Water and Sanitation MICS3 Data Analysis and Report Writing
Mar 27, 2015
Water and Sanitation
MICS3 Data Analysis and Report Writing
Background
• Access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation are fundamental rights.
• Access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation also have considerable health and economic benefits to households and individuals. Lack of access contributes to death and illness, especially among children under five.
International Goals & Targets
Reduction in the proportion of households
without access to hygienic sanitation
facilities and affordable and safe drinking water
by at least one-third
Reduce by half, between 1990 and 2015,
the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and
basic sanitation
List of Indicators
Water
• Use of improved drinking water sources
• Use of adequate water treatment method
• Time to source of drinking water
• Person collecting drinking water
Sanitation • Use of sanitary means of excreta disposal • Sanitary disposal of child’s feces
Background
Official body reporting on progress toward MDG on water and sanitation
• JMP Technical Advisory Group– Coordinate/harmonize between agencies – Provide technical advice on measurement issues
• Task Force on HH Survey Harmonization
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation
(JMP)
Background
JMP methodology shift
• 1980-1997: Provider/utility data(e.g., MOH, Water Depts.)
• Since 1997:Consumer/household surveys(e.g., MICS, DHS, census)
Background
• Consumer-based data (not provider-based data)
• Lack of comparability with respect to definition
• Lack of comparability with respect to methods used to calculate the indicator
• Problem applies within countries over time, as well as across countries
BackgroundCôte d'Ivoire - rural -
Access to improved sanitation
JMP93
DHS94
JMP96
WHO88
WHO90
DHS99
JMP99
EMP86
EMP85 MICS00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Year
% C
overa
ge
BackgroundCôte d'Ivoire - rural -
Access to improved sanitation
JMP93
DHS94
JMP96
WHO88
WHO90
DHS99
JMP99
EMP86
EMP85 MICS00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Year
% C
overa
ge
Survey data Reported data
BackgroundCôte d'Ivoire - rural -
Access to improved sanitation
JMP93
DHS94
JMP96
WHO88
WHO90
DHS99
JMP99
EMP86
EMP85 MICS00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Year
% C
overa
ge
Survey data Reported data estimates
Definition of Indicator
Use of Improved Drinking Water SourcesPercentage of population using improved
drinking water sources
Numerator: Number of household members living in households using improved drinking water sources
Denominator: Number of household members in households surveyed
Definition of Indicator
• household water connection• public standpipe• borehole• protected dug well• protected spring• rainwater collection• bottled water (if secondary source is also improved)
Does NOT include unprotected well, unprotected spring, vendor provided water, tanker truck-provided water and bottled water (if secondary source is not an improved source)
Improved Drinking Water Sources
Methodological Issues
• Convert household data to population
• Use “improved” facilities as a proxy for safe or hygienic sources of drinking water and sanitation facilities
• Bottled water considered improved if secondary source is also improved.
Tabulation PlanTable EN.1: Use of Improved Water Sources
Regional Water Coverage
Use of Improved Drinking Water Sources
56
58
78
84
87
89
91
79
0 20 40 60 80 100
East/Southern Africa
West/Central Africa
East Asia/Pacific
South Asia
Middle East/North Africa
Latin America/Caribbean
CEE/CIS
Developing countries
% population using improved drinking water sources
Use of Improved Drinking Water Sources
87
95
94
78
92
95
98
92
43
77
80
45
68
69
79
70
0 20 40 60 80 100
East/Southern Africa
Middle East/North Africa
South Asia
West/Central Africa
East Asia/Pacific
Latin America/Caribbean
CEE/CIS
Developing countries
% population using improved drinking water sources
rural
urban
Drinking Water – Urban/Rural
Drinking Water Coverage (CEE/CIS)
91
57
58
71
76
76
77
86
89
92
92
93
93
96
97
98
98
100
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
CEE/CIS
Romania
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Georgia
Kyrgyzstan
Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
Moldova, Rep of
Armenia
Turkey
Serbia/Montenegro
Russian Federation
Albania
Bosnia/Herzegovina
Ukraine
Belarus
Bulgaria
% population using improved drinking water sources
Drinking Water Coverage (ROSA)
Use of Improved Drinking Water Sources
84
13
62
75
78
84
84
86
90
0 20 40 60 80 100
South Asia
Afghanistan
Bhutan
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
Maldives
Nepal
India
Pakistan
% population using improved drinking water sources
Drinking Water Coverage (TACRO)
89
71818182838383
8586
899091919191919192929393
959595
979797989899100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Latin America/Caribbean
HaitiNicaragua
PeruEl Salvador
GuyanaParaguay
VenezuelaBolivia
EcuadorBrazil
HondurasAntigua/Barbuda
BelizeCuba
MexicoPanama
Trinidad/TobagoColombiaSuriname
DRJamaica
ChileGrenada
GuatemalaBahamas
Costa RicaDominica
Saint LuciaUruguay
Saint Kitts/NevisBarbados
% population using improved drinking water sources
Drinking Water Coverage (CEE/CIS)
91
57
58
71
76
76
77
86
89
92
92
93
93
96
97
98
98
100
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
CEE/CIS
Romania
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Georgia
Kyrgyzstan
Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
Moldova, Rep of
Armenia
Turkey
Serbia/Montenegro
Russian Federation
Albania
Bosnia/Herzegovina
Ukraine
Belarus
Bulgaria
% population using improved drinking water sources
Drinking Water Coverage (MENA)
87
69
69
72
79
79
80
80
81
82
87
91
93
94
98
100
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Middle East/North Africa
Yemen
Sudan
Libya
Oman
Syria
Djibouti
Morocco
Iraq
Tunisia
Algeria
Jordan
Iran
OPT
Egypt
Lebanon
Qatar
% population using improved drinking water sources
78
3439
4352
6062
6470
737778
8084858585
889293949595
100100100
0 20 40 60 80 100
East Asia/Pacific
Cambodia
PNG
Lao PDR
Timor-Leste
Vanuatu
Mongolia
Kiribati
Solomon Islands
Viet Nam
China
Indonesia
Myanmar
Palau
Marshall Islands
Philippines
Thailand
Samoa
Korea, Rep of
Tuvalu
Micronesia
Cook Islands
Malaysia
Korea, Dem Rep of
Niue
Tonga
% population using improved drinking water sources
Drinking Water Coverage (EAPRO)
56
2229
4245
5052
555657
6267
7373
767980
838787
9495
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
East/Southern Africa
Ethiopia
Somalia
Mozambique
Madagascar
Angola
Swaziland
Zambia
Uganda
Eritrea
Kenya
Malawi
Rwanda
Tanzania
Lesotho
Burundi
Namibia
Zimbabwe
Seychelles
South Africa
Comoros
Botswana
Mauritius
% population using improved drinking water sources
Drinking Water Coverage (ESARO)
Drinking Water Coverage (WCARO)
58
3444464646
48515151
56575960
6263
6872
757979808284
87
0 20 40 60 80 100
West/Central Africa
Chad
Eq. Guinea
Congo
Congo, Dem Rep
Niger
Mali
Burkina Faso
Guinea
Togo
Mauritania
Sierra Leone
Guinea-Bissau
Nigeria
Liberia
Cameroon
Benin
Senegal
CAR
Ghana
Sao Tome/Principe
Cape Verde
Gambia
Côte d'Ivoire
Gabon
% population using improved drinking water sources
Definition of Indicator
Household Water TreatmentPercentage of population using water that
has been treated
Numerator:Number of household members using water that has been treated
Denominator:Total number of household members in households surveyed
Methodological Issues
Adequate Methods of Treatment
• Boiling• Adding bleach or chlorine• Using a water filter• Solar disinfection
Note that multiple response categories may be used and responses may total to more than 100%.
Tabulation PlanTable EN.2: Household Water Treatment
Definition of Indicator
Time to Source of Water
Percent distribution of households according to time to go to source of drinking water, get water and return, and mean time to source of drinking water.
- water on premises- less than 15 minutes- 15 minutes to less than 30 minutes- 30 minutes to less than 1 hour- 1 hour or more
Note that the mean time to source of drinking water is calculated based on those households who do not have water on the premises.
Tabulation PlanTable EN.3: Time to Source of Water
Definition of Indicator
Person Collecting Water
Percent distribution of households according to the person collecting drinking water used in the household
- adult woman- adult man- female child under age 15- male child under age 15
Tabulation PlanTable EN.4: Person Collecting Water
Definition of Indicator
Use of Improved Sanitation FacilitiesPercentage of population using improved
sanitation facilities
Numerator: Number of household members living in households using improved sanitation facilities
Denominator: Number of household members in households surveyed
Definition of Indicator
• flush to piped sewer system• flush to septic tank• flush/pour flush to pit• flush/pour flush elsewhere• composting toilet• ventilated improved pit latrine with slab
Does NOT include pit latrine without slab, open pit, bucket, hanging toilet, no facilities
Improved Sanitation Facilities
Methodological Issues
• Convert household data to population
• Use “improved” facilities as a proxy for safe or hygienic sources of drinking water and sanitation facilities
• Some category changes since MICS2, particularly with respect to latrines
• Shared sanitation facilities not counted
• Working table on number of households sharing
Tabulation PlanTable EN.5: Use of Sanitary Means of Excreta Disposal
Tabulation PlanTable EN.5W: Shared Use of Facilities (Working Table)
Tabulation PlanTable EN.7: Use of Improved Water Sources & Sanitation
Definition of Indicator
Disposal of Child’s FecesPercentage of children under age three
whose stools are disposed of safely
Numerator:Number of children under age three whose (last) stools were disposed of safely
- child used toilet- put/rinsed into toilet or latrine
Denominator:Total number of children under age three surveyed
Tabulation PlanTable EN.6: Disposal of Child’s Feces
Use of Improved Sanitation Facilities
35
35
37
50
72
75
81
49
0 20 40 60 80 100
South Asia
West/Central Africa
East/Southern Africa
East Asia/Pacific
Middle East/North Africa
Latin America/Caribbean
CEE/CIS
Developing countries
% population using improved sanitation facilities
Regional Sanitation Coverage
Sanitation – Urban/Rural Use of Improved Sanitation Facilities
52
60
64
72
84
88
92
73
24
27
23
35
44
52
62
31
0 20 40 60 80 100
West/Central Africa
East/Southern Africa
South Asia
East Asia/Pacific
Latin America/Caribbean
Middle East/North Africa
CEE/CIS
Developing countries
% population using improved sanitation facilities
rural
urban
81
51
53
55
57
60
62
68
72
83
83
84
87
87
89
93
99
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
CEE/CIS
Romania
Tajikistan
Azerbaijan
Uzbekistan
Kyrgyzstan
Turkmenistan
Moldova, Rep of
Kazakhstan
Georgia
Turkey
Armenia
Serbia/Montenegro
Russian Federation
Albania
Bosnia/Herzegovina
Ukraine
Bulgaria
% population using improved sanitation facilities
Sanitation Coverage (CEE/CIS)
Sanitation Coverage (ROSA)
Use of Improved Sanitation Facilities
35
8
27
30
48
54
58
70
91
0 20 40 60 80 100
South Asia
Afghanistan
Nepal
India
Bangladesh
Pakistan
Maldives
Bhutan
Sri Lanka
% population using improved sanitation facilities
Sanitation Coverage (TACRO)
75
3445
4757
616263
666868
707272
757778
8083
8689
929293949596979899100100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Latin America/Caribbean
HaitiBoliviaBelize
DRGuatemala
PeruEl Salvador
NicaraguaVenezuelaHonduras
GuyanaEcuadorPanama
BrazilMexico
ParaguayJamaica
DominicaColombia
Saint LuciaChile
Costa RicaSurinameUruguay
Antigua/BarbudaSaint Kitts/Nevis
GrenadaCuba
BarbadosTrinidad/Tobago
Bahamas
% population using improved sanitation facilities
81
51
53
55
57
60
62
68
72
83
83
84
87
87
89
93
99
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
CEE/CIS
Romania
Tajikistan
Azerbaijan
Uzbekistan
Kyrgyzstan
Turkmenistan
Moldova, Rep of
Kazakhstan
Georgia
Turkey
Armenia
Serbia/Montenegro
Russian Federation
Albania
Bosnia/Herzegovina
Ukraine
Bulgaria
% population using improved sanitation facilities
Sanitation Coverage (CEE/CIS)
72
30
34
50
61
68
76
77
80
80
84
89
92
93
97
98
100
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Middle East/North Africa
Yemen
Sudan
Djibouti
Morocco
Egypt
OPT
Syria
Iraq
Tunisia
Iran
Oman
Algeria
Jordan
Libya
Lebanon
Qatar
UAE
% population using improved sanitation facilities
Sanitation Coverage (MENA)
Sanitation Coverage (EAPRO)
50
1624
283133
3941
4445
5052
5959
7373
8283
88979899100100100
0 20 40 60 80 100
East Asia/Pacific
Cambodia
Lao PDR
Micronesia
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Kiribati
Viet Nam
China
PNG
Vanuatu
Indonesia
Mongolia
Korea, Dem Rep of
Myanmar
Philippines
Marshall Islands
Palau
Tuvalu
Tonga
Fiji
Thailand
Samoa
Cook Islands
Niue
% population using improved sanitation facilities
37
6
9
23
25
27
30
30
33
36
37
41
41
41
45
46
46
48
52
57
67
99
0 20 40 60 80 100
East/Southern Africa
Ethiopia
Eritrea
Comoros
Somalia
Mozambique
Angola
Namibia
Madagascar
Burundi
Lesotho
Uganda
Rwanda
Botswana
Zambia
Malawi
Tanzania
Kenya
Swaziland
Zimbabwe
South Africa
Mauritius
% population using improved sanitation facilities
Sanitation Coverage (ESARO)
Sanitation Coverage (WCARO)
35
8
9
12
12
13
24
26
27
29
32
34
34
36
38
39
40
42
42
45
48
52
53
53
58
0 20 40 60 80 100
West/Central Africa
Chad
Congo
Niger
Burkina Faso
Guinea
Sao Tome/Principe
Liberia
CAR
Congo, Dem Rep
Benin
Togo
Guinea-Bissau
Gabon
Nigeria
Sierra Leone
Côte d'Ivoire
Mauritania
Cape Verde
Mali
Cameroon
Senegal
Eq. Guinea
Gambia
Ghana
% population using improved sanitation facilities