Water On and Under the ground Water On and Under the ground.

Water On and UnderWater On and Underthe groundthe ground

Water On and UnderWater On and Underthe groundthe ground

Precipitation

“rain”

Precipitation

“rain”

Evaporationliquid converts to a vapor

Evaporationliquid converts to a vapor

Condensationvapor converts to a liquidCondensationvapor converts to a liquid

Runoffexcess water movinginto rivers, lakes

Runoffexcess water movinginto rivers, lakes

Infiltrationwater “soaks”into the soil

Infiltrationwater “soaks”into the soil

Evapotranspiration (EvapT)evaporation + transpiration, evaporationfrom water bodies and off a plants

Evapotranspiration (EvapT)evaporation + transpiration, evaporationfrom water bodies and off a plants

The Hydrologic Cycle

CondensationCondensationwater vapor cools and water vapor cools and converts back to a converts back to a ““suspended” liquidsuspended” liquid

EvaporationOcean contributes 80% of total watervapor

Cloud FormationCloud Formation

Precipitation

SurfaceRun-off

Groundwater

I I I I the HYDROLOGIC CYCLEthe HYDROLOGIC CYCLEthe HYDROLOGIC CYCLEthe HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.

Discuss with a friend:Discuss with a friend:

1.1.Draw the hydrologic cycle from memoryDraw the hydrologic cycle from memory Include the following:Include the following:

precipitationprecipitation evaporation evaporationcondensationcondensation infiltration infiltrationsurface run-offsurface run-off groundwater groundwater

2. How do each of the above terms relate2. How do each of the above terms relate to one another?to one another?

Where has all the water gone ?Where has all the water gone ?Where has all the water gone ?Where has all the water gone ?

21%21%21%21%

.03%.03%.03%.03%

.003%.003%.003%.003%

.62%.62%.62%.62%

76 %76 %76 %76 %

Most fresh water is locked up inMost fresh water is locked up inice (frozen water)ice (frozen water)Most fresh water is locked up inMost fresh water is locked up inice (frozen water)ice (frozen water)

Fresh water %Fresh water %

How Water Affects LandHow Water Affects Land

Do you believe that water runs down-hillWhere does it go?????????????????????Do you believe that water runs down-hillWhere does it go?????????????????????

PrecipitationPrecipitation

Overland flowOverland flow

PrecipitationPrecipitation

Overland flowOverland flow

Stream flowStream Channel

Stream flowStream Channel

Overland flow + Stream flow = Surface RunoffOverland flow + Stream flow = Surface Runoff

How does surface run-off affect streams and produce various land forms?How does surface run-off affect streams and produce various land forms?

Transportation of Sediment•Load type of sediment carried by the stream

• Gradient the steepness of a stream channel

• Discharge the volume water exiting the stream (high or low)

Transportation of Sediment•Load type of sediment carried by the stream

• Gradient the steepness of a stream channel

• Discharge the volume water exiting the stream (high or low)

The gradient, load and discharge defines the characterof the stream and stream channel.

• how the stream flows• what land features are formed

The gradient, load and discharge defines the characterof the stream and stream channel.

• how the stream flows• what land features are formed

How does gradient influence the transportationHow does gradient influence the transportationof various types of loads?of various types of loads?

Sediment load types

Steeper Gradient•transport of the bed load•increase velocityGentle Gradient

•transport of suspended and dissolved loads

How much “velocity” is needed (Discharge) How much “velocity” is needed (Discharge)

Transportation of SedimentTransportation of SedimentThe type and characteristics of stream can The type and characteristics of stream can

be described by its be described by its competencecompetence and and capacitycapacity..

CapacityCapacity: : represents the maximum load of represents the maximum load of solid particles a stream can transportsolid particles a stream can transport

The greater the discharge, the greater capacityThe greater the discharge, the greater capacity

CompetenceCompetence: : streams ability to carry various sizesstreams ability to carry various sizes of sediment – not quantityof sediment – not quantity

Flow velocity is the KeyFlow velocity is the Key: a stream’s competence increases : a stream’s competence increases proportionately to the square of its velocity.proportionately to the square of its velocity. If stream velocity doubles then, impact force is 4X greaterIf stream velocity doubles then, impact force is 4X greater If stream velocity triples, then impact force is 9X greaterIf stream velocity triples, then impact force is 9X greater If stream velocity quadruples, then impact force is ___ greaterIf stream velocity quadruples, then impact force is ___ greater16X

I I I I Watching the streamWatching the streamWatching the streamWatching the stream



1.1.How are How are gradientgradient, , dischargedischarge, and , and loadload related to stream channels? related to stream channels?

2. What are the three types of loads carried2. What are the three types of loads carried by streams?by streams?

3. Define the differences between 3. Define the differences between capacitycapacity and and competence competence of a stream. of a stream.

Steep Gradient

• increase velocity

• increase load

• increase discharge

Steep Gradient

• increase velocity

• increase load

• increase discharge

Gentle Gradient

• decrease velocity

• decrease load

• decrease discharge

Gentle Gradient

• decrease velocity

• decrease load

• decrease discharge

CapacityCapacity??

Competence?Competence?

Moves large amountsMoves large amountsof material – high volumeof material – high volume

Moves “big-stuff” andMoves “big-stuff” andhigh impact force – bed high impact force – bed load materialload material

CapacityCapacity??Moves small amounts ofMoves small amounts ofmaterial –low volumematerial –low volume

Competence ?Moves small material –Moves small material –suspended/dissolved loadssuspended/dissolved loads

Creating landforms by streamsusing erosion and deposition

DE

DepositionDepositionErosionErosion

• straight streams• meandering streams• braided streams

Straight Stream channel

• usually occurs over a short distance

• high gradient (near headwaters)

• takes on the classic “V” shape profile

Straight Stream channel

• usually occurs over a short distance

• high gradient (near headwaters)

• takes on the classic “V” shape profile

“V” shaped valley young stream“V” shaped valley young stream

Meandering stream channel• low gradient• erosional / depositional features

Meandering stream channel• low gradient• erosional / depositional features

Point Bars• sand deposits

Point Bars• sand deposits

Main channelMain channel

Cut banksCut banks

EE DD

EEDD

Where is the erosional anddepositional parts of the river?

Where is the erosional anddepositional parts of the river?

Braided Stream channel• very low gradient

• large load (lots of sediment) – causing the stream to “move” around the sediment and becoming “choked”

Braided Stream channel• very low gradient

• large load (lots of sediment) – causing the stream to “move” around the sediment and becoming “choked”

I I I I watching the streamwatching the streamwatching the streamwatching the stream



1.1.List at least 2-characteristics that defineList at least 2-characteristics that define a a straightstraight, , meanderingmeandering and and braided braided stream channel system.stream channel system.

Characteristics such as: Characteristics such as: load capacityload capacity, , gradientgradient and and dischargedischarge

Stream deposits – what happens to the sediment when the stream looses energy – ordecreases “gradient”

Stream deposits – what happens to the sediment when the stream looses energy – ordecreases “gradient”

Types of stream deposits• floodplains• oxbow lakes• alluvial fans• delta deposits

Types of stream deposits• floodplains• oxbow lakes• alluvial fans• delta deposits

High Energy

Low Energy

Floodplain• “flat” area adjacent to a river which is invaded by high river discharge (flooding)

Floodplain• “flat” area adjacent to a river which is invaded by high river discharge (flooding)

floodplainfloodplain



floodplainfloodplain OxbowlakeOxbowlake

OxbowLakes

Alluvial Fans – fan shaped sediment depositAlluvial Fans – fan shaped sediment deposit

Steep gradientcarrying large sedimentload enters an areathat is flat

Steep gradientcarrying large sedimentload enters an areathat is flat

Where’s Bakersfield• built on an alluvial fan

Where’s Bakersfield• built on an alluvial fan

BakersfieldBakersfield

Delta stream deposit• stream deposits sediment into a large body of water (ocean)

Cross-beddeddeltaic deposits

Nile River in Egypt• deposits sediment into the Mediterranean sea• Delta means in Greek

Nile River in Egypt• deposits sediment into the Mediterranean sea• Delta means in Greek

Flood

Meandering streamsMeandering streams

AlluvialfansAlluvialfans

Typical stream channelcomponentsTypical stream channelcomponents

I I I I Watching the stream depositsWatching the stream depositsWatching the stream depositsWatching the stream deposits

I will get an A on my exams and quizzesI will get an A on my exams and quizzesDiscuss with a friendDiscuss with a friend

1. Define the four types of stream depositsDefine the four types of stream deposits

2. Give at least 2 characteristics of each 2. Give at least 2 characteristics of each stream deposit type stream deposit type

3. Describe how an oxbow lake forms3. Describe how an oxbow lake forms

Surface Water as a hazardSurface Water as a hazard

Floods• Floods are NORMAL – only when people live in the area they become a hazard

• Floods can be predicted using a hydrograph

Floods• Floods are NORMAL – only when people live in the area they become a hazard

• Floods can be predicted using a hydrograph

Time

Scientists can predict thetime of the water surgeor when the crest will appear (water wave)

Start

Predicting a flood

22

44

881212

16162222

What if the Isabella Dambreaks? Will Bakersfieldflood????

What if the Isabella Dambreaks? Will Bakersfieldflood????

Alluvial fanAlluvial fan

I I I I Watching a floodWatching a floodWatching a floodWatching a flood


1.1.What is a hydrographWhat is a hydrograph

2. How do scientist predict a flood for2. How do scientist predict a flood for a particular area?a particular area?

3.3.How would you explain the flood map forHow would you explain the flood map for the Bakersfield areathe Bakersfield area

Groundwater distribution and MovementGroundwater distribution and Movement

Factors that influence the Factors that influence the storagestorage and and movementmovement of groundwater of groundwaterFactors that influence the Factors that influence the storagestorage and and movementmovement of groundwater of groundwater

Porosity:Porosity: the amount of voidthe amount of void

spaces available to spaces available to store waterstore water

Expressed as a %Expressed as a %

Porosity:Porosity: the amount of voidthe amount of void

spaces available to spaces available to store waterstore water

Expressed as a %Expressed as a %

10% -20%10% -20%

30%-50%30%-50%

Permeability:Permeability:the ability for water to movethe ability for water to move

(transmit) through the media (transmit) through the media

Permeability:Permeability:the ability for water to movethe ability for water to move

(transmit) through the media (transmit) through the media

Distribution and Movement of groundwaterDistribution and Movement of groundwater

Saturated Zone – Saturated Zone – pore spaces completely “full”pore spaces completely “full”Saturated Zone – Saturated Zone – pore spaces completely “full”pore spaces completely “full”

Unsaturated ZoneUnsaturated Zone – pore spaces “not” full – pore spaces “not” fullUnsaturated ZoneUnsaturated Zone – pore spaces “not” full – pore spaces “not” full

top of water tabletop of water tabletop of water tabletop of water table

I I I I Drinking ground-waterDrinking ground-waterDrinking ground-waterDrinking ground-water


1.1.Describe the differences between porosityDescribe the differences between porosity and permeabilityand permeability2. What does mean? (the symbol)2. What does mean? (the symbol)

3. Define the following:3. Define the following:1.1.Unsaturated zoneUnsaturated zone2.2.Saturated zoneSaturated zone3.3.Perched aquiferPerched aquifer

High Porosity - PermeabilityHigh Porosity - PermeabilityHigh Porosity - PermeabilityHigh Porosity - Permeability

AquiferAquiferAquiferAquifer

Low Porosity - PermeabilityLow Porosity - PermeabilityLow Porosity - PermeabilityLow Porosity - PermeabilityAquitardAquitardAquitardAquitard

ClayClay

Aquifer underAquifer underpressure (confined)pressure (confined)Aquifer underAquifer underpressure (confined)pressure (confined)

Porosity and PermeabilityPorosity and PermeabilityPorosity and PermeabilityPorosity and Permeability

Movement of GroundwaterMovement of Groundwater

Areas of Areas of high pressurehigh pressure

Areas of LowAreas of Lowpressurepressure

I I I I Groundwater characteristicsGroundwater characteristicsGroundwater characteristicsGroundwater characteristics


1.1.Describe the differences between anDescribe the differences between an unconfinedunconfined and and confinedconfined aquifers aquifers

2.2.What is an aquitard?What is an aquitard?

3. Describe the general flow of groundwater3. Describe the general flow of groundwater

DrawdownDrawdownDrawdownDrawdown

Water WellsWater WellsWater WellsWater WellsProducing a Producing a cone of depressioncone of depressionProducing a Producing a cone of depressioncone of depression

AAAA

BBBB

Residential uses – small cone of depression (A)Residential uses – small cone of depression (A)Residential uses – small cone of depression (A)Residential uses – small cone of depression (A)

Industrial uses – large cone of depression (B)Industrial uses – large cone of depression (B)Industrial uses – large cone of depression (B)Industrial uses – large cone of depression (B)

““Pressure SurfacePressure Surface

Above pressureAbove pressuresurfacesurfaceNOTNOT - Artesian - Artesian

Below the pressureBelow the pressuresurface - Artesiansurface - Artesian

Artesian wellArtesian well: : flowing water from a well notflowing water from a well not being pumpedbeing pumped

confined conditions (1)confined conditions (1)pressure forces water up(2)pressure forces water up(2)

Confined aquifer (1)

Confined aquifer (1)

Aquitard (2)Aquitard (2)

Aquitard (2)Aquitard (2)

I I I I Watching the streamWatching the streamWatching the streamWatching the stream


1.1.How would you describe a “cone of How would you describe a “cone of depression?depression?

2. How can groundwater wells influence other2. How can groundwater wells influence other people living in an area?people living in an area?

3. What conditions are necessary to produce3. What conditions are necessary to produce an artesian well?an artesian well?

Groundwater ContaminationGroundwater Contamination

Cecil AveCecil AveMuffler / Glass shopMuffler / Glass shop U-Save GASU-Save GAS

Santa Monica Example:Santa Monica Example:

Water On and Under the ground Water On and Under the ground.

Documents

stream gradient

stream high

stream velocity triples

stream velocity quadruples

stream velocity doubles

characteristics of stream

stream channels

streamsstraight stream