THE WASHINGTON TIMES SUNDAY MAY 31 1903 i A I- I 2 THE HISTORIC OLD BELL IN ALL SOULS CHURCH I 1 Cast by Revere of Boston Many Years Ago and Pre sented to the Congrega- tion by Massachusetts Brethren Church Once Occupied the Present Court Building TV T OT guilty sir I j Where hundreds of men and women prominent in the nation and the District once raised their voices In praise of God hundreds- of men and women who have forgotten- the teachings of the Man of Galilee today beg for mercy The District Police Court was former- ly one of the best known churches In Washington It was the center about which the New England colony in this city gathered to perpetuate the Unitar- ian teachings so dear to Bostonians Pews which were formerly occupied by John C Calhoun Daniel Webster John Quincy Adams and Millard serve as the bench for unfortunates who know no home but the workhouse Judge Kimball now sits where the Rev Edward Everett Hale preached his first sermon the pulpit which was frequent- ly occupied by the Rev Samuel Long iellow brother of the famous poet All Souls Church brought Washington and Boston closer together Harvards brightest men came here as the guests- of the New England colony and preach- ed in church fashioned after the Boston models Tolled for John Brown The New England conscience was transplanted to that section of Washing lon surrounding the Police Court build- ing Louisiana Avenue was a sort of Beacon Street Abolition doctrines thriv ed there and the bell in All Souls Church was the only one in Washington which tolled for the death of John Brown This historic bell was cast In the Re- vere foundry near Boston and pre sented to the Washington church by Bostonians For years It was rung for fires and on gala occasions It served as n sort of town bell for Washington un til after it rang for Brown This offended many Southern sympathizers and the bell was no longer In demand When the Unitarians deserted their old church at Sixth and D Streets they moved the bell to the new church at Fourteenth and L Streets It is still in use and Is one of the sweetesttoned- bells in the District New England statesmen brought to Washington In 1832 All 6ouls Church had its beginning in ser- vices held over a bathhouse which form- erly stood on the north side of C Street between Fourandahalf and Sixth Streets The first pastor of the little Unitarian society was the Rev Mr Lit tle He died suddenly in Harrisburg Pa in 1834 and was succeeded by the Rev Mr Bullfinch The church which now serves as the Police Court was completed in 1834 John Po- lice FI more now tb ohn Uni- tarianism C mourners ¬ ¬ ¬ > > ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ HAT Is the record number pounds of beefsteak a man can eat in a contest differ It has been said that Isaac Fromme had the record at ll1 pounds 12 pounds and 10 pounds Little Bobble Van Wyck New Yorks doughty raayorris said to be equal to ten pounds any evening Hundreds of men have eaten as much as six pounds- at a sitting and felt none the really Is no difficult feat to eat five pounds of good steak The slice of bread served with each cut of steak at a beef- steak dinner usually is thrown aside in these contests and very little beer or Rhine wine is drunk as liquid is filling The only other article of food offered is celery and only a morceau of that is taken The contestants never starve them selves beforehand but live their regular life until the beginning of the feed To have the body empty of food Is courting certain defeat Owing to some Inexplie- pble law of physiology the starveling cannot take as much into his stomach as the well fed Beefsteak Suppers Popular Beefsteak suppers continue to grow in popularity Rarely is a new restaurant built without its dungeons Some have two or three different sizes for large and small companies Even private houses have dungeons where nocturnal carousals drunken revelries feasts of Efronyslus and Bacchus with maenadlc gad bachantlc rivalries are diversions of swell society It is said that there are three women in the fashionable whirl in New York whose capacities for steak would put a Tammany politician to blush And they do not remove their corsets until the feast Is ended y Thus far we have never had a Beef stead Society Of Isolated find Im- promptu gatherings for the purpose of demolishing steaks there Is legion The first English organization of the kind was in the reign of Queen Anne It wits composed of the chief wits and great men of the nation Its badge was a geld gridiron hung about the neck with a green silk ribbon Est court the actor wore it as a when he was made of the club The members called them- selves The Steaks abhorring the no tT0n of being thought a club There Is an organization in this city known as the Gridiron Club a kind 61 roost which takes its name from W of Au- thorities wors- en distinc- tion ¬ ¬ ¬ > ¬ i I The Souls Church I Old Bell in AM C Calhoun John F Webb Moses Poor W W Seaton Joseph Gale Seth Hyatt William1 Thompson Judge Cranch and John Purdy were the prominent con tributors to the new building Some Early Pastors After the Rev Mr Bullfinch left the congregation John G Paltcey ot Boston became the pastor The Rev Mr Allen who was afterward a professor at Har- vard Dr Orville Dewey a relative of Admiral Dewey the Rev Edward Ever- ett Hale the Roy Moncure D the Rev William H Channing and the Rev Frederick M Hinckley are other pastors who preached In the old church- In 1862 thero was a split in the con- gregation The stronger part of the body left the old building and held ser- vices In Willards Hall For years the rival congregations were without pastors They were reunited under the Rev Clay MacAulay and in 187S entered the new church on Fourteenth Street The old building at Sixth and D Streets was sold to the District for 20 000 For years before 1878 the Police Court had been in a building just cross the street from the old church and since then it has been In the old church- A cheap bell substituted by the Dis trict the Revere bell which the Uni- tarians carried to their new building The auditorium was divided Into court rooms and offices and cells were built at the east side of the structure for the temporary accommodation of prisoners Henry A Wlllard was among the prominent members of the Unitarian 0 I Go waY regu- lar or ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ the badge of the Steaks Its Forty Immortals regard themselves as the Wits and Great Men of America And no doubt they are The Gridlrbners are not In any sense gourmands but in other respects they favor the Steaks of their greatgreat greatgrandfathers The ablest trench- erman of the Steaks was tho Duke of Norfolk who used to hlsflsh- at a neighboring restaurant arid his beef at the societys As the clock struck 5 a curtain drew up discov ering tbe kitchen In which the cooks were seen at work through a grating with this inscription from If t7cre done when tis done then twere well It were done quickly The steaks themselves are in the fin- est none excelled his grace In devouring them Two or three from tho gridiron vanished and when his labors were thought to be over he might be seen rubbing a clean plate with a shalot for the reception of an other A pause of ten minutes ensued and the duke rested upon his knife and fork He was waiting for a steak from the middle of the rump of beef where lurks a fifth essence the perfect Ideal of tenderness and flavor We seem to have lost sight of that part of tho bout in these days The rump now which ought to be the finest meat is regarded as second or third class Norfolk an Enormous Eater His grace was an enormous eater After his fish and four or five pounds of steak he would take a Spanish onion and beet root chop them together with oil and vinegar and eat them When he had finished he was invested with an orangecolored ribbon to which a small silver gridiron was appended Usually the president was the target at which all the jests and witticisms were fired The duke took everything goodnatured ly At 9 oclock he quitted the chair Sometimes without a sign of Inebriety ho would become immovable as If deprived of all muscular volition In such cases he would have a bell rung three times This was signal for bring- ing in a kind of easy litter which four domestics placed under him and thus removed his enormous bulk with a gentle swinging motion to his apart- ment With his departure Sir John Hipplsley took the chair and he always had a time of It A storm of arrowy sleet and Iron shower whistled from all points- in his ears All rules of civilized warfare seemed suspended and even the new members tried their first timid shafts M cbeth order and fra- grant a eat ter- rible ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ body which left the old church and worshiped in Willards Hall and was the chief subscriber to the fund for erecting the new building for the re united congregations The cornerstone- for the Fourteenth Street church was laid June 28 1877 by the Grad Lodge of Masons of the District of Columbia A large choir under the leadership of ProfT H H Bradley sang at the cere monies and the Rev Charles R Welch pastor of the Independent Church if Baltimore preached The Rev R R Shippen succeeded the Rev Mr MacAulay aspastor and re- mained with the congregation for four teen years The Rev E Bradford Leav Itt was the next pastor and left Wash ington to accept a largo San Francisco church He was succeeded by the Rev U S B Pierce the present pastor Proud of the Old Bell All Souls Church is especially proud- of its historic bell and has Its belfry open to visitors who desire to see the product of the famous Revere foundry The old bell tolled at the death of When PresidentGarflelds death I was announced Henry A Wlllard climb- ed to the steeple of All Souls and awakened the city which had been ex pecting the sad announcement for so many weeks The bell also tolled for President McKInley- For nearly seventy years it has served the residents of the Capital It has pro claimed messages of joy and sorrow longer than any other bell in the Dis trict still Its tone is unimpaired and it remains an honor to the famous New England bell founder Lin- coln a ¬ ¬ < ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ BEEFSTEAK DINNERS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT upon the baronet than whom no man was more prompt to attack others There is something In moat men that drives them to relish a taste now and then of this sort of bandinage President Cleveland never had more enjoyment in his public career than en the night of his roasting by the Philadelphia Clover Club The most important men In polit- ical and official life with few exceptions have reveled In frozen brollings by the Gridiron Club of Washington Such as are invited to dine with these organiza- tions and escape without roasting go home n deep disappointment Every guest expects to receive the honor of sound grlddlng and to be deprived of it Injures his selfesteem as he Is bound to feel that he has been neglected owing to his lack of Importance The only theatrical performer admit tod regularly to the Beefsteak Club at the Theatre Royal Dublin was Mrs Margaret Wellington Singularly enough actors were the animation and zest of alt other beefsteak societies It Is needless to remark that this female member was our old friend Peg Woffing ton who possessed captivating charms a3 a jovial witty bottle companion but few remaining as a mere female The Dublin Beefsteakers Garrick who was and Is more or less associated with Peg belonged to the Steaks Somewhere there are a hat sword which David wore on the right when he stayed so long with his club and had to play Ranger at the Drury Lane The pit grew restless the gallery bawled Manager Manager Garrick had been sent for to Covent Garden where the Steaks then dined Carriages blocked the street and he had to thread his way between them An he came panting into the theater I think said Ford one of the anxious proprietors considering the stake you and I have In this house you might pay more attention to the business True my good friend returned Gar rock but I was thinking of my stealc In the other house Remove the actors and newspaper men frcm our Bohemia and you remove our Bohemia But beefsteak dinners seem to have degenerated into a feed of poli- ticians and a few heavy swells and twellcrlnes of society The Quaint Club fcj dead The Clover Club Is Incinerated The only remaining roast Is the Gridiron Club But we shall as long as life lasts continue to sacrifice to Bos The rea lien why we do not have enough of him home is that wo have too many side dishes A baby of ten months can eat a pound of raw steak u U a sad ¬ ¬ ¬ At me Soda Water Fount LiRBADY the soda water patrons have begun to order the drinks and they are numerous Perhaps they dont differ as to ingre- dients but new combinations have been devised and they have been DUt for ward with new names to bid for popu lar favor The warm days sug gestive of ennui and spring fever In spired thirst in the most temperate and tho result was an early rush to the soda fountains Certainly the man who still Insists that theres nothing In a name goes elsewhere than to the soda fountain for his potations Perhaps the nomencla- ture conveys little to the prospective patron but no pernon can little thrill of curiosity of tryiny some thing to see what It is like when confronted by such alluring legends- as these Twixywlxy Cherry Chump Sweet Sixteen King Dodo Loop the Loop Over the Waves and many others equally as enticing and puzzling The soda water man at least the one who invents the names has the P T Barnum Idea and if he does not humbug the American people he at least makes then spend thlr money In order- to gratify their injiulsitiveness Advantage of Catchy Names- A catchy name adds greatly to the popularity of a good drink althought It cannot maintain the vogue of a poor one There is a firm out in Ohio en gaged in the making of fruit juices and syrups which pays an employe a large salary merely to devise new drinks and give attractive names to them This sets the fashion for the rest of the country although nearly every large confectionery establishment In New York has several names for thirst quonchcrs which are exclusive to this or that concern Each year sees more and more at tention paid to the soda fountain whether it is conducted as an adjunct to a drug store or confectionery hop It is within the memory of a genera tion when the soda fountain was a triv- ial affair where a tired drug clerk would turn from compounding a pre scription to draw a glass of carbonated water flavored with vanilla lemon sar- saparilla and two or three other ex- tracts The trade was unimportant a sort of side issue This went on until some bright individual bethought him self of imparting body to the drinks by adding Ice cream From the inven tion of Ice cream soda dates the su- premacy of the soda fountain There are dozens of soda fountains in this city which represent an outlay from 2000 to 500ff They are made the most costly materials the choicest Mexican onyx and frequently the plates are of sterling silver The counter 3 of marble or onyx and the glassware Is of the best Nothing is left undone to make everything attractive to the pa trons Clerk Must Be Up to Date At the large fountains the expertdls penser receives a good salary But he must be an artist for there Is art In drawing soda It is not merely a ques tion of putting in the flavor and turning- on the water Sometimes you might hit it but more frequently your customer would discern something lacking and go to some other place For a good glass- of soda one should draw first two ounces of the desired flavor then turn on the fine then the coarse stream fin- ishing with the fine stream Care should be taken that the syrup and water ara well mixed and that the product is not too foamy With phosphates even more caretaust be observed but the fancy drinks afford the best test of the dispensers ex- pertness Take the matter of egg drinks Your artist will give you an exhibition that will be as pleasing as the drink is refreshing In the first place he will break an egg into tho glass with one hand This looks simple but if you think It is try it yourself and see how you fare After he has added the other Ingredients will shake them He has- a whole lot of graceful movements as attractive as the exercises of a Delsar tean professor Then comes the toss- Ing He will throw that foamy mix ture from the shaker to the glass and Vice versa until there is continuous stream at least a foot and a halt long And he wont spill a drop After he has put the mixture in a clean glass ho will top it with nutmeg whlh is supposed- to give the best finish to the summer drink Your expert dispenser never neglects any detail which will catch the eye or tickle the palate of the patron Improvement in Flavors- A great improvement has been made in the flavors They are no longer mere extracts Crushed fruits and fruit Juices- of every variety are used Skillful and confectioners devote their best efforts to devising something newt and palatable Every quarter of the globe- Is ransacked and Importations are made from the tar Eat the Levant and South America We have even won the secret if the famous sherbet of the Turks for nothing Is too good for the American sodawater girl You ask this pays this onyx fine glassvnrc polished tables for those who wish to sit down the dispenser and the rest Of course it does It is not uncommon for a large fountain to take in a thousand dollars on a warm day There are plenty of drug stores In which the wellkept soda fountain brings In more revenue than all the medicines and prescriptions put TRUE WEALTH Tis a false doctrine and most grave And yet tis taught us every day That men grow rich by what they save And poor by what they give away Yet to this I now make bold And hope my words with you may live Mens wealth Is not In what they hold But in what to theworld they give Thomas F Porter In Boston A- 1 new h- is f c f he chem- Ists Hall pat- ent to- gether 1 11 I I I say I Globe 1 ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ > THE HORSECHESTNUT TREES IN THIRTEENTH STREET + They Are Now in Bloom and Present a Beautiful Spectacle N and around Logan Circle at 1 and P Streets the horse chestnut trees arc now the admira tion and delight of all passersby who haw an eye out for Dame Natures changes in her dress From every branch of every horsechestnut tree there now springs one of the clusters of flowers which give the tree its peculiar distinction from other trees in the spring Every plant growth including trees of every kind has a flower a act of which one seldom thinks but few trees have flowers which are beautiful or even noticeable Sonic of the flowers Thir- teenth ¬ of trees would never be recognized as such by anyone except the scientist But the large handsome clusters which adorn the horsechestnut in May arc flowers as unmlstakeably as those of the rose the pansy plant The horsechestnut flowers are grouped In large pale coneshaped clusters which stand out distinctly against the dark green of the leaves Every tree Is adorned with hundreds of them at this time of year and lovers of beauty in nature are finding great pleasure In the sipht of these striking blooms Already however the buds are slowly losing their pale petals and soon the trees will I bush or resume the appearance of their less favored brethren the ordinary flower- less shade trees From the seedpods which spring from the tip of the stems of the floTvers r the buckeyes which give the tree its name in some States Later In the summer when the thick outer husk has split open the shiny redbrown nuts wUl fall to the ground to be gathered- by boys who for the inexplicable in- stinct which lies in all children of ac- quiring queer treasures will carry them in their pockets for days to swap exhibitor t will- ow ¬ ¬ AN AVALANCHE IMMIGRANTS FROM EUROPE NEARLY 1000000 immigrants will America in 1903 says an of the Immigration Bu reau Last year which broke all records with the exception of 1880 only 700000 came to this country Europe Is being drained of its surplus population which attracted here by the tales of unprece- dented prosperity Of the 357378 aliens who arrived at Ellis Island N Y up to May 1 241434 or more than twothirds- were from Italy AustriaHungary Rus- sian Poland and Hebrews from southern and southeastern Europe The tide of immigration set in un usually early this year April broke all records at Ellis Island with 92000 ar rivals For the first week al ways the banner month more than 25 000 were scheduled on the steerage lists ot Incoming steamships On certain days more than 7000 foreigners haYe been handled at the big building on Elfi Island- A glance at the reports of aliens Indicates a great change In the make up of the Incoming hordes For- merly the bulk of the Immigrants came from the hardy Intelligent stock of Ger many Great Britain and Ireland and Scandinavia Now the alien increment comes largely from southern and south eastern Europe Italy alone sends more than twice as many as all the Teutonic countries combined Will Locate Mainly in Eastern States Moreover the part to be played in the development the country by the im- migrants has changed Whereas the Scandinavians and Germans went out West to engage in farming and the Irish built the great railroads which span the continent it is estimated 70 per cent of the arrivals at Ellis Island this year will remain In the vicinity of New York and other large cities along the Atlantic seaboard The Poles and natives of AustriaHungary will go to the coal mines of Pennsylvania Some f the Magyars are destined for the truck farms within a radius of fifty miles of the metronolis New York Citys Share An appalling number estimated by some at 2COCOO will be added to the population of Greater New York Most of these are Italians and Hebrews The Italians have been attracted by the re- ports of Improvements going on In the city The subway the proposed Penn- sylvania tunnel and other great enter- prises have been responsible for the Influx of low grade laborers Some ot them are sent to work on the Wabash extension for it must be remembered- that the railroad builders of today are Italians The Irish who did this work- a ouarter of a century ago are now the contractors and bosses In fact many who object to the undesirable class of immigrants from the shores of the Med- iterranean are met by the answer that we must have laborers The nativeborn Americans are engaged In other call- Ings and the Irish have risen above- It The riffraff of southern Europe ob jectipnable as it may be from the stand point of citizenship alone can furnish men willing to toil in tunnels ditches and railroad sections Italians Going South One exception is found to the general trend of the Italians toward the great centers of population Several thousand are sent yearly to the sugar and rice plantations of Louisiana and the fruit ranches of the Pacific Coast In they arc taking the place of the negroes as they are said to work hnrjlr and give less trouble to their r They settle in colonies howev J Inlay ar- rived Louis- Iana I ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ account of their clannish instincts will take at least three generations make American citizens of them the work in the South and West Sicilians are sreferrcd Immigration from Italy is the home government Protection given the voyagers and government are found on every steamship weighing the food and passing on its quality Sixtyfive per cent of the Ital ians are illiterate Out of 66000 from whom the average was taken 37500 could neither read nor write This makes a poor showingagainst the Scan- dinavians of whom out of 17000 only 41 Were illiterate Fourteen Per Cent Hebrews- Of the alien Hebrews it is estimated that all but 30 per cent settle in New York State The others are scattered follows Nine per cent In Pennsylvania 1 per cent In Massachusetts 3 per in Illinois 3 per cent in New Jersey in Maryland and 1 per cent Ohio Xot onehundredth of 1 per will be found on the farms as they pre- fer large cities even though they have to dwell in the slums They constitute about 14 per cent of the new arrivals- Of the immigration up to 1890 the vast preponderance was from the north- ern races of Europe Since that time radical change has taken place in the laclal character of the Influx The Italians according to present Indica- tions will constitute 32 per cent of the allen arrivals The Germans have fallen- to 8 per cent Scandinavians to 8 per- cent Irish to 4 per cent English to 2 per cent The Crciats Slovaks 11 per cent and the Mngyars to 4 per Cent Commissioner Williams Estimate Commissioner William Williams In charge at Ellis Island although unwlll to be quoted in a positive statement regarding the probable number of this year said If the present inflow did not abate the total would far exceed SOOOCO Commissioner Williams takes no rad- ical stand in opposition to admitting the present class of Immigrants About 3 rer cent of the arrivals last year were excluded as unfit either mentally or in a material sense to land in this ccuntry At least 200000 of those who were admitted he classes as although under the present Fed- eral statutes he cannot bar them from entering It is generally conceded that immi gration in the past has been an Impor that factor In enabling this country to attain the position of eminence It occu pies said Commissioner Williams The Northwest is In this respect undei- L peculiar obligation to the Old World and In some of its sections the voters jf foreign extraction outnumber those- of native birth Such development has been caused not by the mere fact that hundreds of thousands of foreigners have been coming here annually but by tho further fact that they have gone Into the agricultural regions and that they have come from Great Britain Germany and Scandinavia countrier whose inhabitants more closely resem- ble our people in blood traditions and Ideas of government than is the case with any of the other large countries of Europe from which our immigrants cme The occupations of those now coming and the portions of the country- to which they proceed may be roughly stated as follows Out of 700000 who arrived last year about 3000 were SOOOO were skilled workmen 120000 were unskilled laborers and 150 were women and children who no occupation The average amount of money is shown by the records to have less than 6 per capita and If we assume that it was per capita we it to For the sanctioned- by is In- spectors as cent 2 percent In cent a and- S avonl Im- mIgrants out here 000 been 10 amount to inc moral- ly undesir- able pro- fessionals ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ have made ample allowance for such money as the aliens may have declined tp exhibit at the immigration stations Only 70000 possessed more than 20 each A CityLoving Class Seventy per cent intended to settle- In NewYork New Jersey Pennsylvania- and Massachusetts Considerable loss than 10 per cent went West and about 2 per cent South The statistics show the great stream of immigration today Is a city immigration and the bulk of the immigrants do not and cannot ba urged to go Into the unsettled parts of the United States to develop them The pauper statistics show that about thirty aliens out of every 100CO become objects of charity whereas In case of the native born both white and colored only nine out of every 10000 become such It Is probably true the United States needs all the Intelligent and ablebodied laborers it can procure and at the pres- ent time no steps should be taken which woulu prevent such people fromiicomlng here On the contrary we mutstrlye to legislate as to get and keep out those who are below a cer- tain grade of intellectual and economic fitness Germany and England have a large surplus population and jet those countries are but I do not attempt to answer fully the questions suggested by these facts but it would seem that the large Influx of undesirable and un- intelligent people from southern and eastern Europe may be at least one of the reasons why we do not get he bet ter labor that used to come The indiscriminate cry for labor attracts the cheapest labor of Eu rope and Mexico the presence of which tends to lower our standards to drive out American laborers and keep the best European laborers from coming here the Immediate development of all the material resources of the country were the only Issue Involved It would be prop er to let in all kinds of laborers more particularly the Chinese who are the most efficient In tho world But nil thinking men realize that we cofi fronted with problems of greater Im- portance than immediate material devel opment and that our national ideals and and character cannot be sacrificed for mere pecuniary gain Problems to Be Solved The question at Issue is not the total restriction ot immigration but its prop er regulations Europe has a great many desirable pecle and also millions who are undesirable Every nation has Its quota of both At least a portion arid many of us believe a considerable por- tion of this Immigration consists of this undesirable element It Is undesirable because it is found to be unintelligent- of low vitality uf poor physique able to perform only the cheapest kind of man ual labor desirous of locating almost exclusively in the cities and unfitted mentally and morally for good citizen ship Ratio of Desirables and Undesirables At present It Is Impossible to state the relative percentage of the desirable and the undesirable It is sufficient to know that at least a considerable por- tion of those coming here particularly from eastern and southern Europe and Syria are people who although they may be able to earn a living are not wanted and will be of no benefit to the country Aliens have no Inherent right to come here and If the American public- as I think it does wishes to exclude the undesirable foreigners I see no reason why it should not do so We should at least see to It that our rapid growth Is not at the expense of our national character so these people sending us ew Im- migrants pres- ent f additional It lire he ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬