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Boiling
Sunlight Exposure Chlorination
Flocculation
Filtration - Straining Three-Pot Treatment
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Equipment/Skill Required:
ater container !ntense heat " #uel $%ood& gas& etc'" Pre#era(l) a #uel e*cient sto+e ,ust (e a(le to produce heat
Process:
ater should (e placed in a container andheated until (oiling
The %ater should (e allo%ed to (oil #or at leas. minutes
0nce cooled the %ater %ill (e read) to use
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1 2d+antages
" Simple and e3ecti+e method o# puri4cation
" ill kill man) %ater(orne (acteria through theintense heat
" 5ses local a+aila(le materials
1 6isad+antages
" Can sometimes (e di*cult& time consuming& andcost ine*cient (ecause o# the high +olume o# #uelused
" ill not remo+e mud #rom 7murk)8 %ater" ill not remo+e suspended or dissol+ed compounds
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Equipment/Skill Required:
6isposa(le clear plastic (ottles $glass (ottles should not (e usedas the) do not let enough sunlight into the %ater'
Bright sunlight
Process:
Fill a clean (ottle& lea+ing a quarter empt) Put the top on and shake the (ottle #or 9 seconds
The (ottled should then (e le#t in sunlight$usuall) on the roo# o# )our home' #or one da)$or t%o da)s i# the sk) is cloud)'
6rink the %ater straight #rom the (ottle to a+oidcross-contamination
!n the rain) season& paint one side o# the (ottle (lackThis %ill increase the %ater temperature quicker
The painted side should (e placed underneath
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2d+antages:
ills harm#ul (acteria and pathogens
Simple& con+enient and inexpensi+e !# used correctl)& the %ater is as clean as (oiled
%ater ill not change the taste o# %ater
6isad+antages:
ill not remo+e mud #rom 7murk)8 %ater 2 ;-.9 hour %aiting period
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Equipment/skill required:
et it stand #or at least ? minutes
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2d+antages:
Eas) to use method o# chemical puri4cation o# %ater
E3ecti+e at killing (acteria and +iruses !nexpensi+e
6isad+antages:
@ot e3ecti+e at killing all parasites Complex compounds can #orm %ith organic material
%hich o+er time can (e haAardous to health !t is (est to use the %ater in a shorter period o# time
and store it in a plastic container in a cool andshaded place
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Equipment/skill required: 2 coagulant $ex aluminium sulphate'
Some skill/training
9 +essels Stirrer
Filter " a cloth
Process:
2dd a coagulant to %ater and stir rapidl) 2llo% to stand #or some time& and continuousl) stir
slo%l) to #orm large ocs
The #ormed ocs clean the %ater () attractingpathogens and other microorganisms
Remo+e the ocs using 4ltration and (e care#ul to notre-contaminate the %ater
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2d+antages: Pro+en reduction o# +iruses& (acteria& protoAoa
Pesticide and hea+) metal remo+al Simple technolog) and use
6isad+antages: ,a) (e toxic i# used improperl) Could (e more expensi+e and complicated
than other methods due to increased num(ero# required materials and skill
Requires multiple steps
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Equipment/skill required: Porous (arrier: cost and e*cienc) depends on the
(arrier: clean %o+en 4(ers $cotton cloth& linen&
others' ,oringa tree seed press cake& ceramic 4lter ater +essel
Process: Fix the (arrier on top o# the %ater +essel
!# using cloth it should (e #olded -D times to create athicker (arrier Pour %ater through the (arrier into the +essel&
trapping solids and particles on top o# the (arrier
Take care to onl) allo% 4ltered %ater to reach the
(ucket
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>etting %ater collected during the da) settle o+er night can (ean e3ecti+e %a) o# impro+ing the clearness o# %ater ()reducing tur(it) $+er) murk) %ater' and is a cheap alternati+eto sand 4ltering
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Resources courtesy of Health Education to Villagers, http://hetv.org/resources/safewater/manual/ch_5.htmfigure_5
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2d+antages: Cost e3ecti+e !mmediate access to %ater
Filters out all particles that are larger than the poresin the (arrier
Can (e cleaned and reused 6oes not alter taste o# %ater
6isad+antages: 6oes not guarantee remo+al o# all +irus particles and
in#ectious contaminants& chemicals& pollutants&chemicals and poor tastes
Should not (e used as a sole puri4cation method
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Equipment/skill required:
? %ater +essels/pots #or processing . #or collection o# dirt) %and . #or collection o# clean %ater
i# possi(le - a exi(le pipe to siphon %ater as it distur(ssediment less than pouring
i# possi(le - a cloth or an) 4ltration (arrier
Process:
Pour %ater into the 4rst pot $pouring it through cloth increasee*cienc)'
>et the %ater settle #or as man) hours as possi(le " a lengthust one da) can kill o# more than =G o# most (acteria
Pour %ater into a second pot& let it settle again Then pour into the third pot and let it settle again
6rinking %ater is dra%n #rom the third pot onl)
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2d+antages: Cost e3ecti+e
Eas) to use and maintain Bacterial contamination le+els decrease
through settlement and o+er time
6isad+antages: 6oes not guarantee complete remo+al o#
some (acteria and micro-organisms Could take a #e% da)s to treat %ater