facilities. with existing facilities.

Conventional Water Plants:Conventional Water Plants: High construction and running costs.High construction and running costs. Water quality dependent on the competence of Water quality dependent on the competence of

the operator.the operator. Requires periodic maintenance.Requires periodic maintenance. Longer period of construction. Longer period of construction.

Intaka Tech Water Plants:Intaka Tech Water Plants: Lower construction and running costs.Lower construction and running costs. Mostly automated. Mostly automated. Low maintenance. Low maintenance. Very short periods of construction and Very short periods of construction and

installation. installation. Movable.Movable.

Major Benefits are:Major Benefits are: Particularly low operating cost per litre of water purified Particularly low operating cost per litre of water purified

– only ZAR 1,5 per 1 000 litres, which includes chemicals, – only ZAR 1,5 per 1 000 litres, which includes chemicals, electricity and general maintenance. electricity and general maintenance.

Capacity of 7 500 – 50 000 litres per hour.Capacity of 7 500 – 50 000 litres per hour. Low capital cost / short manufacturing and Low capital cost / short manufacturing and

implementation timeframes.implementation timeframes. Portable and easily transportable. Portable and easily transportable. Quick installation and start up period. Quick installation and start up period. Easy-to-operate. Easy-to-operate. Low maintenance. Low maintenance. Stainless steel 304 construction. Stainless steel 304 construction. Fully automated. Fully automated. Excellent water quality. Excellent water quality. Elimination of bacteria, etc. Elimination of bacteria, etc. Flexible, reliable and adaptable to raw water quality. Flexible, reliable and adaptable to raw water quality. Adaptable to existing facilities. Adaptable to existing facilities.

Purification is the process of treating water in Purification is the process of treating water in order to make it suitable for human order to make it suitable for human consumption. The Plant will treat raw surface consumption. The Plant will treat raw surface water in a continuous process, which will not water in a continuous process, which will not only clarify and disinfect the raw water but also only clarify and disinfect the raw water but also neutralise any dissolved chemical contaminants neutralise any dissolved chemical contaminants present in concentrations above the present in concentrations above the permissible levels. permissible levels.

Main steps of the Water Purification Plant: Main steps of the Water Purification Plant:

Step 1Step 1 AbstractionAbstraction (source of raw water (source of raw water supply)supply)Step 2Step 2 Chemical dosingChemical dosing (clarification) (clarification)

Step 3Step 3 Coagulation and FlocculationCoagulation and FlocculationStep 4 Step 4 SedimentationSedimentation (Solids/liquids (Solids/liquids separation)separation)Step 5Step 5 FiltrationFiltration (Precipitation) (Precipitation)

Step 6Step 6 DisinfectionDisinfection

Step 7Step 7 StorageStorage

STEP ONE:STEP ONE:

ABSTRATIONABSTRATION

From surface water sources such as From surface water sources such as dams and rivers.dams and rivers.

Through screens the large objects are Through screens the large objects are removed.removed.

Water is pumped or flows to the Water is pumped or flows to the purification plant. purification plant.

STEP TWO:STEP TWO:

CHEMICAL DOSING AND CHEMICAL DOSING AND CLARIFICATIONCLARIFICATION Incoming water contains particles that: Incoming water contains particles that:

Make the water look dirty. Make the water look dirty. Give the water a bad taste. Give the water a bad taste. Cause illnesses. Cause illnesses.

Chemical dosing is done for two reasons:Chemical dosing is done for two reasons: When dosing with a coagulant, usually When dosing with a coagulant, usually

aluminium or iron salts, chemical aluminium or iron salts, chemical destabilisation occurs and “colloidal destabilisation occurs and “colloidal particles” form “colloids” which in turn particles” form “colloids” which in turn group together to form large floccules. group together to form large floccules.

Chemicals are added to alter the pH of the Chemicals are added to alter the pH of the water so corrosion (low pH) and scaling water so corrosion (low pH) and scaling (high pH) do not occur.(high pH) do not occur.

Low pH Low pH add alkalinity add alkalinity

High pH High pH add acidity add acidity

The objective of clarification is to eliminate the The objective of clarification is to eliminate the particles in the water which give it colour particles in the water which give it colour (Turbidity), bad taste and unpleasant smells. (Turbidity), bad taste and unpleasant smells.

STEP THREE:STEP THREE:

COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATIONCOAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION

Takes place when the chemicals and the Takes place when the chemicals and the particles are mixed causing grouping particles are mixed causing grouping and the formation of floccules (flocs). and the formation of floccules (flocs).

These flocs clump together to form These flocs clump together to form larger and heavier flocs. larger and heavier flocs.

CoagulationCoagulation is therefore the is therefore the destabilisation of the colloids (non destabilisation of the colloids (non settleable solids) by the neutralisation settleable solids) by the neutralisation of the forces that keep them apart. An of the forces that keep them apart. An area of high turbulence is required for area of high turbulence is required for thorough mixing of the chemicals. thorough mixing of the chemicals.

STEP THREE:STEP THREE:

FLOCCULATIONFLOCCULATION [Continued][Continued]

FlocculationFlocculation occurs when colloidal occurs when colloidal particles agglomerate into flocs. An particles agglomerate into flocs. An area of low turbulence is required for area of low turbulence is required for this process. this process.

The required dosage of chemicals is The required dosage of chemicals is determined by the results of the “jar determined by the results of the “jar tests”.tests”. Colloidal species in raw water include Colloidal species in raw water include clay, silica, iron, other heavy metals, clay, silica, iron, other heavy metals, colour, organic solids, such as debris of colour, organic solids, such as debris of dead organisms. dead organisms.

STEP FOUR:STEP FOUR:

CLARIFICATION BY CLARIFICATION BY SEDIMENTATIONSEDIMENTATION Gravitational settling takes place when the Gravitational settling takes place when the

suspended flocs sink in a sedimentation tank. suspended flocs sink in a sedimentation tank.

The clear water is discharged from the top of the The clear water is discharged from the top of the sedimentation tank and flows to the pressure sedimentation tank and flows to the pressure filters. filters.

The water is NOT SAFE YET for human The water is NOT SAFE YET for human consumption as bacteria is still present.consumption as bacteria is still present.

The floc at the bottom forms a sludge layer The floc at the bottom forms a sludge layer which it periodically purged to waste. which it periodically purged to waste.

STEP FIVE:STEP FIVE:

FILTRATION AND DISINFECTIONFILTRATION AND DISINFECTION

FiltrationFiltration is the last step of solids / liquid is the last step of solids / liquid separation. separation.

During the physical process the last suspended During the physical process the last suspended particles are removed from the water. particles are removed from the water.

The filter media comprises of layers of silica The filter media comprises of layers of silica sand, pebbles and / or anthracite. sand, pebbles and / or anthracite. By utilising material of different granular density By utilising material of different granular density and particular size the filtration efficiency and and particular size the filtration efficiency and the life of the filter is increased. the life of the filter is increased.

FILTRATION AND DISINFECTIONFILTRATION AND DISINFECTION [Continued][Continued]

DisinfectionDisinfection is the removal of harmful is the removal of harmful pathogenic organisms to render the water safe pathogenic organisms to render the water safe to drink. to drink.

Disinfection by means of Sodium Hypochlorite Disinfection by means of Sodium Hypochlorite is normally carried out before filtration. is normally carried out before filtration.

In this way we ensure that chlorinated water In this way we ensure that chlorinated water goes through the filters reducing the goes through the filters reducing the possibility of micro-organism growth which possibility of micro-organism growth which would normally take place in the multiple would normally take place in the multiple layers of the filter medium. layers of the filter medium.

The water is treated with chlorine. The water is treated with chlorine.

SAFE POTABLE SAFE POTABLE WATERWATER

A true conservationist is a person who knows that the world is not given by their fathers but borrowed from their children.