Water Soluble Vitamins By Jennifer Turley and Joan Thompson © 2013 Cengage.

Water Soluble VitaminsWater Soluble Vitamins

By Jennifer Turley and Joan ThompsonBy Jennifer Turley and Joan Thompson

© 2013 Cengage© 2013 Cengage

Presentation Overview

• Explore chemistry, functions, deficiency, adequacy, toxicity, and food sources of the water soluble vitamins: thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12, folate, vitamin C, panthothenic acid, biotin, and choline.

Thiamin: B1

Chemistry & Functions

• Enzyme cofactor in energy metabolism: Carbohydrate & BCAA. – B1 functions as the active group of thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP).

• Supports normal appetite & nervous system function.

Thiamin: B1

Deficiency & Toxicity

Deficiency(<66% of DRI)

Approx. <0.8 mg/day

Adequacy DRI: 1.1-1.2 mg/day

RDI: 1.5 mg

Beriberi (wet and dry)Cardio-Vascular: Heart rhythm changesCentral Nervous System: Mental changes, confusion, amnesia, disturbed eye movementGI System: Nausea, anorexiaNeuro-Muscular: Muscle weakness, tingling hands and feetperipheral paralysis, decreased ability to coordinate motor movement, disturbed gaitOther: Edema, exhaustion, weight loss

Normal energy (Glucose & BCAA)

metabolism. Normal appetite and nervous

system functioning.

DRI is based upon 0.5 mg B1 per 1,000

CaloriesAdult DRI values

Toxicity is poorly documented in humans

(UL is Not Established)

Thiamin: B1 Food Sources

• Pork

• Whole grains

• Enriched bread and cereal products

It is added back by law to processed grains

Thiamin in Foods

Adult DRI: 1.1-1.2 mg/day

Riboflavin: B2


• Enzyme cofactor in energy metabolism: fatty acid oxidation. – B2 functions as the active group of two coenzymes flavin

mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).

Riboflavin: B2



Approx. <0.85 mg/day

Adequacy DRI: 1.1-1.3 mg/day

RDI: 1.7 mg

AriboflavinosisBone & tooth: Halts growthGI System: Sore and swollen throat, swollen magenta colored tongue, cracking at the corners of the mouthSkin: Dandruff

Normal fatty acid metabolism




CaloriesAdult DRI values

It is added back by law into processed grains

Riboflavin: B2

Food Sources

• Milk products

• Organ meats

• Whole and enriched grains and products such as bread, cereal, and pasta

Riboflavin in Foods

Adult DRI: 1.1-1.3 mg/day

Niacin: B3


• Enzyme cofactor in energy metabolism: amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose– A part of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide

adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP).

– Supports steroid synthesis, health of the skin, nervous system, and digestive system.

1 niacin equivalent (NE) = 1 mg nicotinic acid. 60 mg tryptophan can produce 1 NE.

Niacin: B3



Approx. <9-11 mg/day

Adequacy DRI: 14-16 mg/day

RDI: 20 mg

Toxicity (>UL)

>35 mg/day

PellegraCentral Nervous System: Depression, apathy, headache, dementia (including memory loss).GI System: Bright red tongue, diarrhea (GI disturbances of vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation)Skin: DermatitisOther: Fatigue

Normal energy metabolism &

steroid synthesis.

Not from food but rather nicotinic acid supplementsCardio-Vascular: Violent flushing reaction from vasodilationCentral Nervous System: Blurred visionGI System: Nausea, vomiting, liver toxicity


Calories

Adult deficient, adequate, toxic values

• Meats, fish, poultry

• Whole & enriched grains & products • Bread, cereal, & pasta• Dairy products & legumes are good sources

of tryptophan

It is added back by law into processed grains

Niacin: B3 Food Sources

Niacin in Foods

Adult DRI: 14-16 mg/day

Vitamin B6


• B6 forms (PN, PL, PM, PNP, PLP, PMP) are coenzymes in the metabolism of amino acids, glycogen, and some lipids.

• Interconversion of amino acids (AA) to carbohydrate or carbohydrate to nonessential AA. – Removal of N from AA: “deamination” & "transamination"

• Needed for heme synthesis & conversion of tryptophan to niacin.

Vitamin B6



Approx. <0.85 mg/day

Adequacy DRI: 1.3 mg/day

RDI: 2 mg

Toxicity (>UL)

>100 mg/day

Cardio-Vascular: Microcytic anemiaCentral Nervous System: confusion, depression, epileptic convulsions Skin: Seborrheic (greasy) dermatitis

Normal metabolism of amino acids, glycogen, and

some lipids. Normal heme synthesis &

conversion of tryptophan to

niacin.

Not from food but rather large supplement dosesNeuro-Muscular: Nerve damage, sensory neuropathy, tingly to numb hands and feetSkin: Dermatological lesions

DRI is based upon 0.016 mg of B6 per gm pro consumed Adult deficient, adequate, toxic values

Vitamin B6 Food Sources

• Meats, Fish, Poultry

• Fortified cereals

• Legumes

• Non-starchy vegetables

• Non-citrus fruits

Vitamin B6 in Foods

Adult DRI: 1.3 mg/day

Vitamin B12


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• Required for nucleic acid, red blood cell & other new cell synthesis.

• Important for nerve cell maintenance.• Cofactor in energy fatty acids & amino

acids metabolism• Conversion of homocysteine to

methionine. • Synergizes with folic acid.

Vitamin B12

Interesting Facts

• Needs intrinsic factor (a protein produced in the stomach) and gastric acid.

• Is absorbed in the ileum.

• If the GI tract is not healthy, B12 must be given by intramuscular injection.

• Nasal spray B12 supplements are available.

• With high dietary intakes, the excess can be stored accumulatively in the liver.

Vitamin B12



Approx. <0.85 µg/day

Adequacy DRI: 2.4 µg/day

RDI: 6 µg/day

Pernicious anemia.

Macrocytic normochromic anemia, compounded with nerve damage.Central Nervous System: Loss of concentration, memory loss, disorientation, dementia, visual disturbancesGI System: Impaired bowel (increased gas production & constipation), sore tongue & loss of appetite Neuro-Muscular: Nerve damage, gait disturbances, tingling & numbness in the hands & feetOther: Insomnia, impotency, reduced bladder control

Normal synthesis of nucleic acids and new cells, nerve cell maintenance, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, and homocysteine catabolism.

Normal synergy with folate

Adult deficient, adequate values



Vitamin B12 Food Sources

• Animal food sources: eggs, milk, cheese, meats.

• Since it is commonly found in animal products, vegans need to supplement this nutrient.

Vitamin B12 in Foods

Adult DRI: 2.4 µg/day

Folate, Folic Acid Chemistry & Functions

• Nucleic acid synthesis, new cell synthesis• Cofactor in amino acid metabolism• Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

• Synergizes with B12

FolateDeficiency & Toxicity


Approx. <260 µg/day

Adequacy DRI: 400 µg/dayRDI: 400 µg/day

Cardio-Vascular: Macrocytic normochromic anemia, heart palpitations, shortness of breathCentral Nervous System: Weakness, fatigue, decreased concentration, irritability, headacheGI System: Red tongueHyperhomocysteinemia (heart disease risk)

In utero deficiency can cause Spina Bifida.

Normal nucleic acid synthesis, new cell formation, amino acid metabolism, conversion of homocysteine to methionine, synergy with B12.



(UL is >1000 µg/day)

• Raw leafy green vegetables & green vegetables

• Legumes, oranges, liver, brewer’s yeast, wheat germ, and some fortified cereals

Folate Food Sources

Folate in Foods

Adult DRI: 400 µg/day

Vitamin C Chemistry & Functions

• Required for collagen synthesis needed in skin, bones, teeth, blood, epithelial tissue, tendons & ligaments.

• Cofactor for carnitine & neurotransmitter synthesis.

• Water soluble antioxidant• Increases absorption of non-heme

iron

Vitamin CDeficiency & Toxicity




RDI: 60 mg/day

Toxicity (>UL)

>2000 mg/day

ScurvyCentral Nervous System: Weakness, fatigue, depressionGI System: Swollen red bleeding gumsSkin: Follicular hyperkeratosis, petechia, easy bruising, impaired wound healingOther: Joint pain, edema, coiled hairs

Normal collagen synthesis & connective tissue formation.

Normal carnitine, neurotransmitter, and water soluble antioxidant function

GI System: Gastrointestinal disturbances especially diarrheaOther: Increased risk for kidney stones and iron toxicity only in certain people


Smokers need +35 mg/day

Vitamin C Food Sources

• Citrus fruits, berries, kiwi, and melons • Cabbage family vegetables, peppers, • Vitamin C fortified foods

Vitamin C in Foods

Adult DRI: 75-90 mg/day

Pantothenic Acid Chemistry, Functions, & Food Sources

• Essential component in Coenzyme A which is involved in metabolism of fatty acids, cholesterol, steroid hormones, vitamins A and D, neurotransmitters, amino acids, & porphyrin & corrin rings.

Pantothenic AcidDeficiency & Toxicity


Approx. <3.3 mg/day

Adequacy DRI: 5 mg/day

Central Nervous System: Fatigue, apathy, irritability, restlessnessGI System: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal crampsNeuro-Musccular: Muscle cramps, impaired gaitOther: Burning feet, sleep disturbances, hypoglycemia, and increased insulin sensitivity

Normal coenzyme A activity & metabolism of fatty acid, cholesterol, steroid hormones, vitamins A and D, neurotransmitters, amino acids, and porphyrin and corrin rings

Adult deficient, adequate values



Pantothenic Acid in Foods

Adult DRI: 5 mg/day

Widely distributed in food, highest in high protein animal products, yeast, legumes, and whole grains

Biotin Chemistry, Functions, & Food Sources

• Coenzyme in carboxylation reactions in energy metabolism. • Cell proliferation, gene silencing, & DNA repair. • Widespread in foods, highest in high protein animal

products, yeast, legumes, nuts, whole grains, & chocolate.• Small amounts made by intestinal bacteria.

Quantitative data unavailable for graphical analysis

BiotinDeficiency & Toxicity


Approx. <3.3 mg/day

Adequacy DRI: 30 µg/day

Central Nervous System: Lethargy, depression, hallucinations, weakness, fatigueNeuro-Muscular: Muscle painSkin: Scaly red rash around the eyes, nose and mouthOther: Conjunctivitis, hair loss

Normal energy metabolism, cell

proliferation, gene silencing, and DNA

repair




Choline Chemistry & Functions

• Is a component of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, thus plays a role in memory and muscle control.

• Is in the phospholipid, lecithin (phosphatidlycholine) which is needed to maintain cell membrane stability.

• Needed for lipid and cholesterol transport and metabolism, component of pulmonary surfactant

• Is in bile acids

CholineDeficiency & Toxicity




Toxicity (>UL)

>3,500 mg/day

GI System: Fatty liver and liver damage

Normal acetylcholine, cell membrane stability, bile acids, lipid and cholesterol transport and metabolism, pulmonary surfactant

Cardio-Vascular: HypotensionGI System: Altered liver function, increased salivationOther: Fishy body odor


Choline Food Sources

• Egg yolk, soy beans, peanuts

• High protein animal products

Quantitative data unavailable for graphical analysis

Summary

• The water soluble vitamins have specific functions.

• DRIs are established for all essential water soluble vitamins.

• Deficiency and toxicity sign and symptoms are established for most of these nutrients.

References for this presentation are the same as those for this topic found in module 5 of the textbook

Water Soluble Vitamins By Jennifer Turley and Joan Thompson © 2013 Cengage.

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