Water Management & Water Treatment Technology

7/24/2019 Water Management & Water Treatment Technology

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THE INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT AND STUDIES

Course curriculum

Water Management&

Water Treatment Technologies

To be laun ched

I n the Session

2012-13

Under the umbrella of British Council, Queens University, UK,Bengal Engineering and Science University, Kolkata and

Institute of Environmental Management and Studies,Jamshedpur

With

Support from National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur,R&D and Scientific Services, Tata Steel Ltd., and JamshedpurUtility Services Company Ltd., Tata Motors, Tinplate Co. of

India Ltd., and industries in and around Jamshedpur


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WORLD WATER SCENARIO

Global fresh water resources

Fresh water constitutes 2.5% of the total water on the planet. Halfof the fresh water reserves supports 86% of the population.

Out of the total water availability97.5% salt water2.5% fresh water

Out of 2.5% fresh water68.7% Glaciers and30.1% is ground water

Total Global water resources is 1400 MM Tr. Liters of which freshwater consists of only about 35 MM Tr. Liter.

Ground water and surface water which together constitutes 30.5%of the fresh water reserves (0.76% of the total water on theplanet) are the most easily accessible and used sources of water.

Every year 0.11 MM trillion liters of precipitation falls on land and92% of this is lost due to surface runoff, evaporation etc.

Global population distribution Vs fresh water resourcesNorth and Central America 8% of Global Population

15% of Global available fresh water reserves.Europe 13% Global population

8% Global available fresh water reserves.Asia 60% of Global population

30% of Global available fresh water reserves.South America 6% of Global population

26% of Global available fresh water reserves.Africa 13% of Global population

11% of Global available fresh water reservesAustralia Oceania 1% of Global population

5% of Global available fresh water reserves.

By 2025-an estimates 3 bn people would be living below the waterstress threshold.

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India facing water crisis

Indias per capita availability of water on the basis of the 2011population census, has fallen below the global threshold, signaling thatthe country will have to address conservation needs more seriouslyand a growing population and an expanding economy.

Indias per capital availability has been pegged at 1545 cubic meter ayear including non-personal consumption, such as irrigation accordingto an estimate of the water resources ministry ---------- notchesbelow the international threshold of 1700 cubic meter a year.According to the UN adopted Falkenmark water stress indicator, percapita availability indicates water stress conditions.

India is home to 17% of the world population but has only 4% ofwater. Among non-personal uses, water is most crucial for theAgriculture, which supports two thirds of all Indians and uses 90% oftotal water supply. A water crisis means the country may have todevelop less water intensive crops.

The development indicators that Indians water needs are getting frombad to worse and the next big fight is clearly water every year, whichis approximately the size of Lake Erie, the fourth largest of the fivegreat lakes of North America. By 2050, demand is expected to bedouble and cross the 1.4 billion cubic meters mark.

The centre had initiated a water policy eight years ago to targetconservation needs. Ground water recharge, a critical source toenhance supply, however remains sporadic and neglected.

India allocated Rs.100 crore during the current five years plan forwater recharge of which Rs.61 crore has been utilized so far. Theplanning commission has now proposed an accelerated water rechargeproject in all states during the next five years plan period to scale upconservation.

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In order to fulfill the mission it is necessary to create a large pool ofknowledgeable Water M anagement personnel. The Institutes endeverin launching a Post Graduate level curriculum in Water Managementand Water Treatment Technologies which will cover the entiregummite of Water Resources, Water Shed Management, GroundWater Resources, Assessment, Development and Management WaterSupply and Waste Water Engineering, Rain Water Harvesting, WaterDistribution. etc.

The curriculum has been developed under the Project DelPHE i.e.Development of Partnership in Higher Education of British Council withpartners, Queen University, U.K., Bengal Engineering and ScienceUniversity, Kolkata and Institute of Environmental Management andStudies, Jamshedpur.

The course would be conducted under the umbrella of British Council,Queen University, U.K., BESU-Kolkata and IEMS-Jamshedpur.

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No watering down

Households having access to drinking water

Top 5 statesPunjab - 97.6%

Delhi - 97.2%

Maharastra - 90.2%

Himachal - 88.6%

Uttaranchal - 86.7%

Bottom 5 statesMizoram - 36%

Manipur - 38%

Jharkhand - 42.2%

Assam - 58.8%

J&K - 65.2%

Other facts India has worlds 17% population, but only 4% of water

India is a water stressed nation because of a rising population andurbanization.

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COURSE CURRICULUM

1. Water Shed ManagementConcept of water Shed ManagementEffective management of water shed depends on acomprehensive human understanding of the components of watersheds and the interactions. The application of ecologicalprincipals to water shed planning has recently become one of themost important topics of natural resource management. Thewater shed relative stability and function of a water shed aredetermined by the rate water inflow and outflow, materials

(substrate), and activity patterns of organisms living within thewater shed. In other words, fields, forests, to was and waterslinked together by a stream or river flow interact andconsequently are appropriately considered as one ManagementUnit.

1.1 Water Sheds An Introduction Water sheds are areas delineated by natural hydrologicalboundaries and are used to manage water quality and developsolutions to environmental problems. The relative stability andfunction of a water shed are determined by the rate of waterinflow and outflow, materials and activity patterns of organismsliving within the watershed.

Common benefits of prudent watershed management is tosafeguard the natural resources for future generations concept ofwatershed involves ecosystem thinking, pollutant inputs,biological, physical and chemical features and assimilativecapacities, watershed based management involves a wealth of

adaptive management approaches.Coverage Water sheds as a unit of measurement Concept of water shed management Importance of water shed protection Approaches to water shed protection

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1.2 Developing a Water Shed Management Plan

During the times water travels through a watershed, quality canbe affected in numerous ways. To document and betterunderstand the mechanisms of water quality changes, it isnecessary to develop watershed management plans. The stepsin developing such plan is to perform a watershed sanitarysurvey by intensive effort of data collection and analysis. Themajor areas are to find out existing watershed and water supplysystem, potential contaminant sources, watershed control andpractices, recommending measures for water shed protection.

Evaluation needs are land uses, population, natural physicalcharacteristics such as topography, soil types, underlyinggeology. It should also include biological characteristics such asvegetation, habitat and wildlife besides evaluation of hydrologicalcharacteristics such as climate, precipitation and stream flow.Coverage Existing water shed and supply system Water supply system Potential contaminant sources Water shed control and management practices Existing water quality

1.3 Ground Water Aspects of Water Shed ManagementGround water is an integral part of the water regime at the scaleof the watershed. The ground water with drawls have a directimpact of stream flow and excessive withdrawal can havesignificant environmental or water supply implicationsdownstream. Ground water flows from areas of high piezometrichead to areas of low piezometric head, eventually discharginginto streams, lakes and seas. Thus, ground water is an essentialcomponent of watershed hydrology.

The regime of the aquifer relates to the recharge areas, flowpatterns and discharge points and areas. It is often not possibleto accurately estimate all the components of the ground waterbalance of an aquifer. To adjust those estimates, development ofa ground water flow model of the aquifer is very valuable. Anissue closely related to the ground water mass balance isseawater intrusion into coaster aquifers, because seawater isdenser than fresh water, seawater wedges intrude intofreshwater aquifers near shorelines.


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Nitrate also is a ground water contaminant which is well suited tothe watershed approach because it is commonly introduced bynumerous independent and distributed sources which actcumulatively relative to the concentration of public water supply.Nitrate does not decay and is not regarded by adsorption byadsorption to soil particles, therefore, it is entirely and readilytransported by ground water flow.

Coverage Ground water hydrology Ground water quantity Mass balance

Precipitation recharge Stream recharge Septic system recharge Leakage from other aquifers Water supply withdrawals Ocean and sea discharge Change in storage Sea water intrusion Nitrate loading analysis

1.4 Water Shed Approach to Agricultural Non-point Source PollutionAbatementStudies have documented that agriculture is a major contributorto the degradation of surface and ground water systems. Theimpact of agriculture on aquatic ecosystem, encourages theimplementation of watershed management programme to abatethe adverse impacts of agricultural discharges on aquaticecosystems. Since wetlands are definable units, it is only logicalthat we address the abatement of agricultural nonpoint sourcepollution on a watershed basis. On the basis of available data,stream fencing and the restoration and enhancement of riparianbuffers are a cost effective method of reducing the adverseimpacts of agricultural discharges on receiving streams.Application of best management practices on a watershed basisappears to be most effective in reducing the adverse impact ofagricultural nonpoint source pollution on aquatic ecosystems.

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Coverage Introduction Assessment of Agricultural Pollution Impacts Animal nutrient factor Ground water delivering factor Management factor Conservation practices Animal management Nutrient management Agricultural impacts on water quality Best management practices

1.5 Environmentally Sustainable ManagementFresh water is the most precious of the earths natural resources,being absolutely necessary for survival of all form of life in thisplanet including humans. It is ironic that humans do not use thisresource in an environmentally sustainable manner. There is dodoubt that environmentally unsustainable use of fresh water is anincreasing problem. Current water management practices andpolicies have resulted in stark and terrible failures. But theproblems we witness today are only an indication of what may lieahead.

Water resources are finite and irreplaceable. Human populationand associated water demands continue to increase. Theeconomic costs of environmentally unsustainable water use canbe very height.

Pollution of water resources can impose significant social andhealth costs on water use. Once a water body is significantlypolluted and so is no longer suitable for many human water uses,restoration of the water quality to useable standard can beprohibitively expensive or technically difficult. It the water isused in a sustainable manner in the first place, such costs can beminimized, and uninterrupted use the water resource cancontinue.

There are a large number of tools and techniques available forthe environmentally sustainable management of freshwaterdrainage basins. The use of such tools and techniques requiresare appropriate water management institutional structure astructure requiring the integrated use of such tools and thecapacity to implement them and their findings.


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8 Coverage Why environmentally sustainable water management and use

should have high priority. Water resources are finite and irreplaceable Human population and associated water demands continue to

increase. The economic costs of Environmentally no sustainable water

use can be very high. Applying tools and techniques for environmentally sustainable

management to water sheds. Environmental aspects of water policies and programmes in

policy formation by Governments. Integrated economic, environmental and social policy and

appraisal. Risk and sensitivity analysis Sustainable use of water resources Pollution growth and water resources.

1.6 Issues and Developing and Implementing a Successful WaterShed Management StrategyThe facts discoverable by science and engineering about how awatershed operates must be balanced by social values and goals.All must be addressed based on the best current knowledge and

current values. The concept of sustainable development isgaining widespread acceptance as a vision of how we shouldfunction in our society.

Management strategies for achieving the goals by IntegratedResources Planning (IRP), looking at multiple options formatching resource supply to consumer demand and opening upthe decision making process to new ideas and interests.

The critical elements of the programme must address a numberof subjects like trust, discovering leaders, defining roles,persistence, defining the problems, clarity decision process andsoon. Resource decisions are shaped by both technicalconsiderations and individual or collective values. The concept ofbalancing technical and social inputs is central to resourcemanagement. Viable alternatives are those that have successfullybalanced technical and economic criteria with local, regional andnational values.


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9 The critical elements of the programe must address a numbers ofsubjects like;Coverage Balancing science and values Sustainability as a vision Management strategies concepts and aim Critical elements of a programme Leadership Decision process and implementation

1.7 Water Shed Approach Frame WorkThe watershed approach is a coordinating framework forenvironmental management that focuses public and privatesector efforts to address the highest priority problems wih in

hydrologically defined geographic areas, taking intoconsideration both ground and surface water flow.

Watershed approaches aim to prevent pollution, achieve andsustain environmental improvements and meet other goalsimportant to the community. Each watershed partnership shoulddevelop management options and self forth a watershed or basinmanagement plan.Coverage Guiding principles

Benefits derived from taking a water shed approach Stakeholders involvement Coordinated management activities

1.8 Rain Water HarvestingDespite achievements in the field of science and technology,nature remains to be a mystery for human beings. Though wateris also being obtained through desalination, artificial rain by cloudseeding etc., in some of the developed countries, the shortage ofwater even for drinking purpose is a perpetual phenomenonthroughout the world especially in developing andunderdeveloped countries. India is experiencing water stress andit is pertinent to shift the thrust of the policies from Waterdevelopment to Sustainable Water Development. A vitalelement of the shift in strategy is the increasing importance ofwater harvesting and artificial recharge of ground water.

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Rain water harvesting and conservation is the activity to directcollection of rain water. The conservation of rain water socollected can be stored for direct use or can be recharged intothe ground water. The main goal is to minimize flow of rainwater through drains / nullahs to the rivers without making anyuse of the same. It is a known fact that the ground water level isdepleting and going down since decades. Thus rain waterharvesting and conservation aims at optimum utilization of thenatural resource, that is, rain water, which is the first form ofwater that we know in the hydrological cycle and hence is aprimary source of water for us. The value of the importantprimary source of water must not be lost. Rain water harvesting

and conservation means to understand the value of rain and tomake optimum use of rain water at the place where it falls.Coverage Rain water harvesting Run off co-efficient of various surfaces Roof top rain water harvesting Design of storage / settlement tanks Recharge structure and its design Case studies

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2.0 Ground Water Assessment, Development and Management

Introduction / PrefaceFresh water being one of the basic necessities for sustenance oflife, the human race through the ages has striven to locate anddevelop it. Over ninety percent (90%) of liquid fresh wateravailable at any given moment on the earth lies, beneath theland surface. Ground water, unlike surface water is available insome quantity almost everywhere than man can settle in is movedependable in period of drought, and has many other advantagesover surface water. Necessity of stabilizing agriculturalproduction in India where over one third of the area is droughtprone requires speedy development of ground water resources.

Even in areas where normally there is abundant surface watersupplies through major, medium and minor irrigation projects,ground water is playing an increasingly vital role insupplementing surface water. The importance of the role ofground water to meet water supply requirements for domestic,rural, urban, industrial and agricultural use needs no emphasis.During the last few decades availability of credit facilities throughinstitutional finance for ground water development for irrigationhas given rise to large scale withdrawals of ground water. Evenin a developing country like India there areas where groundwater development has reached critical stages and adverse effectare imminent. Ground water resource although replemishable, isnot inexhaustible. The increased demand placed on it hasstimulated investigations oriented towards quantification of theresources which is basic to formulation of plans for itsexploitation, management and conservation.

2.1 Ground Water FlowGround water is in constant motion from a point of recharge to apoint of discharge, in accordance with laws governing flow offluids in porus media. The law of linear resistance gives the rateat which ground water in motion loses energy. Further, becauseof addition and withdrawal fro storage, the volume of groundwater in motion changes with time and distance according to theprinciple of conservation of mass and the relation often termedas the equation of continuity.

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Coverage Properties of water in relation to flow Head distribution Laminar and turbulent flow Darcys law Formation constants Flow through aquifers Storage equations Differential equations governing ground water flow

2.2 Evaluation of Aquifer PropertiesEvaluation of hydraulic properties of aquifers and those ofadjoining of formation layers is an important aspect of any

scheme of ground water resource assessment. A knowledge ofthe aquifer constants gives an idea regarding an aquifers watertransmitting and storage capacity, insulation frame orinterconnection with other aquifers and sources of discharge.Coverage Aquifer tests Confined aquifers Semi confined aquifers Unconfined and semi-confined aquifers Transition from Artesian to water table conditions

2.3 Evaluation of Aquifer PropertiesIn developing the radial flow equations for the drawdowndistribution around pumped wells, it was assumed that theaquifer was infinite in areal extent, uniform in thickness,homogenous and isotropic. Moreover it was assumed that theinitial piezometric surface or phreatic surface was horizontal andthat the well was fully penetrating. Departure from the assumedconditions cause deviations in the response curves obtainedframe pumping tests. Analytical solutions available cover severalmodifying conditions such as finiteness and aeolotropism ofaquifers, sloping phreatic and piezometric surfaces, partialpenetration of control wells etc.Coverage Bounded aquifers Partially penetrated aquifers Sloping piezometric and phreatic surfaces Areal methods


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2.4 Quality of Ground Water

In many ground water assessment studies, evaluation of thequality of ground water is as important as the quantity, in asmuch as the usability of ground water available is determined byits chemical, physical and bacteriological properties. Aprogramme of study of the quality of ground water envisagesfield observations regarding the source and environment ofground water occurrence, source of pollution and other relatedaspects having a bearing on the quality of ground water.Coverage

Bacteriological quality Chemical quality Stalinization of ground water Physical quality Diagrammatic representation of geochemical data Quality criteria for ground water use Salt balance Ground water pollution Use of water quality in mineral prospecting

2.5 Saline Water IntrusionLateral or depth wise increase in the salinity of ground water,

caused due to mans interference with the ground water regime istermed saline water intrusion. Intrusion of saline water intoheavily exploited aquifers is a serious problem faced in coastalareas and other places in the interior, wherever fresh wateraquifers adjoin saline waters of meteoric origin. Sea waterintrusion, unique to coastal aquifers, occurs through aquifers outcropping along the continental sheet. While in coastal areas theintruding water is generally of sea water composition, in theinteriors the quality may vary widely from brackish toconcentrated brines, the latter quality being typical desiccatedbasins in arid regions.

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The boundary between salt and fresh water is termed theinterface. The interface moves towards a fresh water zone when ahydraulic gradient is established from the saline water zone to thefresh water zone, as a result of ground water development or by arise in the bead of saline water relative to that of fresh water.Coverage Salinity influx in estuaries Ghyben Herzberg relation Zone of diffusion Slope, shape and movement of interface Ground water extraction and intrusion Identification of saline zones and interfaces Prevention and control of saline water intrusion

2.6 Measurement of Discharge and Water LevelsSome common techniques adopted in the measurement ofdischarge from stream and wells, and of stage levels in streamsand water levels in wells are necessary to understand. Theestimation of discharged of streams, canals and wells forms anintegral part of basin wise water resource evaluation studies.While may routine ground water investigations do not requiredata on surface flows, discharge data of wells can never bedispersed with in any type of investigation, be it routine orotherwise. Similarly, measurement of water levels in wells is abasic task in all types of ground water investigations.Coverage Discharge of streams Discharge of wells Water level measurement in wells Monitoring water levels

2.7 Construction, Design and Performance of Wells

In ground water usage, a well is a steep sided excavationderiving water from the zone of saturation. In the context ofpetroleum geology, wells may mean oil wells or gas wells.However, by common usages, a well means a water well, unlessotherwise qualified. Wells may be classified on the basis ofseveral criteria such as the type of construction (e.g. dag wells,drilled wells, yield (e.g. shallow, circular) and quality of water

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(e.g. saline water well). A well considered deep in one area maynot be considered so in another. Moreover some classes of wellscan be further subdivided, as in the case of drilled wells intoratureally gravel-packed wells and artificially gravel packed wells.Wells are classified, usually, for the purpose of comparison ofdependent or controlling factors and conditions.Coverage Types of wells and methods of construction Tube well design and well development Maintenance, well performance tests Dugwellvs tube well, pumping equipment

2.8 Geomorphic and Geologic Control on Ground Water

An interplay of geomorphic and geologic factors governs themovement of water from the time it reaches the land surface tillthe time of leaving it. Geomorphic features control, in a largemeasure, the distribution of precipitation and the amount ofprecipitation that contributes to runoff and ground waterrecharge. The nature, distribution and structure geologicformations control the occurrence movement, quality andavailability of ground water.Coverage Geomorphic control

Geologic control Ground water hydrogeochemical provinces of India

2.9 Ground Water Modeling TechniquesWith a phenomenal increase in the use of ground water in recentyears, the need has arisen for a better understanding of thefunctioning of ground water reservoirs in response to natural andman made changes in conditions in the system. The complexproblem related to functioning of ground water systems can besolved with the aid of models that stimulate the response of theground water systems the prototype. Viscous fluid flow,membrane deflection, heatflow and flow of electric current aresome of the physical phenomena that are analogous to andgoverned by similar mathematical formula as ground water flowin porous medium. Model studies are undertaken to understandbetter the mechanism of operation of ground water reservoirsand predict the response under various possible futureconditions. Modeling also helps to carryout fundamental researchon a different criterion.


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16 Coverage Sand models Viscous fluid models Membrane model Thermal models Electric analog model Mathematical models

2.10 Artificial RechargeArtificial recharge is the process by which infiltration of surfacewater into ground water systems is increased by altering naturalconditions of replenishment. In the context of mains ever -increasing demands on water resource, artificial recharge of

ground water is gaining importance as one of the strategies ofwater management. Artificial recharge is adopted to restoresupplies from aquifers depleted due to excessive draft, orimprove supplies from aquifers lacking adequate recharge. Thisalso helps to restore under ground excess surface water suppliesfor subsequent use or to elevating flooding besides improvingphysical and chemical quality of round water or prevent itsdeterioration or to create fresh water layers.Coverage Spreading methods Induced recharge method Recharge well method Subsurface dams Waste water recharge Recharge by urban storm run off

2.11 Ground Water Recharge, Discharge and BalanceFor proper assessment of potential, present use and additionalexploitability at optimal level, of both surface as well as groundwater resources, it is widely acknowledged that a basin wise or

catchment wise approach yields the best result. In many cases,the surface water basin and ground water basin are coincident,but a thorough study of the topography, geology and aquiferconditions should be taken up and the actual situation obtainingshould be established. While topography controls the jurisdictionof the surface water basin, the limit of the ground water basin iscontrolled not only by topography but also by the deposition,structure and permeability of rocks and the configuration of thewater table.


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Coverage Parameters of ground water balance Estimation of recharge components Nuclear methods Hydro-chemical method Empirical method Estimation of ground water discharge Ground water resources evaluation in India

2.12 Ground Water Development and ManagementWith the growing need to allow aquifers to continue to yieldwater at economical cost, in adequate quantity and of suitablequality, the concept of ground water management has evolved.Ground water management, consists of Technical Ground WaterManagement and Overall Integrated Ground WaterManagement. The former deals essentially with technicalconsiderations and methods. The latter treats the wider aspectsof ground water and its integration with other source of water,such as precipitation, surface runoff, desalinated water, andextends to policy, legal, socioeconomic as well as financing andeconomic aspects of management.Coverage

Ground water development Water logging Conjunctive use Desalination Modeling techniques in ground water management Ground water legislation

2.13 General Ground water contamination scenario in the world with

respect to Arsenic, Fluoride etc.

Scenario in India Effect and diseases Mobilization factors of Arsenic Technologies combat the problem


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3.0 Waste Water Engineering

Introduction

Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes. Theliquid portion the waste water is essentially the water supply ofthe community after it has been fouled by a variety of uses.From the stand point of sources of generation, waste water maybe defined as a combination of the liquid or water carried wastesremoved from residences institutions and commercial andindustrial establishments, together with such ground water,surface water and storm water as may be present

If untreated waste water is allowed to accumulate, thedecomposition of the organic materials it contains can lead to theproduction of large quantities of malodorous gases. In addition,untreated waste water usually contains numerous pathogenic ordisease causing microorganisms that dwell in the humanintestinal tract or that may be present in certain industrialwastes. Waste water also contains nutrients, which canstimulate the growth of aquatic plants and it may contain toxiccompounds. For these reasons, the immediate and nuisance free

removal of waste water from its sources of generation, followedby treatment and disposal, is not only desirable but alsonecessary in an industrialized society.

Waste water engineering is that branch of environmentalengineering in which the basic principles of science andengineering are applied to the problems of water pollutioncontrol. The ultimate goal waste water management is theprotection of the environment in a manner commensurate withpublic health, economic, social and political concerns.

3.1 An overview Waste water treatment Sludge disposal and reuse Waste water reclamation and reuse Effluent disposal


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19 3.2 Waste Water Flow Rates

Components of waste water flows Estimating waste water flow rates and water supply data Waste water sources and flow rates

3.3 Waste Water Characteristics Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of waste water

definition and application Waste water composition Waste water characterization studies

3.4 Waste Water Treatment Objectives, Methods and Implementationconsideration Classification of waste water treatment methods Selection of treatment process flow diagrams Implementation of waste water management programme Water quality monitoring, sampling etc.

3.5 Physical Unit Operations Flow measurement Screening Flow equalization Mixing Sedimentation Accelerated gravity separation Flotation Granular medium filtrations Gas transfer, volatilization and gas stripping of VOCs

3.6 Chemical Unit Processes Chemical precipitation Adsorption Disinfection

Disinfection with chlorine Dechlorination Disinfection with chlorine dioxide, bromine chloride, ozone

ultraviolet light Other chemical application

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3.7 Biological Unit Processes Overview of Biological waste water treatment Introduction to microbial metabolism Important microorganisms in biological treatment Bacterial growth Kinetics of biological growth Biological treatment processes Aerobic suspended growth treatment processes Biological nutrient removal Pond treatment processes

3.8 Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Waste

Water Bar racks and screens Comminution Grit removal Flow equalization Other preliminary treatment operations Primary sedimentation tanks Other solids removal operations Chemical precipitation Disinfection with chemical compounds Other means of disinfection Post aeration Odor control Control of VOCs released from waste water management

facilities.

3.9 Design of facilities for the Biological Treatment of Waste Water Activated sludge process Selection and design of physical facilities for activated sludge

process Activated sludge process design Trickling filters Rotating biological contactors Combined aerobic treatment process Stabilization ponds

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3.10 Advanced Waste Water Treatment

Need for advanced waste water treatment Treatment technologies used for advanced waste water

treatment. Removal of residual suspended solids by granular medium

filtration. Removal of residual suspended solids by microscreening Control of nutrients. Conversion of ammonia by biological nitrification Removal of phosphorus by biological methods Combined removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by biological

methods Removal of nitrogen by physical and chemical processes

Removal of phosphorus by chemical addition Removal of toxic compounds and refractory organizes Removal of dissolved inorganic substances Hard water, soft water, treatment of boiler water, blow down

etc.

3.11 Design facilities for the treatment and disposal of sludge Solids and sludge sources, characteristics and quantities Regulations for the reuse and disposal of sludge Sludge treatment flow diagrams Sludge and scum pumping Preliminary operations Thickening (concentration) Stabilization Anerobic sludge digestion Aerobic sludge digestion Composting Conditioning Disinfection Dewatering Heat drying Thermal reduction Preparation of solid mass balances Land application of sludge Final sludge and solids conveyance, storage and disposal.

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3.12 Management of Waste Water from Combined Sewers History of combined sewer system Components of combined sewer system Combined sewer flow rates and waste water characteristics Methods for controlling overflows Treatment of combined sewer overflows

3.13 Waste Water Reclamation and Reuse Waste water reclamation and reuse. An introduction Waste water reuse applications Waste water reclamation technologies

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4.0 Sewage, Treatment of Sewage and Sludge Disposal

Introduction

Sewage consists of 99.9% water and 0.1% solid. These solidsare mostly organic in nature with a small fraction of inorganicconstituent in suspended, dissolved and colloidal state. Even this0.1% is highly objectionable as it is not stable. It undergoesputrefaction, emanating foul gases like Ammonia, hydrogensulphide, methane, carbon dioxide and so on under anerobiccondition. In addition to thus sewage contains pathogenicbacteria which on the causative agents of water borne disease.Methane is highly explosive if industrial wastes form a part of

sewage. It contains toxic acids, alkalis, cyanides and heavymetals. All the above are dangerous to the human and animalhealth. In the case of combined sewage it contains varyingquantitative of sand grit along with organic washings from thesurfaces of the drainage area.

4.1 Characteristics and analysis of sewage Need for analysis Main characteristics of sewage Bio-chemical characteristics Aerobic decomposition Anerobic decomposition Sampling of sewage

4.2 Treatment of sewage and sludge disposal Screens Grit chambers Sewage sedimentation and chemical precipitation Biological treatment Sludge treatment and disposal

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5.0 Water Distribution

Introduction

The water distribution system starts where the main supplyconduct from the treatment or source ends. The objective of thedistribution system is to supply water to each and every house,industrial plants and public places by means of a network ofdistribution pipes. Each house must be supplied with sufficientquantity of where at the desired pressure. The variouscomponents of the distribution system are balancing reservoirs,pipes of various sizes, control valves, pumps, meters andhydrants. The plan of the entire area of distribution must beprepared with all details of roads and topographical features. On

the plan, the location of pumps and pumping stations, the sump,balancing reservoir, street mains, positions of valves andhydrants should be marked for correct execution of the system.The requirements of an ideal distribution system should begoverned by the following principles;

1. Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distributionpipes.

2. Every consumer should get sufficient water at desiredpressure

3. The design and layout should be economical4. Adequate quantity of water must always be available to putout an emergency fire.

5. It must be capable of being maintained easily andeconomically.

6. The layout should be such that no consumer would be withoutwater supply during the repair of any section of the system.

7. It should be capable of being repaired and replaced withoutcausing obstruction to traffic.

8. All distribution pipes should be preferably laid one meter away

or above the sewer lines.9. All pies should be good quality and leakages through joints

should be minimum.

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5.1 Water Demands Various types of water demands Total requirement of water for a town or city The per capita demand (q) Factors affecting per capita demand Factors affecting losses and waters Variations in demand Effects of variation in demand on the design capacities of

different components of a water supply scheme.

5.2 Distribution system

Objectives of water distribution system Systems of distribution

Methods of layout of distribution system Required pressure in the distribution system Reservoirs and distribution system Methods of supply Service reservoirs Service connection Procedure to deference the capacity of a balancing reservoir Design of the distribution system Analysis of the distribution system.

5.3 Wastage of water in the distribution system Detection of leakage in the distribution pipes Analysis of complex pipe network Fire hydrants Water meters

5.4 Planning and preparing water supply projects General introduction Date to be collected Analysis of data and project formulation Project drawings Project estimates Project reports.

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Water Management & Water Treatment Technology

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